河北省成年居民被动吸烟状况调查

目的了解河北省成年居民被动吸烟状况,为制定河北省控烟措施提供资料。方法利用2004年河北省成年居民慢性病相关危险因素监测的数据,对18～69岁4200名成年居民的被动吸烟状况进行分析。结果河北省成年居民被动吸烟率58．8％,其中城市居民为61．6％,高于农村居民的57．6％（P〈0．05）,男性为61．3％,明显高于女性的57．1％（P〈0．01）;18～24岁组被动吸烟率较高,城市中男性被动吸烟率最高,为85．7％,每天均是被动吸烟者的比例高达50％。城市男性中每天被动吸烟2小时以上者占24．1％;男性被动吸烟场所在公共场所较多,而女性在家里较多;不吸烟者的被动吸烟率54．2％,其中女性为56．0％,高于男性的45．3％（P〈0．01）;一直吸烟者的被动吸烟率为67．4％,城市为72．8％,高于农村的65．1％（P〈0．01）。结论河北省成年居民被动吸烟率较高,应重点在年轻人和男性中进行控烟的健康教育,有效降低这一人群的吸烟率意义重大。     

河南省某县农村居民吸烟行为调查结果分析

目的了解河南省某县农村居民的吸烟行为现状,为进一步开展控烟工作提供依据。方法采用抽样调查的方法,选取18岁及以上常住居民作为研究对象,进行面对面的问卷调查。采用EpiData3.0软件建立数据库,SPSS16.0、Excel 2017进行数据分析。结果河南省某县农村18岁及以上成人现在吸烟率为25.67%,其中男性58.02%,女性0.59%。现在吸烟者日均吸烟量为20支,其中男性为20支,女性为3支。男性成功戒烟率为18.81%,女性由于吸烟率较低,本次调查无成功戒烟者。现在吸烟者中有56.58%的人无明确戒烟打算。结论河南省某县农村男性居民吸烟行为普遍存在,现在吸烟率高,戒烟率和打算戒烟率低。提示控烟形势严峻,应采取综合防治措施。     

泰兴市不同特征居民吸烟现状调查

目的分析泰兴市城乡居民的吸烟状况,为开展针对性的控烟工作提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段简单整群抽样的方法,对18岁及以上城乡居民的吸烟情况进行调查。结果该市18岁及以上居民的吸烟率为24.75%;农村高于城市,男性高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);不同年龄、文化程度、职业和婚姻状况居民的吸烟率差异有统计学意义;吸烟者开始吸烟的平均年龄为23.82岁,超过73.49%的吸烟者开始吸烟时的年龄不满25周岁;所有被调查者知晓吸烟危害健康的占95.09%,吸烟者与戒烟者和从不吸烟者的知晓率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:居住在农村地区的男性已婚居民,年龄在50~59岁之间,文化程度为文盲及小学,职业为交通运输人员者吸烟率最高。结论泰兴市城乡居民的吸烟率仍处于较高水平,控烟问题依然严重,控烟工作仍然任重道远。     

中国／WHO控烟能力建设社区子项目上海地区一年效果评估

目的　评价中国/WHO控烟能力建设合作项目(社区控烟子项目)在上海市长宁区新华街道社区居民控烟能力建设实施一年的效果,探索今后社区的控烟方法。方法　按照中国/WHO控烟能力建设合作项目(社区控烟子项目)总体安排,统一问卷、统一时间,按照人口2 %的样本量随机抽取2 0～6 0岁社区居民,对其烟草使用和控烟方面的知识、态度和行为及对戒烟服务的需求和获得情况进行了调查与分析。结果　社区男性居民吸烟率高于女性,干预前后居民吸烟率分别为35 1%和4 2 8% ,干预期间社区居民男性吸烟人群戒烟成功率为10 6 % ,以5 5岁以上年龄段、离退休人员、大专以上学历、家庭人均月收入>2 5 0 0元人群中戒烟成功率最高。戒烟失败的主要原因是缺乏意志力,其次是来自周围吸烟者的影响;84 %以上的调查对象都认为吸烟、被动吸烟有害健康,且吸烟者、不吸烟者、戒烟者正确认知率依次增高;干预后男性调查对象劝阻朋友或家人吸烟、表示戒烟后永不吸烟比干预前有明显提高(P <0 0 1) ,且能主动寻求戒烟服务(P <0 0 5 ) ;去治疗机构就医时医务人员主动向男性调查对象介绍戒烟方法和技巧干预后多于干预前(P <0 0 1) ,有显著性差异。结论　对新华街道社区居民实施控烟教育与培训等综合性措施是有效的,提升了社区居民的控烟能     

2013年奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟现状调查

目的了解奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟现状,为制订控烟措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层抽样方法,选取有代表性的样本,使用统一的问卷进行调查。结果奎屯市18岁及以上居民现在吸烟率为17．7％,男性现在吸烟率为35．8％,女性现在吸烟率为1．0％。现在每日吸烟率为11．7％,男性现在每日吸烟率为23．6％,女性现在每日吸烟率为0．8％。男女现在吸烟率、现在每日吸烟率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同年龄组、男性不同年龄组现在吸烟率以及现在每日吸烟率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。女性不同年龄组现在吸烟率、现在每日吸烟率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．01）。不同文化组、男性不同文化组现在吸烟率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。不同文化组现在每日吸烟率、男性现在每日吸烟率和女性现在每日吸烟率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。吸烟者主要吸机制卷烟（99．3％）。奎屯市18岁及以上居民被动吸烟率为38．2％,男性被动吸烟率（48．7％）高于女性（28．7％,P〈0．05）。结论奎屯市18岁及以上居民吸烟率低于全国平均水平,但吸烟者开始吸烟年纪较轻,应加强对吸烟人群尤其是青少年的健康教育,进一步降低烟草的使用。     

南京市居民吸烟状况调查分析

目的了解南京市居民吸烟现况,探讨吸烟行为的影响因素。方法采取自行设计的调查问卷,在广场、医院、学校、社区等调查点抽取800名居民进行吸烟状况调查。结果调查的800人中吸烟率为28．3％,其中男性吸烟率（45．6％）高于女性（4．2％）。绝大多数吸烟者（91．6％）每日吸烟量不超过20支,男女性的每日吸烟量差异无统计学意义。男性开始吸烟的平均年龄（22．03±6．56）岁低于女性的平均年龄（28．93±10．15）岁。丧偶或离异者吸烟率最高,达51．9％。在吸烟者中戒烟3次及以上的人数占38．196（86／226）。结论南京市居民吸烟率仍然很高,烟草控制仍然面临着巨大的挑战,应加大控烟力度,加强控烟法规的执行,开展多种形式的健康教育,才能有效降低居民吸烟率。     

北京市西城区居民吸烟与戒烟状况调查分析

目的分析北京市西城区某社区15岁以上人群吸烟及戒烟状况,为今后的控烟工作提供借鉴和参考。方法采用多阶段整群概率抽样方法,抽取西城区15岁及以上常住居民583人,调查居民吸烟与戒烟相关情况。结果北京市西城区某社区居民现在吸烟率为21.8%。男性现在吸烟率(42.9%)高于女性(2.9%);50～59岁人群现在吸烟率较高(26.5%),服务业人群现在吸烟率(26.8%)高于其他职业人群。现在吸烟者尝试戒烟率为18.9%,尝试戒烟次数≥2次占79.2%,吸烟者中过去12个月内接受过医生戒烟建议的占22.0%;戒烟者尝试的戒烟方法中,没有人使用药物戒烟、咨询戒烟门诊者占4.2%、咨询戒烟热线者占4.2%。结论应加强对男性、中老年及服务业人群的控烟宣传;着力提高吸烟者戒烟意愿、加强医务人员提供简短戒烟干预服务、推动辖区居民戒烟时寻求戒烟门诊专业帮助。     

2020年茂名市城乡居民烟草流行现况调查

目的 了解茂名市城乡居民烟草流行现况及其影响因素,为进一步开展控烟工作提供科学依据.方法 采用容量比例概率抽样和简单随机抽样,使用全国居民健康素养监测调查问卷对茂名市城乡常住居民进行问卷调查.结果 共调查2969名常住居民,吸烟率为21.12％.城乡户籍、性别、年龄、教育程度、职业等人口学因素均对吸烟率有影响;农村人口吸烟率显著高于城市,男性高于女性,年龄分布以15～24岁年龄组最低、45～54岁组最高,教育程度分布以初中组最高、大专/本科及以上组较低,职业分布以"其他企业人员"组最高,以上差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).627名吸烟者中,有56.46％自觉吸烟成瘾,46.41％觉得难以控制吸烟;有87.56％在禁止吸烟场所不能做到不吸烟,84.37％知道吸烟害处仍继续吸烟;分别有22.33％和18.50％的吸烟者在身体不适时和在精神不适时仍继续吸烟;有68.58％不打算戒烟,47.69％承认曾戒烟失败.结论 茂名市目前居民吸烟率相对较低,说明前期控烟工作有一定成效.今后应在一般健康教育的基础上加强控烟立法,加强学校、医院、机关等无烟场所建设,同时有针对性地对吸烟行为采取强化干预措施.     

河北省成年居民吸烟状况调查

目的分析河北省成年居民的吸烟状况，为制定河北省控烟措施提供基础资料。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样，对河北省11个市、20个县、40个乡（街道）、120个自然村（居委会）的4200名成年居民进行问卷调查，问卷调查包括人口学特征、吸烟情况（开始吸烟年龄、吸烟类型、吸烟频率等）。结果共调查成年居民4200人，其中男性1734人，女性2466人，农村2940人，城市1260人；调查对象中，现在吸烟者有1222人，吸烟率为29．1％，其中男性吸烟率为61．4％，女性为6．4％，农村吸烟率为29．7％，城市为27．6％，65～69岁组、初中文化程度者、体力劳动者和离婚／分居者吸烟率较高，现在吸烟者平均每天吸烟17．0±0．7支；每天吸烟10～20支者占65．9％（661人），吸烟频率为≥6天／周者比例高达到85．8％。结论河北省成年居民吸烟率较高，尤其是青少年吸烟上升较快，控制烟草消费面临巨大的困难，应采取具体措施有效控制烟草消费。     

2010年上海市居民控烟现况调查

[目的]了解《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》实施后,居民吸烟、戒烟、被动吸烟水平及城市控烟整体环境改善情况,为今后控烟工作的持续开展提供基础数据。[方法]2010年11月-2011年1月,在全市18个区（县）采用多阶段分层随机抽样,以面对面访谈形式对1925名常住居民进行“有关吸烟知识、态度和行为的城市基线调查”。[结果]上海市15岁及以上常住居民吸烟率、现在吸烟率、常吸烟率和重型吸烟率分别为28．3％、22．5％、19．6％和8．5％。吸烟人群戒烟率和成功戒烟率分别为20．4％和11．7％;现在吸烟人群尝试戒烟率和一年内尝试戒烟率分别为21．2％和8．5％。非吸烟者被动吸烟率为43．5％,室内工作场所被动吸烟率为48．9％。餐厅和酒吧室内公共场所吸烟率分别高达60．9％和40．O％。城市控烟信息在各类媒体得到初步覆盖,以电视节目（66．1％）和报纸或杂志（58．2％）最高。[结论]上海市已初步形成控烟信息媒体覆盖环境,常住居民吸烟率有所下降但仍处于较高水平,被动吸烟仍未改善,公共场所控烟并没有得到转变。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.