临时中心静脉插管所致的血液透析并发症

目的 探讨临时中心静脉插管血液透析患者发生的导管相关并发症及其与插管时间、部位的关系.方法 将本院收入的临时插管血液透析患者753例为研究对象,分析血液透析导管相关并发症的危险因素,观察各种并发症与插管时间、部位的关系.结果 透析导管相关感染、导管功能不全、上腔静脉梗阻综合征与中心静脉插管部位、留置时间存在相关性.通过右颈内静脉置管可明显降低患者出现透析导管相关感染、上腔静脉梗阻综合征的机会,同时证明导管功能不全与置管位置无关而与置管时间有关.结论 导管留置部位、留置时间、年龄是透析导管相关感染、导管功能不全、上腔静脉梗阻综合征发生的重要危险因素.     

重症急性胰腺炎患者中心静脉置管相关感染的危险因素及预防

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎患者中心静脉置管(CVC)相关性感染的现状和危险因素,为降低重症急性胰腺炎患者导管感染率提供依据及预防措施。方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月入住我院诊断为重症急性胰腺炎患者126例为研究对象,回顾性分析患者临床资料,记录患者CVC感染率和病原菌类别,并对发生感染患者进行因素分析。结果发生CVC相关感染患者共计23例,细菌检出15株,革兰阳性菌9株,革兰阴性菌6株,真菌检出11株。分析结果显示,合并有基础疾病、并发腹腔感染、长期静脉营养日、置管部位及导管留置时间是重症急性胰腺炎患者发生导管相关性感染的主要危险因素(P0.05)。结论合并有基础疾病、并发腹腔感染、长期静脉营养日、置管部位及导管留置时间为导致重症急性胰腺炎患者导管相关性感染高风险因素,需采取相应的措施以降低导管感染发生率。     

CCU缺血性心衰患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素分析与护理研究

目的：对CCU缺血性心衰患者中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素和护理进行探讨和分析。方法：对我院2013年12月-2014年12月CCU病房收治的40例缺血性心衰患者导管感染中360例次中心静脉置管患者作为研究对象,对他们的临床特点、危险因素和护理的关系进行研究。结果：①锁骨下静脉插管感染率为18.60%,颈静脉感染率为21.18%,股静脉感染率为33.33%,可知锁骨下静脉的感染率最低、股静脉最高。②感染率与导管留置时间的关系为正比。③单腔、双腔感染率分别是15.87%、41.67%。④真菌感染率是11.76%,革兰阴性和阳性菌的感染率各是27.06%和61.18%。结论：使用中心静脉置管方式治疗严格缺血性心衰病人具有较好的疗效,能够使病人的免疫机能增强,降低置管时长,提高对穿刺位置消毒及管理护士手部卫生的力度,并能够极大程度地降低相关并发症出现的几率。     

集束化护理预防ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染的临床应用

中心静脉导管广泛应用于危重症患者的临床血流动力学监测、肠外营养、长期输液、快速扩容及血液净化,同时ICU导管相关性感染的发生率也随之逐渐增加.静脉导管相关性感染不仅影响ICU患者的临床疗效及预后,还延长住院时间,增加患者痛苦及医疗费用,严重时甚至危及生命,如何有效的控制及降低ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染（central venous catheter-related infection,CVC-RI）是预防院内感染的重要研究内容之一.集束化护理是指一组护理干预措施,每个元素都经临床证实对患者更为有利,它们的共同实施比单独执行更能提高对患者的护理质量.本研究对2013年1月至12月我科留置中心静脉导管的患者进行集束化护理措施,同时对CVC-RI进行观察和统计,试验取得较好效果,导管相关性感染显著减少.     

2型糖尿病肾病血液透析患者感染特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病血液透析患者临床感染特点及危险因素,为临床防治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2014年10月—2018年10月医院2型糖尿病肾病血液透析患者112例,统计患者感染率及病原学特点,对相关危险因素实施单因素和多因素分析。结果 112例2型糖尿病肾病血液透析患者中共有58例发生感染,感染率为51.79%;共分离出病原菌61株,其中革兰阴性菌32株,占52.46%,革兰阳性菌27株,占44.26%,真菌2株,占3.28%;感染部位以呼吸道为主,占36.21%,其次为中心静脉导管、泌尿道、消化道,分别占27.58%、18.97%、10.34%;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,患者的血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、住院时间、糖化血红蛋白及心力衰竭是发生感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病肾病血液透析患者发生感染的危险因素较多,临床应采取严格无菌操作、加强营养支持、缩短住院时间、血糖控制、积极纠正贫血及心衰等措施,以降低感染率。     

留置中心静脉导管患者感染预防性护理干预临床效果分析

目的探讨留置中心静脉导管患者感染预防性护理干预对降低血液透析感染风险的效果。方法选取2014年6月至2015年4月在我院留置中心静脉导管(CVC)行血液透析治疗的患者70例为观察对象,采用随机数字表法随机均分为对照组与观察组,每组35例。对照组患者给予常规护理干预,观察组患者在常规护理的基础上给予留置中心静脉导管感染预防性护理干预。比较两组患者感染率、血栓发生率、白细胞计数、中粒细胞数百分比以及患者对护理干预的满意度。结果住院治疗期间,观察组患者的感染发生率、血栓发生率分别为2.86%和0;对照组患者分别为31.43%和17.14%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的白细胞计数、中粒细胞数百分比明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);观察组患者对护理的满意度为94.29%,对照组患者对护理干预的满意度为71.43%,观察组患者对护理干预更为满意(P0.01)。结论留置中心静脉导管感染预防性护理干预能够有效降低血液透析患者感染发生率、血栓发生率,降低患者白细胞计数、中粒细胞数百分比,提高透析治疗效果、提高患者对护理干预的满意度。     

Autar量表在肺癌患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管相关性血栓风险评估的应用效果分析

目的探究应用Autar量表评估肺癌患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)相关性血栓风险的效果。方法选取我院2016年10月-2018年10月收治的86例采用PICC行化疗的肺癌患者为研究对象。随机分为两组,每组43例。对照组行PICC常规置管护理;研究组应用Autar量表评估导管相关性血性发生的危险分级,根据分级行相应的护理干预。观察两组患者PICC导管相关性血栓发生率及留置时间。结果研究组PICC相关性血栓发生率、留置时间优于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论应用Autar量表评估肺癌患者PICC相关性血栓风险,可有效减少导管相关性血栓的发生,延长留置时间。     

老年患者中心静脉导管相关性血栓发生情况调查

目的调查老年患者中心静脉导管相关性血栓的发生情况,比较不同置管部位下,导管相关性血栓的发生率,将与血栓发生相关联的各种危险因素进行对比分析。方法选取接受中心静脉置管操作的老年患者405例,根据置管部位不同分为股静脉组46例,颈内静脉组40例,锁骨下静脉组319例。又根据导管相关性血栓的发生情况分为血栓组31例,非血栓组374例。对入选患者的性别、年龄、基础疾病、置管部位、导管留置时间、导管相关性血栓的发生情况等进行回顾性调查分析。结果锁骨下静脉组血栓发生率明显低于颈内静脉组和股静脉组(5.0%vs 15.0%,19.6%,P<0.05,P<0.01)。血栓组既往静脉血栓病史明显高于非血栓组(19.4%vs 6.4%,P<0.05)。结论老年患者通过锁骨下静脉途径进行置管,导管相关性血栓的发生率最低;静脉血栓史对老年患者中心静脉导管相关性血栓的发生同样具有预测作用。     

重症急性胰腺炎患者PICC静脉置管现状及相关感染与血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter, PICC)的现状并分析相关导管感染及血栓形成的危险因素，为减少重症急性胰腺炎患者导管感染、血栓形成提供科学合理的实施依据及预防措施。方法 选取2015年1月至2021年12月在我院诊断为重症急性胰腺炎并行PICC患者56例为研究对象，回顾性分析患者临床资料(年龄、性别、住院天数、基础疾病、发病诱因),记录患者PICC置管现状及PICC管理情况(PICC置管时间、留置天数、管道护理次数、肝素使用频次、血栓形成、血栓形成时间、血栓处理方式、是否发生导管相关性感染、感染的病原菌类型、抗生素使用情况、腹腔感染情况、多器官功能受损情况),对PICC临床应用现状及其危险因素进行分析。结果 发生PICC相关感染患者共10例，细菌检出7株，革兰氏阳性菌5株，革兰氏阴性菌2株，真菌检出1株。发生血栓形成的患者共5例，导管血栓形成有效预防的51例。发生PICC导管相关性感染与年龄密切相关，感染呈高龄化趋势，住院天数越长、基础疾病越多、伴发器官功能状态越差，感染的风险越高。...     

老年慢性肾衰竭患者半永久导管相关感染的临床特征及危险因素

目的观察老年慢性肾衰竭患者置入半永久导管后行维持性血液透析期间导管相关感染的临床特征及危险因素。方法回顾性分析留置半永久导管行维持性血液透析的老年患者病例资料,共纳入79例慢性肾衰竭患者。记录半永久导管出口部感染、隧道感染、导管相关菌血症等导管相关感染情况。将出现感染的患者纳入感染组,其他患者纳入未感染组,比较两组性别、平均年龄、平均透析时间、导管留置时间、有无糖尿病、高血压等临床特征,Cox比例风险回归分析半永久导管后进行维持性血液透析期间感染的影响因素。结果入选患者均保持随访1年以上,平均(21.5±8.2)个月,79例置管患者共发生半永久导管相关感染事件者21例(26.6%),其中置管出口部感染11例,隧道感染8例,导管相关菌血症2例。细菌分布:革兰阳性球菌12株(57.1%),其中金黄色葡萄球菌[7株(33.3%)]、表皮葡萄球菌[4株(19.0%)]常见;革兰阴性杆菌8株(38.1%),以大肠埃希菌[3株(14.3%)]、铜绿假单跑菌[3株(14.3%)]常见;真菌1株(4.8%)。感染组平均年龄、平均透析时间、平均导管留置时间、合并糖尿病比例、合并低白蛋白血症比例均显著高于未感染组(P<0.05);而两组性别、有无合并高血压无显著差异(P>0.05)。进一步行Cox比例风险回归分析,合并糖尿病(OR=4.211,P=0.001)、半永久导管留置时间(OR=2.910,P=0.003)、低蛋白血症(OR=1.340,P=0.019)是半永久导管相关感染的危险因素,而平均年龄、平均透析时间对半永久导管相关感染影响较小(P>0.05)。结论老年慢性肾衰竭使用半永久导管行血液透析的患者以置管出口部、隧道感染多见,致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,合并糖尿病、半永久导管留置时间、低白蛋白血症是感染的危险因素。     

长期深静脉留置透析导管相关性真菌感染及其易感因素分析

目的探讨长期深静脉留置透析导管相关性感染真菌谱、治疗转归及其易感因素。方法选择2004年1月~2006年9月在我院行长期深静脉留置透析导管的患者24例次为观察对象,根据是否出现导管相关性真菌感染将24例次患者分为真菌感染组和非真菌感染组2组。观察并分析真菌感染发生率、临床表现、真菌培养、药物敏感试验、治疗转归及其相关易感因素。结果(1)本组资料中导管相关性真菌感染发生率为20.83%,氟康唑导管内应用联合氟康唑封管治疗有效率为60%;(2)本组资料中感染真菌均为假丝酵母菌,治疗前对氟康唑敏感性最高;(3)导管相关性真菌感染与近期抗生素的应用、导管置入时间小于1年有关。结论导管相关性真菌感染是影响导管寿命的重要并发症之一,与近期抗生素的应用、导管置入时间小于1年有关,氟康唑导管内治疗部分有效。     

Incidence of bloodstream infection in multicenter inception cohorts of hemodialysis patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess incidence of and identify risk factors for bloodstream infection in patients starting hemodialysis or starting a new means of vascular access for hemodialysis. METHOD: Two cohorts of patients, 1 initiating hemodialysis (new patients) and a 1:1 matching group of patients continuing hemodialysis but starting a new vascular access (continuing patients), were enrolled from 9 Canadian hemodialysis units and followed for 6 months. Bloodstream infection was defined using established criteria. A nested case-control study was carried out, using as cases those cohort patients diagnosed with infection. Each case was matched with a control having the same means of access and new or continuing status. RESULTS: A total of 527 patients (258 new, 269 continuing), were recruited and underwent 31,268 hemodialysis procedures during this 6-month follow-up. There were 96 bloodstream infections in 93 patients (11.97/10,000 days, 28.81/10,000 hemodialysis procedures), yielding a relative risk of infection of 3.33 (95% CI, 2.12-5.24) for patients with a previous bloodstream infection and 1.56 (95% CI, 1.02-2.38) for patients continuing hemodialysis by a new means of access. Survival analysis revealed that compared to arteriovenous fistula vascular access, the relative risk of bloodstream infection in patients was 1.47 (95% CI, 0.36-5.96) for arteriovenous grafts, 8.49 (95% CI, 3.03-23.78) for cuffed central venous catheters, and 9.87 (95% CI, 3.46-28.20) for uncuffed central venous catheters. The regression model of the case-control study identified earlier bloodstream infection (OR, 6.58), poor patient hygiene (OR, 3.48), and superficial access-site infection (OR, 4.36) as additional risk factors. CONCLUSION: During the first 6 months there is a high rate of bloodstream infection in patients starting hemodialysis either for the first time or by a new means of vascular access. Previous hemodialysis bloodstream infection and continuing hemodialysis by a new means of vascular access are markers for an increased risk of infection, as is poor patient hygiene. Central venous catheter vascular access, whether cuffed or uncuffed, has a much higher infection risk. In this study, there was no difference in infection rate between cuffed and uncuffed central catheters.     

111例长期深静脉留置透析导管患者相关并发症的分析

目的 通过分析111例长期深静脉留置透析导管患者相关并发症的临床资料,探讨其防治措施。方法 选择我院2001年1月～2003年3月新留置长期深静脉双腔透析导管使用时间大于6个月的患者111例,导管留置总时间为1090个患者月,平均已留置时间为9．8个月。所有导管均选用Quinton Permcath带cuff长期留置透析导管,插管部位首选右颈内静脉,其次为左颈内静脉、髂外静脉。出现导管并发症(感染、血栓等)予对症处理。结果 局部血肿的发生率为8．1％。导管位置不良的发生率为4．5％。111例患者中有6例发生导管感染,感染率为5．4％,2例为细菌感染,抗生素治疗有效;4例为真菌感染,1例治愈,3例拔管并重新置管。导管血栓形成的发生率为18、9％,发生血栓时导管平均留置时间为36d;20例患者尿激酶溶栓后导管恢复通畅,成功率为95．2％,其中18例再次发生导管血栓,5例患者加服血小板抑制剂后能保持导管长期通畅,13例仍多次发生血栓,改服华法林后,9例有效,另4例改建内瘘或移植血管。溶栓及联合抗凝治疗使16例患者的导管使用寿命平均延长了6个月。结论 深静脉双腔透析导管的留置和长期应用是安全有效的,导管血栓形成是其最为常见的并发症,溶栓及联合抗凝治疗可显著延长导管的使用寿命。     

经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的临床应用

目的：探讨经皮颈内静脉长期导管在老年维持性血液透析患者中的应用及其常见并发症的防治。方法对2009年12月至2012年12月在中南大学湘雅医院行经皮颈内静脉长期置管的15例维持性血液透析老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察置管术后情况、导管的使用情况、常见并发症的防治、透析充分性评价等。结果（1）实施颈内静脉长期置管18例次,其中3例为重新置管,置管成功率100%。（2）导管相关并发症：2例患者术后1周内出现置管处局部渗血;1例出现导管出口感染,2例发生导管相关性血流感染;3例患者出现导管血栓形成;2例诊断导管纤维鞘形成;1例因人为损坏出现导管破裂。经过相应处理后均使问题得到解决。（3）导管使用期限：本组患者长期导管使用时间为4～41个月,除1例死亡（原因为脑出血）,3例为重新置管,余患者仍继续使用。（4）透析充分性评价：15例患者平均尿素下降率为72%,平均尿素清除指数达1.54。结论对于血管条件差无法建立动静脉内瘘的老年血透患者,使用颈内静脉长期导管行血液透析可以达到充分透析;提高置管及导管护理技术、加强健康宣教,能延长导管使用年限,减少导管并发症。     

Incidence rate and risk factors of central line-associated bloodstream infections among neonates and children admitted to a tertiary care university hospital

Central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a common healthcare-associated infection in patients indwelling central venous catheter (CVC). This study examined the incidence rates, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of CLABSI among neonates (aged < 1 month) and children (aged ≥ 1 month) admitted to a tertiary care university hospital. An overall CLABSI incidence rate was 3.2 per 1,000 catheter-days. Number of CVC lumen and place of catheter insertion were a significant risk factor among our neonates and children, respectively. CLABSI prolonged hospitalization and increased hospital costs.     

Antibiotic-coated hemodialysis catheters for the prevention of vascular catheter-related infections: a prospective, randomized study

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy of minocycline-rifampin-coated hemodialysis catheters in reducing catheter-related infections in patients requiring hemodialysis for acute renal failure. METHODS: Between May 2000 and March 2002, 66 patients were randomly assigned to receive a minocycline-rifampin-impregnated central venous catheter and 64 were randomly assigned to receive an unimpregnated catheter. Patients were followed prospectively until the catheter was removed. Catheter-related infection was determined through quantitative catheter cultures, quantitative blood cultures, or both. RESULTS: Both groups of patients were similar in age, sex, underlying disease, type of dialysis (continuous vs. intermittent), neutropenia during catheterization and its duration, catheter insertion difficulties, and administration of blood products or medication. The mean (+/- SD) catheter dwell time was the same in both groups (8 +/- 6 days, P = 0.7). There were seven catheter-related infections (11%), all associated with the use of unimpregnated catheters. Kaplan-Meier estimates for the risk of catheter-related infection showed that coated catheters were less likely to be associated with infection (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The use of polyurethane hemodialysis catheters impregnated with minocycline and rifampin decreases the risk of catheter-related infection in patients with acute renal failure.     

Multi-purpose silastic dual-lumen central venous catheters for both collection and transplantation of hematopoietic progenitor cells

Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation frequently requires sequential placement and use of two separate central venous catheters: (1) a short-term, large-bore, stiff device inserted for leukapheresis, and after removal of that device, (2) a long-term, multi-lumen, flexible, Silastic catheter for administration of high-dose chemotherapy, re-infusion of hematopoietic cells, and intensive supportive care. We reviewed our recent experience with two dual-lumen, large-bore, Silastic multi-purpose ('hybrid') catheters, each of which can be used as a single device for both leukapheresis and long-term supportive care throughout the transplant process. Quinton-Raaf PermCath and Bard-Hickman hemodialysis/apheresis dual-lumen catheters were used as the sole venous access device in 112 consecutive patients who underwent autologous PBPC collection and transplantation. The catheter exit site was monitored three times a week, and lumen patency was assessed using clinical and radiologic techniques. Catheters were removed prematurely for persistent thrombus, positive blood cultures despite appropriate antibiotics, or mechanical dysfunction. There were no intra-operative or immediate post-operative complications relating to insertion. Thirty-two patients experienced catheter occlusion necessitating urokinase instillation. Persistent occlusive problems were noted in 16 patients, and in 10 patients the catheter had to be removed. Two exit site infections and 17 bacteremias occurred. Catheters had to be removed for persistent infection in two subjects and for mechanical problems in five others. Cost analysis comparing the hybrid catheters alone vs conventional devices revealed a charge of $4230 in patients with hybrid catheters vs. $7530 in those requiring a temporary non-Silastic dialysis catheter in addition to a flexible, long-term Silastic catheter. Hybrid, Silastic, dual-lumen, large-bore central venous catheters are safe, cost-effective and convenient multi-purpose venous access devices that may be used in the setting of autologous PBPC collection and transplantation. The rate of thrombotic, infectious and mechanical complications appears comparable to other central venous access devices.     

Median sternotomy for an unexpected complication of permanent hemodialysis catheters: "stuck catheter"

Cuffed tunneled venous access catheters are commonly used for temporary and permanent access in patients undergoing hemodialysis. These catheters play an essential role in providing permanent access in patients in whom all other access options have been exhausted. However, they are prone to several complications like catheter thrombosis, catheter fibrin sheating and infection. Herein, we report two uncommon cases of stuck hemodialysis cuffed tunneled catheters causing stenosis and thrombosis in central veins which needed to be removed by median sternotomy.     

Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections

PURPOSE: To review the literature on prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE database, conference proceedings, and bibliographies of review articles and book chapters were searched for relevant articles. Primary authors were contacted directly if data were incomplete. STUDY SELECTION: Studies met the following criteria unless otherwise stated: Trials were prospective and randomized; catheters were inserted into new sites, not into old sites over guidewires; catheter cultures were done by using semi-quantitative or quantitative methods; and, for prospective studies, catheter-related bloodstream infection was confirmed by microbial growth from percutaneously drawn blood cultures that matched catheter cultures. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on population, methods, preventive strategy, and outcome (measured as catheter-related bloodstream infections) were gathered. The quality of the data was graded by using preestablished criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: The recommended preventive strategies with the strongest supportive evidence are full barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion; subcutaneous tunneling short-term catheters inserted in the internal jugular or femoral veins when catheters are not used for drawing blood; contamination shields for pulmonary artery catheters; povidone-iodine ointment applied to insertion sites of hemodialysis catheters; specialized nursing teams caring for patients with short-term peripheral venous catheters, especially at institutions with a high incidence of catheter-related infection; no routine replacement of central venous catheters; antiseptic chamberfilled hub or hub-protective antiseptic sponge for central venous catheters; and use of chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-impregnated or minocycline-rifampin-impregnated short-term central venous catheters if the rate of infection is high despite adherence to other strategies that do not incorporate antimicrobial agents (for example, maximal barrier precautions). CONCLUSIONS: Simple interventions can reduce the risk for serious catheter-related infection. Adequately powered randomized trials are needed.