安阳市青少年吸烟与危害健康行为关系

目的 了解河南省安阳市青少年吸烟行为现况及其影响因素,为采取干预措施提供依据。方法 2013年10月-2014年2月采用分层整群抽样方法,对河南省安阳市24所监测学校共5 040人进行问卷调查。结果 报告曾经吸烟率为27.48%,现在吸烟率为12.38%,低龄吸烟率为10.67%,且3种吸烟行为发生率均男生>女生、城市>农村（均P<0.05）。曾经吸烟率随着年级的增长而增长;而低龄吸烟、现在吸烟和经常吸烟高中阶段明显高于初中和大学（P<0.01）。青少年吸烟行为logistic回归分析显示,安阳市城、乡学生吸烟行为的共同危险因素为饮酒（OR=4.216、6.434）、打架（OR=2.549、2.483）、孤独（OR=1.957、1.429）,城市学生危险因素还包括受欺侮（OR=1.546）,农村学生包括骑车违规（OR=1.319）、绝望（OR=1.429）和自杀意念（OR=1.436）;保护因素城市学生为采取减肥措施、体育活动以及学习压力大,农村学生为采取减肥措施、体育活动1~2 d/周和有时学习压力大。结论 安阳市青少年吸烟率较高并与危害健康行为发生有关;家庭、学校和社会应行动起来,共同采取综合干预措施,预防和减少青少年吸烟行为的发生。     

Prevalence of and risk factors for cigarette smoking among adolescents in South America: a systematic literature review]

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of teenage smoking and the factors associated with smoking in this age group in South America. METHODS: Searches for articles concerning teenage smoking in Latin America were conducted in two bibliographic databases: MEDLINE (1966-2002) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on the Health Sciences ("LILACS") (1982-2002). We also reviewed governmental and nongovernmental documents and Web sites. From the 315 articles that we identified, we considered 45 to be relevant for this paper. RESULTS: In each of the countries that we studied, there was often a wide range found in prevalence levels, depending in part on the particular age range studied and on the definition of smokers that was used. The leading risk factor for teenage smoking was smoking among siblings and friends. Additional risk factors were poor academic performance, being older, male gender, having paid work, and having parents who were separated. CONCLUSIONS: Additional population-based studies with teenagers should be carried out, and more uniform criteria for defining smokers should be developed.     

Individual and family household smoking habits as risk factors for wheezing among adolescents

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to evaluate the household smoking habits as risk factors for wheezing in adolescents. METHODS: During a 2-month period, the study was performed by applying the standardized ISAAC phase 1 questionnaire to 3474 adolescents attending a random sample of secondary public schools located at the southeast of Mexico City. Adolescents were grouped as "cases" if they had at least one episode of wheezing in the year prior to the study, or as "controls" if they did not. Positive individual and family (father, mother or other persons living in the home) smoking habits at home were evaluated as potential risk factors. RESULTS: More than 98% of respondents in the two groups reported that the father smoked in the house. More mothers who smoked were reported among cases than controls (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.60-3.68). More adolescents in the group of cases had history of ever having rhinitis, rash or wheezing. Fifty-four percent of adolescents in the group of cases had ever smoked versus 38.8% of controls (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.33-2.67). Sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis identified a "protective" role for wheezing when the number of smokers at home was < or =2 (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.27-0.71). CONCLUSION: Individual, maternal and other family members' indoor smoking habits may increase the risk of wheezing among adolescents.     

常州市青少年吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解常州市青少年吸烟状况、对烟草的认知情况及影响吸烟行为的因素,为制定控烟策略提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,使用“江苏省青少年与烟草调查问卷”,对常州市小学、中学、中专学生共1 050名进行调查.结果 常州市青少年尝试吸烟率为14.48％,男生为22.94％,女生为8.15％,差异有统计学意义(x2=45.39,P＜0.05);现在吸烟率为3.05％,其中男生为5.12％,女生为1.50％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.43,P＜0.05).半数以上学生对烟草与健康相关知识和态度较好.大部分学生认同被动吸烟有害健康,但是对被动吸烟损害与主动吸烟损害的认知差异有统计学意义(x2=37.10,P＜0.05).学生周围与烟草有关的信息不同,其尝试吸烟率也不同.结论 常州市青少年尝试吸烟年龄较小,中等职业学校是控制吸烟行为的重点.应针对不同年龄青少年开展健康教育活动,教师和家长也应从自身做起,给学生、孩子做好榜样.     

Prevalence and risk factors of facial acne vulgaris among Chinese adolescents

Acne vulgaris, a very common condition among adolescents, can result in psychological distress, including anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of acne vulgaris among Chinese adolescents. In the Zhou Hai district of Guangdong Province, 3163 students 10 to 18 years old were selected from 7 schools. Information was collected using self-administrated questionnaIres and physician examinations. The prevalence of acne vulgaris was calculated from the collected data. Potential risk factors including age, gender, diet, skin type, sleeping habits, and facial make-up use were analyzed using stepwise logistic regression. The results showed a prevalence of acne vuglaris of 53.5% in all adolescents, with 51.3% in males and 58.6% in females. The prevalence of inflammatory acne in males and females combined was 25.8% and of acne scarring 7.1%. Increased age was related to higher prevalence and severity of acne vulgaris: 15.6%, 44.9%, and 70.4% for 10, 13, and 16 year olds, respectively. Acne vulgaris was more prevalent in girls under and boys over 14 years of age. Significant risk factors of acne vuglaris included age, skin type (oily, mixed, or neutral skin in comparison with dry skin), insufficient sleep, and cosmetic make-up use. CONCLUSION: Acne vulgaris is prevalent among Chinese adolescents 10 to 18 years old. Health education to address this condition in Chinese adolescents could have important implications for public health.     

2012年山东省小学生吸烟现状及影响因素调查

目的了解山东省小学生吸烟状况及相关因素。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在山东省东、中、西部地区各抽取1个市(监测市),每个市再随机抽取城乡小学各2所,使用自行编制的调查问卷,对3}6年级6050名小学生进行自填、匿名集体调查。结果山东省小学生尝试吸烟率为6.0%,现在吸烟率为1.2%,初次吸烟平均年龄(7.8士2.1)岁;小学生中80.5%因好奇而吸烟,34.7%的香烟“取自家中”,74.3%表示能很容易买到香烟。非条件logistic分析显示,小学生吸烟行为的主要影响因素有男生、非独生子女、家人吸烟、见老师吸烟、同学吸烟、学习成绩不理想和地区差异等。结论山东省小学生吸烟问题和控烟教育应引起足够重视,需采取积极措施进行有效干预。     

Risk factors for smoking among adolescents with asthma.

PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence of smoking among youth with asthma and explore potential risk factors for smoking among these youth, compared with youth without asthma. METHODS: In March 1997, a questionnaire assessing risk factors for smoking was administered to students attending public high school in Memphis, Tennessee. The sample (n = 3234) ranged from 15 to 18 years of age, was predominately African-American (76.7%), and 56.7% female. Based on a single self-reported item, 15.7% of youth reported having asthma. Logistic regression analyses assessed asthma status differences in current smoking and the association between risk factors and smoking. RESULTS: Nearly 20% of youth reported current smoking. Adolescents with asthma (current or past) were nearly 1.5 times more likely to smoke than peers without asthma. The association between risk factors and current cigarette smoking was equivalent for youth regardless of whether they had asthma and did not differ for those youth with current vs. past asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that adolescents with or without asthma smoke for similar reasons. Research is needed to elucidate whether there are unique risk factors, not examined here, for smoking among adolescents with asthma. Smoking prevention and cessation programs are needed for youth with asthma.     

Risk factors for smoking among school adolescents in Greece

Objective We conducted this study among school adolescents to identify factors, which influence schoolchildren to smoke. Methods We carried out a cross‐sectional study in a sample of 924 students of all classes (ages 12–18 years old) in 15 public high schools in a semi‐urban area in Crete, Greece, using a questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of 46 questions covering children's lifestyle habits regarding daily activities and leisure time, frequency of risk‐taking behaviour, knowledge about the hazards and long‐term consequences of smoking. Results 23.9% of participants were experimental smokers and 18.6% were current smokers. 11.4% of the total population was daily smokers. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of experimental and current smokers with school grades, while peaks in last grades were observed. Boys started smoking earlier than girls, mean (standard error) age 13.4 (2.3) years vs. 14.1 (2.3) years, P = 0.01. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed a positive relationship between current smoking and having brother or sister smoking [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.7 (1.7–4.4) and 1.8 (1.1–3.3) respectively], having more than three friends who were smokers [2.6 (2–3.4)] and last school grade [1.4 (1.2–1.7)]. Students appeared to be informed about long‐term smoking hazards and had negative views on children who smoke especially in the lower grades. Conclusions Prevention programmes should be imposed early in elementary schools while cessation policies should target at all grades, in particular at critical grades depending on population‐specific characteristics.     

护理专业学生吸烟现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解护理专业学生吸烟现状及影响因素, 为在护理专业学生中开展控烟教育提供科学依据。方法 采用整群抽样方法, 对重庆市主城区2所公立医学高等学校的5 210名在校护理专业学生进行问卷调查。结果 护理专业学生吸烟率为4.3%, 男生为26.9％, 女生为2.9%;吸烟单因素分析结果显示, 性别、年龄、专业层次、年级、每月生活费、好朋友及父母吸烟情况、对吸烟危害程度的认识、对社会控烟的态度、参与学校控烟活动的程度、控烟知识得分、媒体控烟感知、对吸烟的学生朋友多少的认知等13个因素差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);多因素分析结果显示, 男生、母亲吸烟、好朋友吸烟、对吸烟危害程度认识低、控烟知识得分低、认为吸烟学生的朋友多、对媒体控烟感知度低的学生吸烟率高(均P<0.05), 而学历层次高、每月生活费低的学生吸烟率低(均P<0.05)。结论 护理专业学生吸烟的危险因素有母亲吸烟、好朋友吸烟、烟草相关知识知晓低、学历低、认同吸烟的学生朋友多、媒体控烟感知度低等。     

Prevalence of and risk factors for stunting among school children and adolescents in Abeokuta, southwest Nigeria

Stunting adversely affects the physical and mental outcome of children. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with stunting among urban school children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Five hundred and seventy children aged 5-19 years were selected using the multi-stage random-sampling technique. Stunting was defined as height-for-age z-score (HAZ) of < -2 standard deviation (SD) of the National Center for Health Statistics reference. Severe stunting was defined as HAZ of < -3 SD. The mean age of the children was 12.2 + 3.41 years, and 296 (51.5%) were males. Ninety-nine (17.4%) children were stunted. Of the stunted children, 20 (22.2%) were severely stunted. Identified risk factors associated with stunting were attendance of public schools (p < 0.001), polygamous family setting (p = 0.001), low maternal education (p = 0.001), and low social class (p = 0.034). Following multivariate analysis with logistic regression, low maternal education (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval 1.20-4.9; p = 0.015) was the major contributory factor to stunting. Encouraging female education may improve healthcare-seeking behaviour and the use of health services and ultimately reduce stunting and its consequences.     

Prevalence and associated factors of overweight among Mexican-American adolescents

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors among Mexican-American adolescents, because obesity is more common among this ethnic group. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 data were analyzed for Mexican-American adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n=4,109). Weight status was determined by sex-specific body mass index for age, and evaluated in relationship to demographic characteristics, participation in physical activities, dietary intake, and general health status. Overall, 40.9% of the adolescents were overweight and 22.9% were obese. Males had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than females. Factors associated with overweight included being from a low-income family, perceiving oneself as less physically active compared to others of the same age, having a history of asthma, and having considerably higher blood pressure. However, overweight adolescents reported a substantially lower intake for calories and all evaluated nutrients compared to nonoverweight adolescents. It is important to be aware of the high prevalence of overweight among Mexican-American adolescents, as chronic diseases such as hypertension start early among overweight adolescents. Culturally appropriate programs should be created for this ethnic group aimed at obesity prevention and weight management, including nutrition education and individual dietary counseling, with the ultimate goal of lifelong healthful eating habits.     

天津市2014年儿童青少年超重肥胖现状及其影响因素

调查2014年天津市儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现状及其影响因素,为制订学生超重肥胖防制策略提供参考.方法 按照分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取天津市7~22岁学生9 607名,测量身高、体重并计算体质量指数(BMI),问卷调查采用“全国学生体质健康调研学生调查问卷”.采用中国肥胖工作组制定的标准筛查超重、肥胖,并分析影响因素.结果 2014年天津市儿童青少年超重、肥胖的检出率分别为16.3%和14.9%.男生超重检出率(19.2%)高于女生(13.5%)(x2=56.836,P<0.01),城区学生(18.0%)高于乡村(14.6%)(x2=20.121,P<0.01);男生肥胖检出率(19.8%)高于女生(9.9%) (x2=186.000,P<0.01),城区学生(16.4%)高于乡村(13.3%)(x2=18.096,P<0.01).城区学生、男生、每天吃鸡蛋、体育课出汗且感觉累、不愿意参加长跑锻炼、平均每天看电视时间≥1h是学生发生超重肥胖的危险因素(P值均<0.05).结论 天津市7~22岁儿童青少年超重及肥胖形势严峻,日常饮食、运动态度与行为、看电视时间较长等生活方式是超重肥胖的主要影响因素.     

Behavioral risk factors for injury among rural adolescents.

This 3-year, longitudinal, prospective study examined behavioral risk factors for medically attended injuries among a cohort of 758 rural students from Maryland's Eastern Shore region who were 12-14 years of age in 1987. Students were surveyed annually in the eighth, ninth, and tenth grades with a self-administered questionnaire. Information was obtained on the number of injuries experienced, risk-taking behaviors, delinquency, alcohol and drug use, physical exercise and sports, parental supervision, and work experience. Information on the parents' education was obtained from a parental interview. Slightly more than half (53.5%) of the students reported having experienced one or more injuries in the eighth grade as compared with one-third of the students in ninth grade, and 38% of those in the tenth grade. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of eighth grade variables with ninth grade injuries and ninth grade variables with tenth grade injuries. Results from these analyses indicated that, in addition to sex and race, a high degree of risk taking, frequent cruising, and having high and low parental supervision in the eighth grade significantly increased the number of injuries in ninth grade. In the tenth grade, risk taking continued to be associated with injuries. In addition, students who reported disciplinary problems in school, working 1-10 hours per week, drinking on 1-2 days during the past month, lifetime use of marijuana equal to 1-5 occasions, and involvement in sports experienced greater numbers of injuries in the tenth grade.     

Prevalence and risk factors for anemia among children in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of anemia among children aged 0 to 36 months, who attend public day care centers in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and assess its possible risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 557 children aged 0 to 36 months of all public day care centers in Porto Alegre. Anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels were performed. The portable HemoCue photometer was employed to measure hemoglobin levels, and anemia was considered when the hemoglobin level was below 11 g/dl. Information regarding each child was obtained by means of a questionnaire applied to the mother. The association of the variables studied to anemia was analyzed using the log-binomial regression technique applied to the hierarchical model. RESULTS: A 47.8% prevalence of anemia was found in this population. The risk factors for anemia in the studied group were: families with per capita income equal or less than one monthly minimal wage (prevalence ratio - RP =1.6), age between 12 and 23 months (RP=1.4), and having 2 or more siblings younger than 5 years old (RP=1.4). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anemia among children aged 0 to 36 months in public day care centers, especially among children with the lowest socioeconomic level, in the 12 to 23 months age group, and who have 2 or more siblings under 5 years of age, indicating that there is an urgent need for effective measures to fight and prevent this condition.     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidaemia in children and adolescents among ethnic groups in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: The mortality rates of cerebral and cardiovascular diseases are higher for aborigines than non-aborigines in Taiwan. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholestolaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and its associated risk factors in aborigine (Atayal, Paiwan and Bunun tribes) and non-aborigine (Fukein and Hakka Chinese) children and adolescents in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: In total, 718 males and 721 females, below 20 years of age, were recruited. Our study defined dyslipidaemia as serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels greater than 200 and 240 mg/dl, respectively. RESULTS: The serum triglyceride level and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia were similar in both aborigines and non-aborigines and both sexes, but the Bunun and Paiwan tribes had the highest prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia in males (11.8-29.4%) and females (10.9-22.8%) compared with other aboriginal tribes (5.1-10.8% for males and 7.8-9.2% for females). Serum cholesterol concentrations and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia were lower in the aborigines than non-aborigines for both sexes (P<0.05), with the Atayal tribe having the lowest prevalence in males (1.1%) and females (2.1%) compared with other aboriginal tribes (2.4-4.5% for males and 5.7-8.0% for females). Using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression modelling, hypertriglyceridaemia was significantly associated with the Bunun tribe (odds ratio (OR)=3.2, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.6-6.1), hyperuricaemia (OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6), hypercholesterolaemia (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.4) and alcohol use (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6). Hypercholesterolaemia, after controlling for age and sex, was significantly associated with the Atayal tribe (OR=0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5), hypertriglyceridaemia (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.7) and hyperuricaemia (OR=3.2, 95% CI=1.7-6.0). CONCLUSIONS: For the young people of Taiwan, hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with hyperuricaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and alcohol use, and hypercholesterolaemia is associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperuricaemia. Compared with non-aborigines, the young aborigines of some tribes have a higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and a lower serum cholesterol level.     

大学新生抑郁状况及其危险因素分析

目的 了解大学新生抑郁状况及其危险因素,为采取相应的干预措施提供参考依据。方法 于2013年11月采用整群抽样方法在湖北某大学抽取179名大一新生进行问卷调查。结果 调查的179名大学新生中检出抑郁者47例,抑郁检出率为26.2%;47例抑郁学生中,轻度抑郁40例（85.1%）,重度抑郁7例（14.9%）;多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,专业满意度为一般（OR=3.015,95%CI=1.157~7.857）和不满意（OR=4.941,95%CI=1.421~17.177）、学习压力很大（OR=3.414,95%CI=1.432~8.142）、个人健康状况差（OR=4.453,95%CI=1.233~16.077）、人际关系不融洽（OR=3.171,95%CI=1.349~7.451）是大学新生抑郁发生的危险因素。结论 专业满意度较低、学习压力较大、个人健康状况较差和人际关系不融洽的大学新生更易发生抑郁状况。     

School-related risk factors for drunkenness among adolescents: risk factors differ between socio-economic groups

Purpose: To examine, separately for boys and girls, whether socio-economic differences in drunkenness exist in adolescence, whether the level of exposure to school-related risk factors differ between socio-economic groups, and whether the relative contribution of school-related risk factors to drunkenness differ between socio-economic groups. METHODS: The study population was a random sample of 1453 Danish 15-year-old students. The outcome measure was drunkenness 10 times or more, as a lifetime measure. Predictor variables comprised five aspects of well-being at school. Socio-economic position (SEP) was measured by parental occupation. RESULTS: Among girls, exposures to school-related risk factors were more prevalent in lower socio-economic groups. Poor school satisfaction was associated with drunkenness among girls from high SEP, odds ratio (OR) = 2.98 (0.73-12.16). Among boys from high SEP autonomy in decision-making was associated with drunkenness, OR = 2.74 (1.06-7.08), whereas poor school satisfaction was associated with drunkenness among boys from intermediate SEP, OR = 2.26 (0.98-5.22). Weak Parental Support in school-related matters, OR = 3.92 (1.16-13.24), and disliking school, OR = 9.12 (1.77-47.09), were associated with drunkenness among boys from low SEP. These associations were also seen among girls although not significant. CONCLUSION: We found that well-being at school had socially differential impact on drunkenness in adolescence.