171低出生体重儿的临床分析及随访

本文分析了1988年12月至1990年12月在我院产科分娩的活产婴3891人中低出生体重儿171例,发生率为4.4％,其中极低出生体重儿11例。围产期死亡17例,其中13例为早产儿,死亡率为8.33％。通过分析结论是孕周越小死亡率越高,体重越小死亡率越高。本组随访率为47.48％,DDST可疑共5例,均以大的动作能及言语发育迟缓,平均身高、体重、头围接近9市城区男女儿童,略低于北京市儿童保健所1986年制定的正常发育的指标。     

不同低出生体重儿听力损失相关因素分析

目的探讨不同低出生体重儿听力损失及损失程度与出生体重、胎龄的关系。方法应用听性脑干诱发电位对不同低出生体重儿进行听力测试,以单侧耳Ⅴ波反应阈>30dBnHL者作为2～4kHz范围内听力损失指标。结果测试不同低出生体重儿246名,听力损失63名。<1000g超极低出生体重儿3例,听力损失发生率100%;<1500g的极低出生体重儿46例,其听力损失发生18例(39.1%);<2500g的低出生体重儿197人,其听力损失发生42人(21.3%),不同出生体重发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。其中中～重度10例,极重度2例,且出生体重与听力损失程度呈负相关,出生体重越轻,听力损失越重(r=0.378P=0.002)。胎龄<30周的早产儿3例,均有听力损失发生;胎龄30～34周的早产儿47例,听力损失22人(46.8%);胎龄34～37周的早产儿共171人,听力损失发生30人(17.5%);胎龄>37周的足月小样儿25例,听力损失发生8例(32%),不同胎龄患儿发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。结论不同低出生体重儿是听力损失的高发人群,听力损失与不同低出生体重、胎龄有明显的关系,听力损失程度与出生体重呈显著负相关。足月小样儿是独立的高危因素。     

低出生体重儿并甲状腺功能低下早期治疗及随访

目的 探讨低出生体重儿（LBWI）并甲状腺功能低下（甲低）患儿早期治疗及预后。方法 随机将LBWI并甲低96例分为甲状腺片治疗组50例及非治疗组46例；在生后纠正年龄12－30个月时随访，采用婴幼儿发育量表（全国常模）进行智力发育指数（MDI）及运动发育指数（PDI）的测定，同时测量身体生长值。结果 治疗组及非治疗组身高、体重及头围行政管理落后各为5例（10％）及10例（21．7％），MDI及PDI低下各5例（10％）和12例（26．1％）；两组身高、体重及头围落后发生率无差异（P＞0．05）；两组MDI和PDI及其低下发生率比较有明显差异（P＜0．005或P＜0．05）。结论 短期甲状腺片早期治疗有助于改善LBWI并甲低患儿的预后。     

极低和超低出生体重早产儿远期预后

曹云博士Saigal教授您好,您在加拿大长期从事极低出生体重(VLBW)和超低出生体重(ELBW)早产儿发育随访临床和研究工作,您负责的ELBW早产儿纵向随访研究已完成婴幼儿期、学龄期、青春期及进入成年期的远期随访,并有很多这方面的文章见诸于国外杂志上。我们今天就VLBW和ELBW早产儿     

低出生体重儿的发育障碍

对40～70年代出生的低出生体重儿(LBWI)的长期随访结果表明,其存活率随着新生儿监护技术的合理应用已明显升高。人们极为关注的发育障碍,如脑性瘫痪、视网膜病变、听力障碍、癫痫、精神发育迟缓等虽有一定改善,但发病率仍较高。总的趋向是,出生体重越低,发育障碍越多、越重。出生体重<2000～2500g 的LBWI,精神发育基本与对照组相似;1500～2000g的LBWI,平均智商较对照组稍低,但无统计学意义,仅7%左右的小儿有严重的精神发育障碍;出生体重<1000g的LBWI,发育障碍明显增多。     

低出生体重儿肾上腺皮质功能的研究

目的探讨低出生体重儿生后肾上腺皮质功能的变化及临床意义.方法应用放免的方法对110名低出生体重儿生后1、7、14、21天血清皮质醇水平检测,并与30名足月儿生后相同时段皮质醇水平进行对照.结果低出生体重儿生后血清皮质醇水平均呈不同程度的下降趋势足月小样儿、大胎龄早产儿于生后1周达稳态,小胎龄早产儿于生后2周达稳态,达稳态时均与同日龄足月儿水平均值相比差异无显著性.结论低出生体重儿生后因宫内外环境的变化而产生应激反应使血清皮质醇处于高水平,随生后日龄增加对宫外环境的适应,应激反应减轻,其血清皮质醇水平逐渐下降,最迟于生后2周达稳态,与足月儿水平相比差异无显著性.     

Rickets in a very low birth weight infant

A report on a case of rickets in a very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) is presented. The infant had no high-risk factors for rickets and was fed a specialized preterm formula with vitamin D supplementation (200 IU daily) by 10 days of age. Feeds were advanced so that an enteral intake of 120 cal/kg/day was achieved by the 20th day of life. Mean calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D intakes between the 20th and 61st days of life were 185 mg/kg/day, 93 mg/kg/day, and 367 IU/day, respectively. On the 62nd day of life, a diagnosis of rickets was made, and a nutrient balance study was performed. Urinary calcium excretion was low (1.3 mg/kg/day), suggesting calcium deficiency. However, retention of calcium (127 mg/kg/day) and phosphorus (76 mg/kg/day) was occurring at intrauterine rates. Thus, while calcium absorption was adequate at 10 weeks of age, the same was not true earlier in life. We suggest that there is a limiting role of calcium absorption on bone mineralization during early life in the VLBWI.     

Follow up of low birth weight infants

Conclusion Considerable reduction in mortality of low birth weight infants over the past two decades has been achieved in developed countries without an increase in the prevalence of major h andicaps in the survivors. In the 1980’s overall prognosis for infants above 800 gm birth weight remains good. Continued efforts for improved perinatal and neonatal care can be expected to further reduce the risk of premature birth. Worldwise effort for improved care of the pregnant women and the newborn can be expected to result in similar advances for infant survival and improved child health.     

极低出生体重儿高频振荡通气

高频通气(HFV)用于新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗已20余年,积累了许多实验资料及临床经验,检索到的文献达1300余篇[1].由于通气策略的不断改进,早期HFV常作为对新生儿严重呼吸衰竭常规呼吸机治疗失败后的营救性治疗.极低出生体重(VLBW)儿行常规通气(CV)治疗呼吸衰竭时易产生多种急、慢性肺部并发症,影响治疗效果及预后.近年来在用高频振荡通气(HFOV)减少肺损伤和对肺采取保护性治疗策略方面进行了探讨,简述如下. 1 HFV的主要种类及其作用 HFV有三种类型:即高频喷射通气(HFJV)(以Bunnell公司的Lifepulse为代表),目前已较少应用;高频气流阻断(HFFI)(以Infransouics公司的Infant star为代表);HFOV(以Sensormedics公司的Sensormedics 3100A为代表).其他尚有德国Drger公司的Babylog 8000及英国的SLE 200等.前述三种呼吸机内部功能不完全相同,但通气容量均近于或小于死腔气容量.HFOV为目前广泛应用的一类,Infant star虽以HFFI形式进行通气,由于以呼气为主动,其作用也可理解为HFOV.Sensormedics 3100A通气时设高频率,吸、呼比值为1∶ 2,而Infant star行HFV时除设置高频率外尚需与CV联合应用,设2～5/min,间歇强制通气(IMV).     

Fungal colonization in the very low birth weight infant

In the neonate, fungal infections result in significant morbidity and mortality. For very low birth weight (less than 1,500 g) infants, we prospectively determined the fungal colonization rate to be 26.7%. In one third of infants with fungal colonies, mucocutaneous candidiasis developed, and in 7.7%, systemic disease developed. Two thirds of the infants had colonies in the first week of life. This colonization was probably acquired during labor and delivery, because those infants who had colonization were more often delivered vaginally than by cesarean section. Early colonization, commonly from the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, featured Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Late colonization, occurring after 2 weeks of life (15.0% of patients), was more likely to be cutaneous and was associated with either Candida parapsilosis or such poor growth that the organism could not be identified. Infants with colonization only rarely had budding yeasts (6.1%), whereas more than half of the infants with either a urinalysis showing budding yeasts or a urine culture growing fungi had invasive disease. Fungal contamination was not found on either thoracotomy tubes or catheter tips. In the low birth weight infant, fungal colonization represents a significant risk factor for cutaneous or systemic candidiasis in these infants.     

Follow-up care of the low birth weight infant

Care of the preterm infant after discharge is a challenge for the pediatric follow-up team. All premature infants should be followed through infancy and into preschool and school years because of the common ongoing medical concerns and the high risk of developmental disabilities. Although impossible to predict with great accuracy in the neonatal period, it is appropriate to select those preterm infants who have the highest risk for disabilities and provide to them a closer degree of surveillance.     

Growth in extremely low birth weight infants up to three years

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postnatal growth of extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW, <1,000 g) until 36 months of corrected age (CA), and to relate growth outcome to anthropometric parameters at birth, sex, fetal growth status (small or appropriate for gestational age--SGA/AGA), period of admission and major perinatal events. STUDY DESIGN/METHOD: Weight (Wt), height (Ht) and head circumference (HC) were assessed in 159 ELBW infants. Data were standardized with Z-scores following Usher and McLean and Sempe growth curves. Uni- and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. RESULTS: The mean birth weight was 851.2+/-116.5 g. Z-scores decreased from birth to term, at a deeper rate for AGA than for SGA infants (p<0.005 for Ht, Wt, and HC). Between term and 36 months, growth was better in SGA compared with AGA infants (p=0.003 for Ht). Multivariate analysis showed that anthropometric parameters at birth were positive determinants for Wt, Ht and HC at term, and also for Wt and Ht at 36 months CA (Z-scores). Oxygen therapy after 36 weeks of post-conceptional age was a negative determinant influencing growth at 36 months CA (Z-scores). CONCLUSIONS: Significant catch-up growth took place between birth and 36 months, which was greater for SGA than for AGA infants. Anthropometric parameters at birth and oxygen therapy at 36 weeks post-conceptional age are the main predictive factors for growth at 36 months CA.     

极低出生体质量儿远期神经系统发育状况的研究

极低出生体质量儿(very low birth weight,VLBW)的出生率逐年增高,其存活率也随着NICU先进技术的发展日益上升,但VLBW的预后已成为社会关心的问题.近年来越来越多的研究证实,与足月儿相比,VLBW脑结构改变主要表现为脑容积、脑灰质容积和脑白质减少.因此,部分VLBW在儿童期出现了神经系统发育障...     

极低出生体质量儿远期神经系统发育状况的研究

极低出生体质量儿(very low birth weight,VLBW)的出生率逐年增高,其存活率也随着NICU先进技术的发展日益上升,但VLBW的预后已成为社会关心的问题.近年来越来越多的研究证实,与足月儿相比,VLBW脑结构改变主要表现为脑容积、脑灰质容积和脑白质减少.因此,部分VLBW在儿童期出现了神经系统发育障碍等不良预后,可有认知障碍、行为和心理问题、运动笨拙等.