新型交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨骨折

目的：设计出新型交锁髓内钉用于治疗肱骨骨折,方法：通过总结顺行及逆行肱骨交锁髓内钉及国人肱骨特点,设计出新型通用肱骨交锁髓内钉用于临床治疗肱骨骨折12例,结果：12例手术均获得成功,骨折全部愈合,肩－肘关节功能恢复正常,疼痛减轻或消失。结论：新型交锁髓内钉可应用于各型肱同骨折,尤其是多段,粉碎性肱骨骨折,骨不连和病理性骨折的治疗。     

远端自锁髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折疗效比较

目的比较远端自锁髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法用远端自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折18例，钢板内固定35例。结果髓内钉组骨折均获愈合，无内固定折断及再骨折，术后未出现桡神经损伤症状，出现肩部疼痛1例。钢板组1例出现骨折不愈合，于外院行髓内钉固定后愈合，内固定折断及再骨折1例，术后出现桡神经损伤症状2例，取钢板术后出现该症状1例。结论远端自锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折优于钢板。     

Complex traumatic-degenerative injury of the proximal metaepiphysis of the humerus

The authors describe one case of displaced fracture of the proximal third of the humerus with high-grade degenerative arthropathy in the humeral head and in the glenoid surface on a humerus that had previously been treated thirty years earlier with a Delitala intramedullary nail for diaphyseal fracture.     

交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效

目的观察交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折的临床疗效。方法应用肱骨交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折21例．其中男6例,女15例;年龄35～78岁．平均58．3岁。结果所有患者随访6～18个月,以Neer评分评估其功能,优7例,良13例,可1例,优良率为95．24％。结论髓内钉治疗肱骨外科颈骨折．具有创伤小、操作简易、术后能早期功能锻炼、骨折愈合快、肩关节功能恢复快等优点．是一种值得推广的治疗方法。     

Treatment of proximal humeral fractures with a new intramedullary nail

We have developed a new intramedullary nail (All-in-One Nail) that is specifically designed for elastic fixation of a surgical neck fracture of the humerus. This nail has three pins and a plate, and the pins become divergent as the nail is inserted into the marrow cavity through the deltoid tuberosity and then advanced to the humeral head. We reviewed 31 patients with an age range of 58–91 years (mean 75 years) who underwent surgery with this nail for A3.2 (two-part), B2.2 (three-part), or C2.1 (valgus-impacted) fractures of the proximal humerus. Bony union was obtained in 29 patients, and these patients had a Japanese Orthopaedic Association shoulder score of 60–92 (mean 78) in a follow-up examination performed 6–32 months (mean 13 months) postoperatively. The All-in-One Nail system is easy to use, provides an acceptable clinical outcome, and is a treatment option for unimpacted surgical neck fractures and valgus-impacted fractures of the humerus.     

交锁髓内钉与锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效研究

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉与锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效.方法 对2003年1月至2008年6月应用交锁髓内钉与锁定钢板治疗的36例肱骨近端骨折患者进行回顾性研究,男11例,女25例;年龄26～78岁,平均60.3岁.根据治疗方法不同分为交锁髓内钉组(21例)与锁定钢板组(15例).按Neer分型:交锁髓内钉组:Ⅱ型6...     

弹性髓内钉在儿童肱骨干骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨弹性髓内钉治疗儿童肱骨干骨折的临床效果。方法对37例肱骨干骨折(经手法复位不满意或手法复位石膏固定后再移位)患儿采取闭合复位、小切口弹性髓内钉内固定治疗。除2例因手法复位失败采用有限切开复位外,其余均采用闭合复位。分别于术后3、6、12个月对患儿肩、肘关节功能进行评分。结果 37例均获随访,时间6～24个月,2例因钉尾过长或折弯致肱骨进针点疼痛和钉尾刺激反应,拔钉后症状消失。骨折全部骨性愈合,愈合时间3～6个月。均无感染、短缩、旋转畸形以及骨骺、神经损伤等并发症发生。采用Constant和Murley肩关节评分系统、Mayo肘关节功能评分系统评价疗效,术后12个月疗效:优20例,良15例,可2例,优良率为94.59%。结论弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童肱骨干骨折创伤小,可早期活动,愈合快,并发症少。     

Treatment of severely displaced proximal humeral fractures in children with retrograde elastic stable intramedullary nailing

We report our experience of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of severely displaced proximal humeral fracture Type III and IV according to Neer in children. Thirty-five children (mean age 12.7 years) with 19 Salter–Harris Type II epiphyseal fractures and 16 children with metaphyseal fractures of the proximal humerus were treated with ESIN by one-nail or two-nail-technique. There were the following complications: two perforations of the nail at the head of the humerus with loss of position, one loss of position without nail perforation, one misplacement of a nail, one revision due to haematoma and two difficult removals of metal. For follow-up examinations after 26 months the children were classified by use of the Constant–Murley score. On average they gained 99 points. All children were able to resume their sporting activities as before. For the treatment of displaced proximal humeral fractures in children more than 10 years old the retrograde ESIN represents a safe minimal invasive surgical procedure.     

Evaluation of intramedullary nail fixation via the Neviaser portal for proximal humerus fracture

ObjectivesTo our knowledge, no cases have been reported so far regarding the treatment of proximal humerus fracture with intramedullary nail fixation via the Neviaser portal. This study aimed at evaluating the results of intramedullary nail fixation via the Neviaser portal for proximal humerus fracture.MethodsFour patients with 2-part proximal humerus fracture, who underwent the intramedullary nail fixation via the Neviaser portal, were included in this study. All the patients were females, and the mean age was 78.8 years. We evaluated their clinical and radiographic findings retrospectively.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 12 months. All the patients achieved a bone-union without severe complications, such as deep wound infections or any neurological deficits. At the final follow-up, mean shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation were 123.5°, 118°, and 36°, respectively. Mean visual analog pain scale (VAS) score at the final follow-up was 21/100. Complications related to the implants were observed in two patients. In one patient, protrusion of the proximal tip of the nail occurred from the entry point, and this caused secondary subacromial impingement. In the other patient, insertion of the end-cap from the Neviaser portal was not possible, and this resulted in the failure of fixation postoperatively.ConclusionThe Neviaser portal may be suitable for the insertion of an intramedullary nail, because it facilitates to make an entry-point at the top of the humeral head. However, the problems related to the use of the present instruments still remain and need to be improved.     

Elastic intramedullary nail for treatment of extremity fractures in children

Objective： To assess the clinical therapeutic effects of elastic intramedullary nail on extremity fractures in children.
Methods： From June 2005 to March 2008, 40 children with extremity fractures were treated by elastic intramedullary nail, in whom femoral shaft fractures occurred in 26 cases, tibiofibular fractures in 8 cases, radial capitular fractures in 4 cases, ulnoradial fractures in 2 cases. All patients were treated by closed reduction and elastic intramedullary nail fixation. Results： All the fractures gained satisfactory reduction and healing. The average duration needed for fracturehealing was 1-2 months. Postoperative follow-up confirmed a sound functional recovery.
Conclusions： The elastic intramedullary nail is a minimally invasive and effective surgical approach for treatment of extremity fractures in children. It allows early functional exercises after operation and secures a satisfactory bone union and functional recovery.     

肱骨自锁髓内钉的生物力学测试与临床应用

目的　研制出一种新型肱骨自锁髓内钉 ,并对其生物力学进行测试 ,同时采用鹰嘴窝上方为进针点逆行进针进行小组病例测试 ,为临床治疗肱骨干骨折的安全应用提供方法和依据。方法　取 1 2付新鲜青壮年肱骨干人工造成骨折 ,采用 31 7L不锈钢肱骨自锁髓内钉内固定对其标本进行生物力学测试 ,并对其结果进行分析。临床采用该钉由鹰嘴窝上方逆行进钉内固定治疗肱骨干骨折 ,并对其进行评价。结果　肱骨自锁髓内钉抗弯、抗旋及抗拉伸和抗压缩均符合生物力学需要。临床治疗结果满意。结论　肱骨自锁髓内钉符合人体生物学固定要求 ,采用鹰嘴上方逆行进钉 ,并发症少 ,优良率高 ,该器械具有结构合理、安全、简单、实用等优点。     

自动加压防旋髓内钉的研制及修复股骨中下段骨折的应用

目的 研制一种自动加压防旋髓内钉，探讨其生物力学和在修复股骨中下段骨折的应用效果。方法 采用研制的自动加压防旋髓内钉于1998年1月～2001年6月，临床用于修复股骨中下段骨折23例，其中横、短斜形骨折12例，粉碎骨折9例，斜形、多段骨折各1例，手术时间为伤后2小时～8天。陈旧性骨折2例，手术时间为伤后11～13个月。在梅花型圈内钉距近远端一定距离的两侧翼开孔，置入梅花型弹力环2～4枚以适应股骨髓腔宽大部。手术时间30～75分钟，平均43分钟。结果 在5Nm扭矩下，自动加压防旋髓内钉的抗旋转作用与交锁钉相近；23例骨折均愈合，其中21例为6～13周，平均9周，2例陈旧性骨折为15～22周。术后均获随访6～36个月。无感染、畸形愈合、骨不连、关节僵硬及再骨折等并发症。按Kolmert等功能评定标准，优19例，良3例，可1例，优良率95．7％。结论 自动加压防旋髓内钉设计合理，生物力学性能稳定，临床应用操作简便，手术时间短，骨折愈合快，具有铀向加压及防旋功能。     

弹性髓内针治疗儿童长骨骨折

目的探讨弹性髓内针固定治疗儿童长骨骨折的并发症及预后。方法回顾性总结我院2004年1月至2010年5月收治的47例儿童非粉碎性长骨骨折,包括肱骨骨折、尺骨桡骨骨折、股骨骨折、胫骨骨折。47例患儿中,男性27例,女性20例;年龄6~14岁。肱骨骨折6例,尺桡骨骨折20例,股骨骨折15例,胫骨骨折6例。对于尺桡骨骨折,采用麻醉下闭合复位,单根弹性髓内针固定,石膏固定2~3周后自主活动。对于肱骨、股骨、胫骨骨折,采用麻醉下闭合复位,双根弹性髓内针交叉固定。肱骨骨折后石膏固定3周后自主活动;股骨、胫骨骨折石膏固定5~6周,8~10周后完全负重行走。结果 47例患儿经弹性髓内针内固定治疗后,骨痂生长良好,均获治愈,并且关节功能恢复正常,无严重的并发症。结论术前合理选择患儿年龄、骨折类型,采用弹性髓内针治疗儿童长骨骨折,具有微创、安全、简便、复位好、恢复快和并发症少的优势。     

弹性髓内钉固定与外固定支架治疗儿童股骨干骨折疗效比较

目的：比较弹性髓内针与外固定支架治疗儿童股骨干骨折的疗效。方法：2002年9月至2008年8月治疗儿童股骨干骨折共67例,使用弹性髓内针治疗儿童股骨干骨折36例,男23例,女13例,年龄5～11岁,平均（7.1±1.6）岁;外固定支架治疗31例,男19例,女12例,年龄3～12岁,平均（6.5±2.3）岁。所有病例均为闭合复位,对两种不同内固定术后骨折愈合时间、术后并发症进行比较分析。结果：全部病例均获随访,时间9～24个月,平均（12±3）个月。弹性随内针组治疗小儿股骨骨折在骨折临床愈合时间和骨性愈合时间均短于外固定支架组（P〈0.05）。外固定支架组,继发钉道感染5例,骨折延迟愈合3例,再骨折2例,螺钉断裂1例;弹性髓内针组钉尾激惹3例。结论：弹性髓内针治疗儿童股骨干骨折有很大优势,而对高能量骨折及多发伤的病例外固定支架则不失为一种良好的选择,股骨近端和远端骨折尽量避免使用弹性髓内针固定。     

Use of an elastic intramedullary nail in difficult humeral fractures

Debate continues over implant selection when surgical intervention is deemed necessary in the management of diaphyseal fractures of the humerus. We present a series of patients in which we used an elastic intramedullary nail to manage a variety of difficult humeral fractures and discuss the theoretical advantages which we feel this method offers.     

Küntscher intramedullary reaming and nail fixation for nonunion of the humerus.

Thirteen cases of nonunion of the humerus were treated by intramedullary reaming and nail fixation. Rigid stabilization which was usual after operating upon other long bones was not always secured in these cases, and supplementary plaster immobilization was necessary. Seven fractures healed and 3 fractures required re-nailing before healing. Three fractures did not heal in spite of reoperation, but in 2 of these cases the nail provided stability and controlled pain and motion at fracture site. Nonunion of the humerus is a difficult problem, irrespective of the method of treatment.     

非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉的研制和临床应用

目的：设计出非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉用于治疗肱骨骨折。方法：作者对国人尸体肱骨及其髓腔石蜡铸型进行了观察和测量，在此基础上设计出非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉，用于临床治疗肱骨骨折１０例。结果：作者对平均术后１年４个月的１０例患者进行了随访，骨折愈合优良率达到９０％（９／１０），肩肘关节动度优良率达到８０％（８／１０）。结论：作者认为非扩髓型肱骨内锁髓内钉的口径和长度适合国人，手术无需扩髓，瞄准器使用方便，它治疗肱骨骨折，尤其是对多发骨折、粉碎性肱骨骨折、骨不连和病理性骨折等的治疗更适合。     

Considerations concerning the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the humerus

A humeral shaft fracture results in a nonunion in less than 10% of cases, regardless of the technique used. The treatment of such cases must be different from the initial treatment. In a pseudarthrosis of the medial shaft of the humerus with a transverse or short oblique line, a suitable procedure is medullary filling with Hackethal nails or a Küntscher nail. If the fracture line is long and oblique, spiral, fragmented or distant from the narrow part of the humeral shaft, a modified interlocking intramedullary nail is recommended.     

Extreme complications of Fixion nail in treatment of long bone fractures

The authors present their experience related to extreme complications in treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the long bones with application of the Fixion expansion intramedullary nail in a total of 48 surgeries. We have encountered six (12.5%) extreme complications in the management of fractures of 3 humeral, 2 tibial, and 1 femoral bones during its application procedure and postoperative follow-up. Of six cases, two with humeral and tibial fractures developed nonunion and rotational instability because of failure of inflation of the Fixion nail. One of the Fixion nail in humerus was broken spontaneously, and one of the Fixion nail deflated at the follow-up and pseudoarthrosis developed in this patient. In a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta, during the inflation of the nail for the treatment of femur fracture, a new longitudinal fracture occurred and conventional non-locking intramedullary nail was inserted. In a patient with a tibia fracture that was treated with the Fixion nail, new fracture occurred due to its bending after weight bearing in the postoperative period. The Fixion nail application is a new technique for the intramedullar fixation of long bones. It is considered as an effective method for the selective fracture types of long bones. Application may need special training. Since the Fixion has not got rotational stability and rigidity as conventional nailing systems, bending and breaking of the nail may occur during postoperative period in patients with over obesity and hyperactivity. In patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, it may not be the first choice as a nailing system.     

The treatment of established non-union of the proximal humerus using the Polarus locking intramedullary nail

Introduction:

Non-union following fracture of the proximal humerus is not uncommon, particularly in the elderly. This can be associated with significant morbidity due to pain, instability and functional impairment. The Polarus device (Acumed) is a locked, antegrade intramedullary nail designed to stabilize displaced 2-, 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus. We report our experience with the Polarus nail for the treatment of established non-union of the proximal humerus.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 7 Polarus nails were inserted for the treatment of non-union of the proximal humerus between June 2000 and July 2007. Each fracture site was opened, debrided, stabilized with a Polarus nail and then grafted with autologous cancellous iliac crest bone. The time between injury and surgery ranged from 6 to 102 months. One patient had undergone previous fixation of her fracture using Rush intramedullary rods. All patients were females, and mean age at surgery was 63.6 years (range, 49-78 years). A retrospective review of notes and radiographs was carried out. Patients were reviewed at varying intervals postoperatively (range, 13-68 months) and assessed using the Constant shoulder-scoring system.

Results:

All un-united fractures progressed to union. There were no wound complications and no postoperative nerve palsies. Functional outcome was good, even in those cases with a long interval between injury and surgery. The mean Constant score was 63 (range, 54-81). Migration of a single proximal locking screw was seen in 2 patients, and these screws required removal at 5 and 12 months, respectively, postoperatively.

Conclusion:

In our experience, a locked proximal humeral nail used in conjunction with autologous bone grafting is an excellent device for the treatment of proximal humerus non-unions.