干扰素治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎疗效观察

目的观察重组基因干扰素α—1b治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎（CHB）的临床疗效、影响因素及其安全性。方法选择简阳市人民医院2001—01／2006—01门诊及住院的慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者140例，其中干扰素治疗组84例；保肝治疗组56例。观察2组患者的肝功能、乙肝病毒标志物的变化和影响干扰素疗效的因素及干扰素α—1b的不良反应。结果①干扰素治疗组的ALT复常率和HBsAg的阴转率均较保肝治疗组高，但差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）；HBeAg阴转率和HBeAg血清转换率及HBV-DNA阴转率均明显高于保肝治疗组，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）；②干扰素治疗组中，女性、治疗前高ALT水平、HBV-DNA≤10^6copies／ml的患者疗效更好；③干扰素α-1b的不良反应，主要为发热72例（占85．7％）、流感样症状50例（占59．5％）、白细胞减少40例（占47．6％）。不良反应一般不需作特殊处理，并能很快恢复正常，仅有2例白细胞减少者在加用升白细胞药物后恢复正常。结论干扰素α-1b是目前治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎较为有效且安全的可选择的药物，尤其对女性、高ALT水平、HBV-DNA低拷贝数（≤10^6copies／ml）的慢性乙肝患者更为有效。     

慢性乙型肝炎六种疗法疗效比较与治疗策略初探

乙型肝炎的治疗关键是清除HBV,其主要途经是:①用药物直接抑制或杀灭HBV。②增强机体免疫功能,通过免疫机制清除病毒。目前抗病毒药物及免疫调节剂种类很多,常用者如干扰素、Ara-AMP、无环鸟苷、胸腺肽、IL—2等。另外,近年来开展了苦昧叶下珠及LAK细胞回输治疗,这些药物或疗     

Combination Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B: Current Indications

Hepatitis B infection remains a major public health problem globally and in the United States, with significant use of healthcare resources. Several therapeutic agents active against viral and host targets are currently available for its treatment. The success of combination therapy in HIV infection, which has similarities to hepatitis B in both therapeutic targets and treatment options, stimulated studies on the efficacy and safety of various combinations of available drugs in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. In this review, we analyze the current role of combination therapy in chronic hepatitis B infection.     

疏肝化瘀颗粒治疗慢性乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化的临床研究

目的:研究疏肝化瘀颗粒对慢性乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化的治疗作用。方法:用疏肝化瘀颗粒治疗慢性乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化病人76例,疗程为3～6个月。观察肝功能、肝纤维化指标、B超声像图及肝脏储备功能的变化,对各组检测结果进行比较。结果:治疗组在降低丙氨酸转氨酶、门冬氨酸转氨酶,提高血清白蛋白及肝脏的储备功能,降低血清肝纤维他指标等方面均明显优于对照组。结论:疏肝化瘀颗粒具有明显改善肝功能和抗肝纤维化的作用,临床应用未发现毒副作用,是临床治疗慢性乙型肝炎和肝炎肝硬化的有效药物。     

Virological Treatment Monitoring for Chronic Hepatitis B

More than 250 million people worldwide are currently infected with hepatitis B, despite the effectiveness of vaccination and other preventive measures. In terms of treatment, new therapeutic approaches are rapidly developing, promising to achieve the elimination of infected cells and the complete cure of infection. The on-treatment monitoring of these innovative antiviral treatments will require the implementation of new virological tools. Therefore, new biomarkers are being evaluated besides the traditional virological and serological assays in order to obtain information on different steps of the viral replication cycle and to monitor response to therapy more accurately. The purpose of this work is to describe both standard and innovative tools for chronic hepatitis B treatment monitoring, and to analyse their potential and feasibility.     

怎样处理慢性乙型肝炎：现状和展望

慢性乙型肝炎的治疗药物有于扰素和核苷（酸）类似物两类，干扰素的剂量、疗程和不良反应的处理可参考《干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎专家建议》。核苷（酸）类似物的选用应综合考虑其疗效和耐药问题，国内外最新的指南基于大量的循证医学证据，提供了推荐意见。即便如此，我们仍需更多的证据说明抗病毒治疗对临床结局的影响。     

Transaminase Elevations during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Safety Considerations and Role in Achieving Functional Cure

While current therapies for chronic HBV infection work well to control viremia and stop the progression of liver disease, the preferred outcome of therapy is the restoration of immune control of HBV infection, allowing therapy to be removed while maintaining effective suppression of infection and reversal of liver damage. This “functional cure” of chronic HBV infection is characterized by the absence of detectable viremia (HBV DNA) and antigenemia (HBsAg) and normal liver function and is the goal of new therapies in development. Functional cure requires removal of the ability of infected cells in the liver to produce the hepatitis B surface antigen. The increased observation of transaminase elevations with new therapies makes understanding the safety and therapeutic impact of these flares an increasingly important issue. This review examines the factors driving the appearance of transaminase elevations during therapy of chronic HBV infection and the interplay of these factors in assessing the safety and beneficial nature of these flares.     

Therapeutic Options and Cost Considerations in the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease is a serious health problem because it causes considerable mortality and morbidity. Given the limited resources for health care, it is important to establish the costs associated with the benefits of its various treatment options. We therefore assessed the costs and benefits of medical treatment versus revascularization in a hypothetical cohort of 100 patients. A spreadsheet model was constructed using published data. The main outputs of this model were health-service costs per year and quality-adjusted survival estimates. In the United Kingdom, costs for treatments of less than £5000/quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) are perceived as highly cost effective, whereas those over £10,000/QALY are considered expensive. For patients with intractable symptoms, surgery is highly effective and has benefits on prognosis. In patients with well-controlled symptoms on medical therapy, the benefits of surgery are small and uncertain, and therefore medical therapy is the most cost-effective treatment. Overall, the preferred cost-effective option favored medical treatment.     

Hepatitis B Splice-Generated Protein Antibodies in Syrian Chronic Hepatitis B Patients: Incidence and Significance

Background:

Previous studies have suggested hepatitis B splice-generated protein (HBSP), when expressed, is involved in the pathogenesis of HBV infection.

Objectives:

We aimed to evaluate anti-HBSP incidence and association with several HBV infection parameters in a group of Syrian chronic hepatitis B patients.

Patients and Methods:

Eighty treatment-naïve HBsAg-positive adult chronic hepatitis B patients'' sera were included in our prospective targeted study. Liver function, virological and histological tests results were obtained from patients’ medical files. Three variants of a 20-mer HBSP-derived peptide were designed based on HBV genome sequences obtained from Syrian patients'' sera (GenBank Accession No. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide-range","attrs":{"text":"JN257148-JN257217","start_term":"JN257148","end_term":"JN257217","start_term_id":"364505024","end_term_id":"364505559"}}JN257148-JN257217). Microtiter plate wells were coated with the synthetic peptides and used to detect anti-HBSP antibodies by an optimized indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were considered positive when showed optical density (OD) values higher than the cut-off value for at least one peptide variant.

Results:

Seven out of eighty (9%) CHB patients were positive for anti-HBSP antibodies. Mean OD values were not significantly different between HBeAg-positive and -negative patients (P > 0.05). OD values showed weak positive correlation with ALT and AST values (P < 0.05), and weak to moderate positive correlation with liver biopsy staging ranks (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was revealed with viral load values or liver biopsy grading ranks (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:

We introduced an anti-HBSP antibodies ELISA, designed for locally circulating HBV strains. Correlation observed of Anti-HBSP with liver fibrosis staging regardless of viral replication and liver inflammation suggests anti-HBSP antibodies as possible indicator for HBV-associated liver fibrosis.     

Update on Current Evidence for Hepatitis C Therapeutic Options in HCV Mono-infected Patients

Purpose of Review

Therapies for hepatitis C (HCV) are evolving rapidly with the advent of novel direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). We review evidence for currently or imminently available regimens to aide clinicians in understanding current therapeutic options.

Recent Findings

A number of DAA combinations have completed clinical trials and are available for use. Current combinations are often genotype-specific, and combine HCV protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors and/or NS5B inhibitors to suppress HCV replication, leading to eradication. Current potential combinations for genotype 1 infection include sofosbuvir-ledipasvir, paritaprevir/ritonavir-ombitasvir-dasabuvir, sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, and grazoprevir-elbasvir. These regimens have been associated with sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of over 95 % for treatment naïve individuals after 12 weeks of therapy regardless of cirrhosis, and some sub-groups of patients may be successfully treated with just 8 weeks of sofosbuvir-ledipasvir. Regimens for genotype 2 and 3 include sofosbuvir with ribavirin, sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, or with velpatasvir, which may offer highest SVR rates when available. The development of HCV drug resistance, particularly against NS5A agents, may impact subsequent regimens. The need for baseline screening for resistant variants is unclear for most regimens, but likely would affect only a minority of patients.

Summary

All-oral curative regimens for HCV are now possible for most patients.

     

Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B

To achieve the goal of the World Health Organization to eliminate viral hepatitis as a major public health threat by 2030, the Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases and the Chinese Society of Hepatology convened an expert panel in 2019 to update the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The current guidelines cover recent advances in basic, clinical, and preventive studies of CHB infection and consider the actual situation in China. These guidelines are intended to provide support for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CHB.     

Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes: Clinical Relevance and Therapeutic Implications

At least ten hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A to J) with distinct geographic distributions have been recognized. HBV genotype is not only predictive of clinical outcome but also implicated in responsiveness to antiviral therapy, especially interferon-based regimens. HBV genotype-specific immunologic and virological pathogenesis may contribute to heterogeneous clinical outcomes in chronic hepatitis B patients. For example, patients with genotypes C and D infection have a lower rate of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion. In addition, genotype C and D have a higher frequency of basal core promoter A1762T/G1764A mutation than genotype A and B. Genotypes C and D also carry a higher risk of cirrhosis and HCC development than genotype A and B. Therapeutically, genotype A and B patients have a better response to interferon-based therapy than genotypes C and D patients, but the response to nucleos(t)ide analogues is comparable across all HBV genotypes. In conclusion, genotyping of HBV can help practicing physicians identify chronic hepatitis B patients who are at risk of disease progression and optimize anti-viral therapy in clinical practice.