颈部神经节神经母细胞瘤超声表现1例

患儿女,4个月.主因颈部肿物来院检查.超声所见:于左侧颈部距皮下0.3 cm可见一实性肿物,大小约4.3 cm×3.0 cm×2.8 cm,边界清,形态规整,内回声不均质,可见点状强回声.CDFI:可见丰富血流信号显示.于左颈部另可见多个低回声结节,较大者约1.6 cm×0.6 cm,边界清,内回声不均质.超声印象:(1)左颈部实性肿物;(2)左颈部多发淋巴结肿大.术后病理诊断:神经节神经母细胞瘤.     

超声诊断胸壁血管瘤病1例

患者男,42岁。发现左侧胸壁肿物24年,肿物呈一"鹌鹑蛋"大小并进行性增大,2年前增长速度加快,增至拳头大小,偶伴疼痛。体格检查:左胸壁肿物,大小约15.0 cm×8.0 cm×5.0 cm,皮肤颜色及皮温正常,活动度差,无压痛及其他阳性体征。超声检查:左侧胸壁皮下见一高回声,大小约18.0 cm×17.0 cm,边界不清,内部回声不均匀,可探及动脉血流频谱,阻力指数0.77,肿物有周围小动脉供血(图1)。超声提示:左胸壁实性肿物,血管瘤?其他性质待定。胸部增强CT检查:左侧胸壁见一混杂密度肿块影,大小约8.1 cm×9.1 cm,病灶通过肋间隙向胸廓内生长,边界欠清晰,增强扫描可见不均匀轻至中度强化,动脉期可见明显强化的迂曲走行血管影,邻近骨质未见明显破坏,左侧腋窝可见增大淋巴结影,大小约1.0 cm×0.6 cm。胸部增强MRI检查:左侧胸壁见一团块状肿物影,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈混杂稍高信号,边界欠清晰,大小约7.6 cm×9.8 cm,增强扫描肿物呈明显不均匀延迟强化,弥散加权成像及表观弥散系数均呈混杂稍高信号,肿物局部穿行于肋间隙,相应肋骨被包裹,局部骨质吸收改变。患者后于全身麻醉下开胸行左侧胸壁巨大肿物切除术,术中见:左胸壁巨大肿物,包膜完整,质硬,难以推动。切除部分胸大肌,逐一结扎肿物滋养动脉,见肿物突入胸腔,于第四肋下缘进入胸腔,沿肋骨边缘完整剥离并切除胸壁肿物及第四五肋间肌组织,送病理检查。病理结果:(左胸壁)肿物内见大量管腔大小不等的厚壁血管,血管之间可见增生的毛细血管和脂肪组织,肿物边界不清,侵犯横纹肌(图2);符合血管瘤病。     

超声诊断腹腔内Castleman病1例

患者男,55岁.以"发现左上腹肿物5天"入院.查体:于左中上腹触及8.0 cm×8.0 cm肿物,质韧,活动度差,轻压痛.超声检查:左中上腹后壁8.6 cm×8.1 cm×7.9 cm实性肿物,边界清,内呈不均质低回声,伴散在强回声团(图1);CDFI可检出较丰富血流信号(图2),左肾动脉及腹主动脉受压.超声提示:左中上腹后壁实性肿物.CT:左上腹(腹主动脉旁)类圆形软组织肿块,边界模糊,大小约10.0 cm×8.3 cm×8.2 cm,密度不均,可见多发点条状钙化,增强扫描病变明显强化,且不均匀,可见多发斑点状未强化区,病灶多由腹主动脉发出纡曲小动脉分支供血,左肾静脉受压,前壁局部受侵.CT提示:左上腹腹膜后占位侵及左肾静脉.术中见肿物位于左肾前下方、腹主动脉左侧,直径约10.0 cm,包膜完整,与周围组织无粘连.病理诊断:(腹腔)巨大淋巴结增生(透明细胞型Castleman病).     

超声误诊副乳腺纤维腺瘤1例

患者女,45岁,主因"发现左侧腋窝肿物1年余,近1个月自觉肿物有所增大"就诊。查体:左腋下局部皮肤隆起,表面光滑,触及3cm×2cm肿物,质软,边界尚清,与皮肤、周围组织及胸壁无明显粘连,活动度可。超声:于左侧腋窝探及4.53cm×1.74cm低回声,边界清,形态规则。CDFI:内部可见少量点状     

超声诊断慢性化脓性乳腺炎1例

患者女,56岁,1个月前无意发现左侧乳腺肿块,约鸡蛋大小,偶有刺痛,近期增大,疼痛加重.查体:双乳对称,乳头无凹陷及溢液,左侧乳腺7～10点方向可扪及约6 cm×5 cm肿块,质韧,活动度差,边界不清,伴触痛,表面皮肤无改变;双侧腋窝可扪及多枚肿大淋巴结.超声:双乳腺腺体回声增粗增强,于左侧乳腺内下象限腺体深层及肌肉层内探及5.95 cm×2.59 cm强弱不均的斑片状低回声,边界欠清,后方回声无衰减;双侧腋下探及多枚肿大淋巴结,右侧较大者约1.80 cm×0.89 cm,左侧较大者约1.71 cm×0.77 cm,边界清,形态规则,可见淋巴门结构(图1).CDFI:乳腺肿块内可见点状血流信号(图2).超声提示:①左侧乳腺炎性包块可能;②双乳小叶增生.增强MRI示左乳病变呈持续强化,左侧胸壁近左乳腺内下象限处可见异常强化信号,考虑来源于胸壁的感染性病变可能性大.行左乳肿块局限性切除术.术后病理:(左)乳腺组织及骨骼肌、脂肪结缔组织慢性化脓性炎.     

成人睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤一例报道并文献复习

目的 提高对成人睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤的认识.方法 回顾分析收治的1 例成人睾丸旁胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习进行讨论.结果 本例患者经阴囊切口行肿物切除,病灶直径3.0 cm,病理证实为睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤,2 周后经左侧腹股沟补充性睾丸根治性切除及左半阴囊皮肤局部切除,并行腹腔镜下左侧腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,术后病理显示腹膜后淋巴结无转移,术后采用2 个疗程辅助化疗,随访42 个月,现无瘤生存.结论 成人睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤罕见,病理以胚胎型为主,大多数患者诊断时多为早期,早期患者应进行原发灶根治性切除,腹膜后淋巴结清扫及辅助化疗尚存在争议.预后受多种因素影响.     

后纵隔神经纤维瘤的超声表现1例

患者女,42岁.因胸闷、心悸,伴劳力性呼吸困难半年加重半个月就诊.胸部CT显示:①左胸腔积液;②左侧纵膈包裹性积液,以左胸腔积液收入院.入院后B超检查,仪器采用AlokaSSD 1100,探头频率3.5 MHz.右侧胸腔未见异常回声;左侧胸腔探查:于背部左肩胛线与第五六肋间交界处可见左胸腔内有一大小约7.4 cm×8.5 cm的中强回声光团,其内光点分布欠均匀,并可见部分低回声区,该光团似有包膜,欠光滑,边界尚清晰,后方回声稍增强,于光团后左外侧可见肺气反射强回声区(图1).超声提示:左胸腔内实性占位性病变(纵膈肿瘤可能性大).后因穿刺未抽出胸水而行手术治疗.术中见:于左上后纵隔可见12.0 cm×12.0 cm×10.0 cm实性肿块,质硬,表面呈结节状改变,与左肺、左第五六肋粘连,且伴骨质破坏明显.术后病理诊断:神经纤维瘤.     

腮腺多形性腺瘤1例

1 病例报告 男,40岁,主因左侧颌面部肿胀3个月来诊.查体:左侧腮腺区触及一3.5 cm×3.0 cm肿物,质韧,形态规则.边界尚清晰,活动度较小.左侧颈部触及散在肿大淋巴结,有轻微压痛,无其他异常发现.B超示:(探头频率7.5 MHz)左侧腮腺体积增大,形态失常,其近下颌角处探及一大小为3.8 cm×2.9 cm实性肿块,形态规则,边界清晰,可见包膜回声,内部呈均匀低回声.左侧颈部探及两个肿大淋巴结回声,L/S>2,髓质均匀性扩大.CDFI示肿块周围探及包绕其动脉血流信号,收缩期峰值速度46cm/s,RI:0.61.超声诊断:①左腮腺实性肿瘤(考虑多形性腺瘤);②左侧颈部淋巴结肿大.手术所见:腮腺内肿物3.6 cm×2.9 cm,有完整包膜,与周围组织分界清.完整切除肿物及左侧颈部肿大淋巴结,肿物切面呈淡黄色,有软骨样组织.病理诊断:多形性腺瘤、淋巴结反应性增生.     

乳腺猫抓病的超声、病理表现:附二例报道

例1患者女,33岁,发现左乳肿物增大伴有红肿热痛2个月余,曾行切开引流效果不佳.患者否认宠物接触史.查体:左乳内上象限及乳晕深部可扪及8.0 cm×5.0 cm肿物,质硬,边界不清,活动度差,压痛(+),左腋窝可扪及数个质硬淋巴结,直径约1.5 cm.超声检查示:左乳乳头内侧腺体回声紊乱不均,可见片状低回声区,范围约2.2 cm×2.0 cm,形态不规则,边界不清,内部未见明显液性无回声区,左腋下可见数个淋巴结,较大者1.7 cm×1.0 cm,皮髓质分界清,皮质增厚.     

超声诊断胎儿胸部淋巴水囊瘤1例

孕妇,32岁.G2P1,孕9个月,常规产前超声检查:仅见胎儿左侧胸壁皮下有4.0 cm×5.3 cm的囊性包块,内可见高回声粗大分隔(图1),单象限羊水最大深度4.6 cm.超声提示:晚期妊娠,宫内单活胎;胎儿左侧胸壁皮下囊性包块(淋巴水囊瘤?).产后见患儿左前胸饱满,皮肤色泽无异常,该处可触及一肿物,质软,活动度可,局部超声所见:左前胸皮下可见4.4 cm×5.8 cm的囊性包块,内可见高回声粗大分隔,CDFI:囊内未见血流信号(图2).     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.