深圳市6家医院集中空调冷却水军团菌污染状况及其管理对策

目的了解深圳市福田区医院集中空调冷却水军团菌污染现况,为医院集中空调管理提供依据。方法根据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,采集辖区内6家医院16个大型空调冷却塔共32份冷却塔水进行军团菌检测。结果所调查的医院空调冷却塔水中军团菌检出率为50.0%,共分离出16株军团菌,均为LPl型嗜肺军团菌。结论军团菌广泛存在于医院空调冷却塔水中,对医院内的易感人群的健康造成潜在威胁,对这一潜在传染来源应采取有效防范措施。     

清远市公共场所卒调冷却塔水军团菌污染状况

目的了解清远市区公共场所集中窄调冷却塔水军团菌污染状况。方法根据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,随机抽取清远市区公共场所24家共135份水样进行军团菌检测。结果17家公共场所59份样品中检出嗜肺军团菌,嗜肺军团菌污染率高达70．8％（17／24）,检出率为43．7％（59／135）。结论军团菌存在于公共场所中央空调系统,已对暴露人群的健康造成潜在威胁,应采取有效防范措施。     

北京市大饭店空调冷却塔军团菌污染现况及人群感染水平研究

目的：了解北京市大饭店空调冷却塔军团菌污染现况及相关人群感染水平。方法：按分层随机抽样的方法,抽取北京市１４家大饭店（四五星级）中央空调３８个冷却塔;抽取相应饭店健康工作人员（暴露人群）和非从事饭店行业的健康群（对照人群）各４１４人,分别进行军团病的病原学及人群血清学检测。结果 所调查饭店中１２家空调冷却塔有军团菌污染,污染率８５．７％’有２１个冷却塔检出军团菌,阳性率５５．３％（２１／３８）;共     

江苏省某城市公共场所人群军团菌感染现况研究

目的：了解江苏省某城市公共场所人群军团菌感染现况,为国家公共场所空气传播疾病监控技术的研究提供基础资料。方法：抽取暴露组和对照组各200人,采用问卷调查,同时采集人群血清进行军团菌抗体检测。结果：某城市公共场所工作人群军团菌抗体总阳性率为57.42%,其中,暴露组军团菌抗体阳性率为62.38%,对照组为51.23%,两组相比,差异显著（P〈0.05）。血清分型从LP1~LP14型均有检出,其中以LP12阳性率最高,为42.31%;其次为LP4、LP5和LP14,阳性率分别为36.54%、14.01%和13.74%。军团菌抗体阳性率在性别、年龄和工作类别间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：调查人群中普遍存在不同程度的LP1~LP14的感染,感染血清型以LP12、LP4占优势,空调系统冷却塔水中军团菌污染水平可以直接影响人群的血清抗体水平,使用集中空调是人群军团菌抗体阳性率增高的危险因素。     

成都市部分公共场所集中空调军团菌污染状况调查

目的了解成都市公共场所集中空调军团菌污染情况,为预防控制军团病提供依据。方法采集宾馆商场等公共场所集中空调冷却塔水,用选择性培养基（GVPC）分离培养军团菌可疑菌落,以血清学实验和聚合酶链反应（PCR）进行种属鉴定。结果51份水样中共分离出军团菌14株,阳性率为27．45％,以嗜肺军团菌血清1型为主,占78．57％（11／14）。结论成都市公共场所集中空调冷却塔水军团菌污染情况较为普遍,需引起重视。     

大连市集中空调场所军团菌污染及人群健康状况影响调查

目的调查大连市集中空调场所冷却塔水军团菌污染状况及暴露人群中军团菌隐性感染状况,研究军团菌对人群健康的影响因素。方法2005年8～9月,随机采集大连市使用集中空调的32所公共场所集中空调冷却塔水,采用分离病原培养法进行军团菌检测;随机抽取使用集中空调场所的工作人员血样,采用微量凝集试验法,进行血清军团菌抗体检测。结果大连市公共场所集中空调冷却塔水军团菌检测的场所阳性率为53.13%,军团菌血清型分别为嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila,Lp)Lp7、Lp8、Lp9和Lp10型。其中,Lp9型28株,占总菌株的77.78%,为优势菌株。人群血清学抗体检测显示,使用集中空调的公共场所人群Lp10感染率较高。结论大连市使用集中空调的场所存在军团菌污染,人群中存在军团菌隐性感染。     

武汉市公共场所空调冷却塔军团菌污染现状研究

目的了解我市公共场所集中空调通风系统军团菌污染现状，为公共场所集中空调通风系统预防空气传播性疾病提供参考，为公共场所集中空调通风系统规范管理提供科学依据。方法应用分层抽样和随机抽样相结合的方法抽取样品送实验室进行检测。采用EpiData进行数据录入，采用SPSS12．0进行统计学分析。结果在抽榆的70个守调冷却塔中军团菌榆出个数为32个，检出率为45．71％，商场超市与宾馆酒店间的军团菌污染状况差异尢显著件（p〉0．05）；红军团菌柃出的亚型中，以长滩型为主，占40．63％，其次分别为LP1型（28．13％）、LP6型（25．00％）。结论我市公共场所集中空训通风系统军团菌污染严重，应当引起相关卫生部门的重视，应制定防止军团菌污染的干预措施，防止空气传播性疾病的传播。     

绍兴市部分公共场所集中空调的污染特征

目的了解绍兴市部分公共场所集中空调污染特征及相关人群感染水平。方法根据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,随机抽取绍兴市2006-2010年大型酒店、宾馆、商场、超市、医院、证券公司、写字楼等公共场所的集中空调通风系统和冷却塔水;抽取相应公共场所健康工作人员520人(接触组)和非从事公共场所行业的健康人群(对照组)511人,分别进行卫生学调查和人群血清学检测。结果空调送风中积尘量、细菌总数均值超标,2006年中等污染为70%,严重污染为30%,2010年中等污染为75%,严重污染为25%。2009年110份冷却塔水军团菌检出率为67.3%(74/110),74份水样中分离到90株军团菌,血清型别多样化,但以1型嗜肺军团菌(LP1)为主,同1份水样同时检出2个或3个型别的占总检出水样的17.6%(13/74)。接触组血清中军团菌感染的阳性率为14.9%,对照组4.8%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义。(χ2=23.29,P<0.01)。结论该市公共场所中央空调通风系统微生物污染严重,军团菌广泛存生于公共场所空调冷却塔,血清型别多样化,对人群健康构成潜在威胁,需要引起重视以防军团菌病的暴发流行。     

苏州市公共场所集中空调冷却水中军团菌污染状况调查

目的了解苏州市大型公共场所集中空调冷却水中军团菌的污染状况及其主要血清型。方法2008年10月,共采集苏州市区部分商场、酒店、超市卖场等集中式空调冷却水50份,用GVPC、BCYE、BCY培养基进行军团菌分离培养、生化鉴定及血清分型。结果冷却塔冷却水中军团菌的检出率达76％（38／50）,血清型以LP1（31／38）为主。结论苏州市公共场所大型中央空调冷却水中军团菌检出率较高,对市民健康构成了威胁,需进一步加强监督管理。     

温州市部分公共场所集中空调冷却水军团菌污染状况

[目的]了解温州市公共场所集中空调冷却水中军团菌污染状况. [方法]分别于2010年、2011年共抽取温州市区30家公共场所[包括医院、宾馆(酒店)、超市(商场)]集中空调系统的冷却水126份.采用分离病原培养法及荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)法进行军团菌检测. [结果]公共场所冷却塔水的军团菌检出率,2010年为62.50％,2011年为33.93％.共分离56株军团菌菌株,33株为嗜肺军团菌Lp1～15型,以Lp6、Lp1型为优势血清型,其中Lp6型占19.64％(11/56),Lp1型占17.86％(10/56),而且主要分布于医院检出的菌株中.荧光定量PCR法检测结果显示,56株军团菌16S rRNA均为阳性;且有35株mip基因检测阳性,阳性率为62.50％. [结论]温州市公共场所集中空调冷却水存在军团菌污染,以嗜肺军团菌LP6、LP1型为优势菌型.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.