胎儿颜面轮廓线的产前超声应用研究

目的应用二维及三维超声评估正常胎儿颜面的轮廓线,探索胎儿轮廓线随孕周的变化趋势,并分析染色体异常胎儿超声测量图中的轮廓线表现。方法在胎儿颜面正中矢状切面上确定轮廓线,定义为鼻根与下颌骨正中前顶点的连线。首先分析2013年4月至2014年2月于北京协和医院进行产科超声检查的439例孕11~38周单胎妊娠正常胎儿的颜面轮廓线,根据此直线与胎儿额骨的关系分为3种类型:颜面轮廓线与额骨重合,颜面轮廓线位于额骨前方,颜面轮廓线与额骨相交,当轮廓线与额骨相交时测量轮廓线到额骨外缘的最大距离F值;其次,回顾性分析26例染色体异常胎儿颜面轮廓线测量结果,包括21例21-三体胎儿(孕13~33周)和5例18-三体胎儿(孕21~31周)。结果 439例正常胎儿中均未出现轮廓线位于额骨前方这一类型,405例表现为轮廓线与额骨重合,占92.26%,颜面轮廓线与额骨相交34例,占7.74%,集中在孕11~13周及孕26~38周胎儿,F值为0.10~0.51 cm,平均值(0.24±0.10)cm。21例21-三体胎儿中,颜面轮廓线与额骨重合14例,颜面轮廓线位于额骨前方3例,4例表现为颜面轮廓线与额骨相交,F值0.23~0.55 cm,平均值(0.39±0.14)cm。5例18-三体胎儿中,2例胎儿颜面轮廓线与额骨重合,3例表现为小下颌,颜面轮廓线位于额骨前方。结论正常胎儿中未出现颜面轮廓线位于额骨前方。胎儿颜面轮廓线可于颜面正中矢状切面评估前额与下颌的相对位置,对颜面扁平、小下颌等颜面轮廓异常具有一定提示作用。     

胎儿鼻骨超声检查对唐氏综合征产前筛查的价值

目的探讨产前和产后超声检查唐氏综合征(DS)胎儿鼻骨发育情况,以提高DS胎儿的产前筛查率。方法对42例经染色体核型分析证实为21-三体的DS胎儿和240例染色体正常胎儿的鼻骨产前超声声像图以及30例DS胎儿引产后尸体标本的鼻骨超声声像图进行分析,并于正中矢状切面测量鼻骨长度。结果染色体正常胎儿的鼻骨随着孕周增长而增长,鼻骨长度与孕周呈线性关系,超声孕周与鼻骨长度的相关系数为0.541(P0.05)。57.1%(24/42)的DS胎儿存在鼻骨缺失或发育不良,其中20例鼻骨缺失,超声声像图特征为颜面部正中矢状切面和横切面均显示无强回声鼻骨;4例鼻骨发育不良,超声声像图特征为鼻骨短小和一侧鼻骨缺失。结论 DS胎儿易发生鼻骨缺失或发育不良,胎儿鼻骨的产前超声检查可作为DS产前筛查的一个有效措施。     

中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨异常预测21-三体

目的 评价中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨异常对21-三体的诊断价值。方法 分析在我院接受胎儿产前超声检查的5460名孕妇的资料,以常规超声检查胎儿及其附属物,如发现胎儿鼻骨异常,行羊膜腔穿刺或抽取脐带血进行染色体核型分析。结果 共发现10胎鼻骨异常。4胎鼻骨缺失,其中1胎骨骼发育障碍,染色体正常;余3 胎均为21-三体合并心脏或其他系统异常。6胎鼻骨发育不良,表现为鼻骨短小、一侧鼻骨缺失或鼻骨骨化不良,其中1胎为21-三体合并其他系统异常;1胎为地中海贫血,染色体正常;余4胎未合并其他系统异常,为孤立性鼻骨发育不良,染色体正常。结论 鼻骨缺失是21-三体的超声常见表现,但孤立性鼻骨发育不良对21-三体的诊断价值需要进一步探讨。     

产前超声检出胎儿鼻骨低平的临床意义

目的 分析产前超声检出胎儿鼻骨低平的临床意义。方法 回顾性分析20胎鼻骨低平胎儿(鼻额角＞140°)。于孕20~28⁺⁶周进行产前超声检查,孕妇均于孕16~20周接受唐氏筛查或无创DNA筛查,发现高风险或胎儿结构异常时行羊水穿刺或脐血穿刺,分析染色体是否存在异常;观察胎儿面部正中矢状切面鼻额角及是否合并其他结构异常。结果 20胎胎儿鼻额角为143.10°~157.81°,平均(149.84±4.06)°;其中11胎合并其他结构异常,包括小头畸形、股骨短、脊柱异常、小下颌、盖伦静脉瘤等。对10胎行羊水穿刺、2胎行脐血穿刺,于其中4胎检出染色体异常,包括2胎21三体、1胎18三体及1胎基因组拷贝数变异测序(CNV-seq)异常(即X染色体p22.33-p22.32处缺失2.14 Mb区域)。获诊后10名孕妇继续妊娠,后顺产或接受剖宫产;9名接受引产,1名失访。结论 鼻骨低平胎儿常合并其他结构异常;产前检出胎儿鼻骨低平提示其可能存在染色体异常,包括非整倍体、微缺失等。     

孤立性鼻骨发育异常预测21-三体胎儿

目的 评估孤立性鼻骨发育异常预测21-三体胎儿的价值。方法 回顾性分析产前诊断发现的32胎鼻骨发育异常胎儿,孕11~32周。将32胎鼻骨异常胎儿分为两组,孤立性鼻骨发育异常组(21胎)和非孤立性鼻骨发育异常组(即同时合并其他系统异常,11胎)。采用Fisher确切概率法比较两组间21-三体的发生率。结果 孤立性鼻骨发育异常组21胎染色体结果均正常;非孤立性鼻骨发育异常组11胎中6胎染色体正常,5胎21-三体胎儿,二者21-三体胎儿发生率的差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。结论 鼻骨发育异常、且同时合并其他系统异常的胎儿为21-三体的风险较高;而孤立性鼻骨发育异常胎儿染色体异常的风险较小。     

早孕期鼻骨缺失联合颈项透明层检测在筛查染色体异常中的临床意义

目的探讨孕11～13~(+6)周鼻骨缺失联合颈项透明层(NT)检测在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的临床意义。方法回顾性分析225例孕11～13~(+6)周超声筛查发现鼻骨缺失的单胎胎儿,根据其NT测值,将其分为NT增厚组(≥3 mm)51例与NT正常组(3 mm)174例,分析并比较两组胎儿染色体异常检出率。结果 NT增厚组核型分析检出染色体异常36例(70.59%),包括21-三体23例(45.10%),18-三体10例(19.61%),13-三体、45,X、46,XN,del(4)(p15.2)各1例(均1.96%);NT正常组核型分析检出染色体异常23例(13.22%),包括21-三体12例(6.90%),18-三体5例(2.88%),染色体多态性4例(2.30%),13-三体和47,XYY各1例(均0.57%)。NT增厚组染色体异常检出率显著高于NT正常组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=67.098,P0.001);NT增厚组21-三体和18-三体检出率显著高于NT正常组,差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=43.817、17.750,均P0.001)。结论早孕期鼻骨联合NT超声检测能在早孕期提示胎儿染色体异常,尤其对21-三体及18-三体的诊断有着重要参考价值。     

中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨缺失及染色体异常的超声诊断分析

目的：探讨孕16-34周超声筛查胎儿鼻骨缺失在染色体异常诊断中的应用价值。方法2008至2013年中晚孕期在北京协和医院超声筛查发现鼻骨缺失的20例胎儿均行染色体检查并随访至引产或出生后,总结胎儿鼻骨缺失超声声像图特征。结果20例胎儿产前超声显示：（1）双侧鼻骨缺失17例,面部正中矢状切面及横切面扫查均不能显示鼻梁皮肤下方的鼻骨强回声。其中5例胎儿合并多发畸形：4例胎儿心脏畸形（房室间隔缺损3例,房室间隔缺损合并大血管异常1例）,1例胎儿十二指肠梗阻。其他微小结构异常包括：股骨及肱骨短,肠管回声增强,迷走右锁骨下动脉,单侧侧脑室临界增宽,双肾盂轻度增宽,吐舌征,双手姿势形态异常。（2）单侧鼻骨缺失3例,面部横切面扫查仅能显示胎儿一侧鼻骨强回声。其中2例合并心脏畸形（房室间隔缺损1例,室间隔缺损1例）;合并其他微小结构异常包括：股骨及肱骨短,肠管回声增强,颈背部皮肤增厚。（3）染色体检查：17例双侧鼻骨缺失胎儿中9例为21-三体,1例为4p-（Wolf-Hirschhorn综合征）,7例为正常核型;3例单侧鼻骨缺失胎儿中2例为21-三体,1例为正常核型。（4）产后检查及随访：20例胎儿超声及染色体检查后引产12例（尸检1例）,出生8例,5例随访无明显异常,3例失访;12例胎儿产前超声与产后检查结果均符合。结论中晚孕期鼻骨缺失胎儿超声图像特征为双侧或单侧鼻骨强回声缺失,且多伴微小结构异常,超声检出胎儿鼻骨缺失应行染色体核型分析,减少21-三体等染色体异常胎儿的出生。     

中晚孕期胎儿鼻骨缺失与染色体异常的研究

目的:探讨孕22-30周超声筛查胎儿鼻骨缺失在染色体异常诊断中的应用价值。材料与方法:2014年10月至2016年3月中晚孕期在陕西中医药大学第二附属医院行四维超声筛查发现鼻骨缺失的17例胎儿均行染色体检查并随访至引产或出生后,总结胎儿异常超声声像图特征。结果:17例胎儿产前超声显示:(1)面部正中矢状切面及横切面扫查均不能显示鼻梁皮肤下方的鼻骨强回声。其中11例胎儿合并多发畸形:5例胎儿心脏畸形(室间隔缺损3例,室间隔缺损合并大血管异常1例,完全型心内膜垫缺损1例),1例全前脑。其他结构异常包括:股骨及肱骨短,肠管回声增强,单双侧侧脑室临界增宽,双肾盂轻度增宽,双手姿势形态异常等。(2)染色体检查:17例胎儿中9例为21-三体,1例为13-三体,1例为18-三体,6例为正常核型。(4)产后检查及随访:17例胎儿超声及染色体检查后引产11例(尸检1例),出生6例,4例随访无明显异常,2例失访;11例胎儿产前超声与产后检查结果均符合。结论:中晚孕期超声检出胎儿鼻骨缺失应行染色体核型分析,减少染色体异常胎儿的出生。     

胎儿耳廓畸形的产前超声诊断研究

目的探讨胎儿耳廓畸形产前超声声像图特征。方法对2012年2月至2015年12月汕头大学医学院第一附属医院来院产前超声检查的6239例胎儿行双耳冠状面及矢状面仔细扫查,并对11例耳廓畸形胎儿的超声表现及产后检测结果进行总结分析。结果 11例耳廓畸形胎儿产前超声检查提示小耳畸形7例,耳低位3例,无耳畸形1例。产前超声及产后检查证实11例耳廓畸形胎儿同时伴发颅脑(3例)、颜面(5例)、心脏(5例)、肢体(3例)等多种结构异常;其中7例行脐血染色体检查,发现6例异常(21-三体2例,13-三体1例,18-三体2例,染色体22q11异常1例)。与产后颜面部检查对照,产前超声正确诊断胎儿耳廓畸形10例,漏诊小耳畸形1例。结论胎儿耳廓产前超声显示较困难,目前超声筛查规范中未将胎耳检查列入其中,但由于部分胎儿耳廓发育异常与染色体异常有关,因此,发现胎儿耳廓形态异常应仔细检查有无合并其他相关畸形,并可提示临床进行染色体检查。     

孕11+0～13+6周颜面部超声指标筛查21-三体综合征胎儿的研究进展

21-三体综合征是最常见的染色体非整倍体异常, 部分胎儿在宫内死亡, 存活患儿表现为智力发育迟缓合并其他畸形, 该病给患儿家庭及社会带来了巨大负担。目前, 针对该病尚无有效的治疗措施, 对其进行早期筛查是实现早期干预的重要环节。近年来, 随着超声的快速发展, 孕11+0～13+6周胎儿超声检查已成为产前超声的重要研究方向。笔者就近年来孕11+0～13+6周超声在筛查21-三体综合征胎儿的研究进展进行综述, 涉及各超声指标包括胎儿颈项透明层厚度、多个颜面轮廓指标(包括鼻前软组织厚度、鼻骨、鼻前软组织厚度与鼻骨长度的比值、前额空间比、额前空间距离、额上颌角、上颌-鼻根-下颌角、额鼻角、颜面轮廓线)、静脉导管、三尖瓣血流等的测量方法及意义等方面, 旨在为孕11+0～13+6周21-三体综合征的筛查提供参考。     

Three-dimensional ultrasound with maximal mode rendering: a novel technique for the diagnosis of bilateral or unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones in second-trimester screening for Down syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound of the fetal face with maximal mode rendering allows accurate visualization of the bony face and the distinct demonstration of both nasal bones in second-trimester fetuses. The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of assessing nasal bones spatially on prenatal ultrasound in second- and third-trimester fetuses with present and absent nasal bones. METHODS: The faces of 38 fetuses between 17 and 33 weeks' gestation were examined with 3D ultrasound and volumes were stored for offline evaluation. Eighteen fetuses had normal karyotype and an apparently normal nasal bone on 2D ultrasound; these were examined to standardize the 3D rendering technique. Twenty fetuses had trisomy 21. RESULTS: In all 18 healthy fetuses both nasal bones could be demonstrated on 3D ultrasound. Nine of the 20 Down syndrome fetuses had a hypoplastic or absent nasal bone on two-dimensional ultrasound. On 3D ultrasound three of the nine had discrepant findings between left and right nasal bones with evidence of absence of one side, and hypoplasia (n = 2) or normal length (n = 1) of the other. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral absence or hypoplasia of nasal bones is an important and new observation in fetuses with Down syndrome. This differentiation is best demonstrated on 3D ultrasound with maximal mode rendering. This observation of unilaterality of findings could explain some discrepant findings on absence of nasal bones on two-dimensional ultrasound but their "presence" on lateral postmortem radiographs.     

Pregnancy outcome of fetuses with a diagnosis of hypoplastic left ventricle on prenatal sonography.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of our study was to assess the pregnancy outcome of fetuses with a diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) on prenatal sonography to determine the frequency of intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) and any factors associated with IUFD. METHODS: We reviewed all cases with the diagnosis of HLHS on prenatal sonography at our institution from 1992 through 2003. Data collected included gestational age at diagnosis, sonographic findings, karyotype testing, and pregnancy outcome. RESULTS: Our study included 176 fetuses with HLHS. One hundred thirty-four fetuses were liveborn; 32 pregnancies were terminated; 3 IUFDs occurred; and outcome was unknown in 7. Of the 134 liveborn fetuses, 2 had abnormal karyotypes and 30 had other anomalies. Two of the 3 fetuses with IUFD had abnormal karyotypes, 1 with trisomy 13 and 1 with trisomy 18, and both had other anomalies on sonography. The third fetus with IUFD had no other anomalies but was 1 of triplets, and the karyotype was unknown. CONCLUSIONS: Fetuses with HLHS diagnosed prenatally who have normal chromosomes are unlikely to die in utero.     

超声检出胎儿肱骨、股骨短小诊断21-三体的价值

目的 探讨超声检出胎儿肱骨、股骨短小对诊断21-三体胎儿的价值。方法 对有产前诊断指征的6425名孕17~37周孕妇行羊水和脐血穿刺术检查染色体核型。超声常规测量胎儿双顶径、股骨和肱骨长度,计算超声对肱骨和股骨短小的检出率,评价超声检查胎儿肱骨、股骨短小对21-三体胎儿的诊断价值。结果 共检出21-三体胎儿66胎,其中肱骨股骨均短小24胎(24/66,36.36%),单纯肱骨短小22胎(22/66,33.33%),股骨短小18胎(18/66,27.27%)。核型正常的6130胎中,肱骨股骨均短小1579胎,单纯肱骨短小697胎(697/6130,11.37%),单纯股骨短小740胎(740/6130,12.07%),21-三体胎儿肱骨、股骨短小检出率明显高于核型正常胎儿(P均<0.05)。根据超声检出单纯肱骨短小诊断21-三体的敏感度为52.38%(22/42),特异度为84.68%(3854/4551),阳性预测值为3.06%(22/719),阴性预测值为99.48%(3854/3874);根据超声检出单纯股骨短小诊断21-三体的敏感度为42.86%(18/42),特异度为83.74%(3811/4551),阳性预测值为2.37%(18/758)、阴性预测值为99.37%(3811/3835)。结论 产前超声检出肱骨、股骨短小提示胎儿患21-三体的风险显著增加。     

Three-dimensional evaluation of mid-facial hypoplasia in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mid-facial hypoplasia of fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, by three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of the maxilla and the nasal bones. METHODS: A 3D volume of the fetal head was obtained before fetal karyotyping at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 (median 12) weeks of gestation in 80 fetuses that were subsequently found to have trisomy 21 and in 862 fetuses subsequently found to be chromosomally normal. The multiplanar mode was used to obtain a sequence of transverse views of the fetal face and to demonstrate the maxilla, the adjacent rami of the mandible and the nasal bones. The maxillary depth, defined as the distance between the alveolus of the maxilla in the midline anteriorly and the midpoint of the line joining the rami posteriorly, was measured. Ossification of the nasal bones was considered to be normal if both bones were more echogenic than the overlying skin. RESULTS: In the chromosomally normal group the maxillary depth increased linearly with crown-rump length (CRL) from 3.1 mm at a CRL of 45 mm to 4.8 mm at a CRL of 84 mm, and in the trisomy 21 fetuses the depth was significantly smaller than normal (mean difference = - 0.3 mm, P < 0.001). There was no significant association between the delta maxillary depth and delta nuchal translucency thickness in either the trisomy 21 or the chromosomally normal fetuses. Impaired ossification of the nasal bones was observed in 3.1% of the chromosomally normal fetuses and in 60.0% of those with trisomy 21. The mean maxillary depth was significantly smaller in fetuses demonstrating impaired ossification than in those with normal ossification of the nasal bones (mean difference = -0.2 mm; 95% CI, -0.3 to -0.1, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a high proportion of fetuses with trisomy 21 there is sonographic evidence of mid-facial hypoplasia at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.     

Comparison of fetal nasal bone assessment by ultrasound at 11-14 weeks and by postmortem X-ray in trisomy 21: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare nasal bone assessment by ultrasound examination at 11-14 weeks' gestation and postmortem X-ray examination in fetuses with trisomy 21. METHODS: Twenty-one fetuses with trisomy 21 which had undergone sonographic examination at 11-14 weeks for measurement of nuchal translucency thickness and assessment of the nasal bones were examined by postmortem X-ray following termination of pregnancy. RESULTS: The nasal bones were absent in 11/21 (52.4%) fetuses on ultrasound examination at 11-14 weeks and in 10/21 (47.6%) fetuses on X-ray examination at 14 to 25 + 5 weeks. Ultrasound and X-ray findings were discordant in 9/21 (42.9%) cases. Eight of 11 (72.7%) fetuses with absent nasal bones on ultrasound examination had a nuchal translucency thickness > 95th centile. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of absent nasal bones in first-trimester fetuses with trisomy 21 is compatible with a developmental delay. Prior to inclusion of nasal bone assessment into risk calculation for trisomy 21, the independence of absence of nasal bones by ultrasound and increased nuchal translucency above the 95th centile at 11-14 weeks should be investigated more extensively.     

Nasal bone hypoplasia in trisomy 21 at 15-22 weeks' gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential value of ultrasound examination of the fetal profile for present/hypoplastic fetal nasal bone at 15-22 weeks' gestation as a marker for trisomy 21. METHODS: This was an observational ultrasound study in 1046 singleton pregnancies undergoing amniocentesis for fetal karyotyping at 15-22 (median, 17) weeks' gestation. Immediately before amniocentesis the fetal profile was examined to determine if the nasal bone was present or hypoplastic (absent or shorter than 2.5 mm). The incidence of nasal hypoplasia in the trisomy 21 and the chromosomally normal fetuses was determined and the likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 for nasal hypoplasia was calculated. RESULTS: All fetuses were successfully examined for the presence of the nasal bone. The nasal bone was hypoplastic in 21/34 (61.8%) fetuses with trisomy 21, in 12/982 (1.2%) chromosomally normal fetuses and in 1/30 (3.3%) fetuses with other chromosomal defects. In 3/21 (14.3%) trisomy 21 fetuses with nasal hypoplasia there were no other abnormal ultrasound findings. In the chromosomally normal group hypoplastic nasal bone was found in 0.5% of Caucasians and in 8.8% of Afro-Caribbeans. The likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 for hypoplastic nasal bone was 50.5 (95% CI 27.1-92.7) and for present nasal bone it was 0.38 (95% CI 0.24-0.56). CONCLUSION: Nasal bone hypoplasia at the 15-22-week scan is associated with a high risk for trisomy 21 and it is a highly sensitive and specific marker for this chromosomal abnormality.     

Metopic suture in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the development of the frontal bones and metopic suture in fetuses with trisomy 21 at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound was used to measure the height of and gap between the frontal bones in 75 fetuses with trisomy 21 and these were compared to the measurements in 200 normal fetuses at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 (median, 12 + 6) weeks of gestation. RESULTS: In the fetuses with trisomy 21, compared to the normal fetuses, there was no significant difference in either the height of the frontal bones (mean difference 0.16 SD, range -1.78 to 2.17 SD; P = 0.369) or the gap between them (mean difference 0.012, 95% CI -0.073 to 0.097; P = 0.780). Additionally, within the group of trisomy 21 fetuses there were no significant differences in the development of the frontal bones and metopic suture between those with absent (n = 46) and those with present (n = 29) nasal bone. CONCLUSIONS: In trisomy 21 the development of the frontal bones and metopic suture is as normal and is independent from the development of the nasal bones.     

超声在染色体异常胎儿产前诊断中的意义

目的探讨超声在染色体异常胎儿诊断中的意义。方法对42例经染色体核型检查确诊为21三体、13三体、18三体和Turner综合征胎儿的声像图特点进行回顾性分析。结果42例染色体异常胎儿中37例（88．10％）存在1种或以上的异常声像,其中21三体14例（14／19）,18三体13例（13／13）,Turner综合征5例（5／5）,13三体3例（3／3）,三倍体2例（2／2）。18三体胎儿中8例（8／13）存在心脏畸形,7例（7／13）存在七肢异常。Turner综合征3例（3／5）表现为颈部淋巴水囊瘤、胎儿水肿、胸腔积液。结论染色体异常胎儿多伴有异常声像图表现,部分染色体异常胎儿具有相应的典型声像图表现,故超声检查作为细胞染色体诊断前的筛选方法具有重要的临床意义。