不同大小甲状腺结节超声弹性成像临床研究

目的 探讨超声弹性成像在不同大小甲状腺结节性疾病鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 对322例患者共390个甲状腺结节行超声弹性成像检查,根据结节长径(L)分为3组(组I:-L≤1 cm,组I:1cm＜L＜2 cm,组Ⅲ:L≥2 cm),甲状腺结节弹性评分采用5分法(0～4分),≤2分判断为良性结节,≥3分判断为恶性结节,以病理结果 为诊断金标准.结果 弹性成像在3组甲状腺结节中诊断的敏感性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值问的差异具有统计学意义,特异性差异无统计学意义.结论弹性成像对长径≤2 cm的甲状腺结节,特别是长径≤1 cm的甲状腺结节鉴别诊断价值更高.     

超声弹性成像鉴别诊断实性甲状腺良、恶性小结节

目的 探讨超声弹性成像鉴别诊断良、恶性甲状腺实性小结节(最大径≤10 mm)的价值.方法 分析109个甲状腺实性小结节的常规超声及超声弹性成像图像.常规超声采用半定量评分方法判断结节的性质.超声弹性成像采用5级评分法判断结节性质.以术后病理结果为诊断金标准,构建ROC曲线,比较两种方法对良、恶性甲状腺实性小结节的诊断率.结果 超声弹性成像诊断良、恶性甲状腺实性小结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为88.89％(16/18)、84.62％(77/91)、85.32％(93/109).半定量评分法诊断良、恶性甲状腺实性小结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为77.78％(14/18)、81.32％(74/91)、80.73％(88/109).超声弹性诊断准确率高于半定量评分方法(x2=31.25,P＜0.05).超声弹性成像及半定量评分方法诊断甲状腺良、恶性结节的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.88和0.80,差异有统计学意义(Z=4.032,P＜0.01).结论 超声弹性成像有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺良、恶性实性小结节.     

超声造影和超声弹性成像对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值

目的 评价超声造影和超声弹性成像在甲状腺良恶性结节中的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对82个经手术病理证实的甲状腺良恶性结节的超声造影和弹性成像特征进行对比分析,评估各诊断方法的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及诊断符合率.结果 82个甲状腺结节中,良性病灶48个,恶性病灶34个.良性结节在注射造影剂后均早于周围腺体增强,晚于周围腺体廓清,多数结节表现为周边环状增强;恶性结节大多以低增强为主,增强回声不均匀,早于周边甲状腺组织消退.超声造影的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为91.18%、93.75%、91.18%及93.75%,弹性成像的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为88.24%、91.67%、88.24%及91.67%,超声造影联合超声弹性成像的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为97.06%、85.42%、82.50%及97.62%.结论 超声造影和弹性成像对甲状腺良恶性结节有较高的鉴别诊断价值,两者结合可提高该病的诊断率.     

超声弹性比值法鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节及诊断一致性

目的 探讨实时超声弹性成像比值法鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节良恶性的价值及不同医师之间的一致性。方法 由2名有经验的医生对72例共89个甲状腺实性结节进行超声弹性成像检查,测定结节与周围腺体的弹性指数比值,绘制ROC曲线并确定鉴别甲状腺实性结节良恶性的最佳诊断临界点,以病理结果为金标准,计算敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性及阴性预测值。分析2名医师诊断的一致性。结果 2名医师应用ROC曲线获得最佳诊断临界点均为3.40。将弹性指数比值≥3.40诊断为恶性,医师1鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性及阴性预测值分别为90.24%(37/41)、85.42%(41/48)、87.64%(78/89)、84.09%(37/44)、91.11%(41/45);医师2分别为90.24%(37/41)、83.33%(40/48)、86.52%(77/89)、82.22%(37/45)、90.91%(40/44)。两名医师弹性诊断一致率为96.63%(86/89),ICC值为0.98。结论 超声弹性成像比值法为甲状腺实性结节良恶性的鉴别诊断提供了定量诊断指标,具有较好的应用价值,不同医师独立完成弹性成像的定量指数比值具有良好的一致性。     

超声联合硬度评分系统在甲状腺微小结节诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声联合硬度评定系统在甲状腺微小结节诊断中的应用价值。 方法对30例行甲状腺切除手术患者的67个甲状腺微小结节,术前分别行实时弹性成像和声脉冲辐射力成像评定成像测定其硬度。在此基础上,以联合硬度评定系统对甲状腺结节硬度进行评定,以硬度为依据鉴别诊断甲状腺结节的良恶性,并以病理为标准,绘制ROC曲线。 结果实时弹性成像鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为58.8%、96.9%、95.2%、69.6%、77.6%。声脉冲辐射力成像鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为76.4%、75.8%、76.4%、75.8%、76.1%。联合硬度评定系统鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确性分别为91.2%、93.9%、93.9%、91.2%、92.5%。联合系统与实时弹性成像以及声脉冲辐射力成像相比,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.98,0.93和0.88（Z=8.72,P<0.05）。 结论联合硬度评分系统有助于提高术前甲状腺微小结节良恶性鉴别诊断的准确性。     

前瞻性观察甲状腺结节的SonoVue超声造影增强模式

目的 探讨甲状腺结节实时灰阶超声造影(CEUS)的增强模式及其对甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断价值.方法 对常规超声检测出的95例患者104个甲状腺结节行CEUS检查,其中良性病灶53个,恶性病灶51个;囊性结节1个,囊实性结节41个,实性结节62个.采用低机械指数灰阶脉冲反相谐波成像,静脉团注SonoVue 1.2 ml,观察时间≥3 min(MI 0.05～0.08).观察甲状腺良恶性结节的灰阶内部回声结构和CEUS增强模式.结果 注入造影剂后,甲状腺结节呈现均匀增强、不均匀增强、环状增强和无增强4种表现.甲状腺良恶性结节的增强模式总体上有差别(P<0.01).环状增强提示良性可能性大,敏感度83.02%,特异度94.12%,阳性预测值93.62%,阴性预测值84.21%,准确率88.46%.不均匀增强提示恶性可能大,敏感度88.24%,特异度92.45%,阳性预测值91.84%,阴性预测值89.09%,准确率90.38%.1个囊性结节为良性结节,表现为环状增强.对于囊实性结节和实性结节,环状增强诊断良性结节的阳性预测值分别为93.10%和94.12%,不均匀增强诊断恶性结节的阳性预测值分别为88.89%和92.50%.结论 CEUS在甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别诊断中具有重要应用价值.     

超声弹性成像鉴别诊断甲状腺实性小结节

目的 探讨实时超声弹性成像对常规超声定性困难的甲状腺单发实性小结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。方法 甲状腺单发实性小结节(最大直径≤15 mm)患者82例,行常规二维超声及彩色多普勒超声检查良恶性鉴别困难的,最后进行实时超声弹性成像检查,将弹性图分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ级,以病理结果为金标准进行比较。结果 实时超声弹性成像检查结果显示:Ⅰ～Ⅱ级12例,均为良性;Ⅲ级13例(良性5例,恶性8例); Ⅳ～Ⅴ级57例(良性3例,恶性54例)。以弹性分级Ⅳ ～Ⅴ级作为诊断甲状腺癌的预测指标,其特异度85.0%,灵敏度87.1%,准确率86.6%,阳性预测值94.7%,阴性预测值68.0%。结论 实时超声弹性成像对常规超声定性困难的甲状腺单发实性小结节良恶性鉴别有较高的诊断价值。     

常规超声与超声弹性成像对乳腺实性结节的诊断价值分析

目的分析常规超声与超声弹性成像对乳腺实性结节的诊断价值。方法选取2015年12月~2017年2月我院收治的乳腺实性结节患者93例。所有患者均进行常规超声(常规超声组)与超声弹性成像(超声弹性成像组),将常规超声联合超声弹性成像作为观察组,并以实性结节切除术后病理诊断为参考标准,将其作为对照组。观察并比较敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性及阴性预测值。结果常规超声组敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性及阴性预测值与超声弹性成像组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组敏感度为93.41%,与常规超声组的79.57%、超声弹性成像组的78.49%比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在乳腺实性结节的诊断过程中,常规超声与超声弹性成像均有一定的诊断价值,两者联合应用能够更好地提高该疾病诊断的敏感性。     

声辐射力脉冲弹性成像在甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨声辐射力脉冲弹性成像(ARFI)技术判断甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性的价值.方法选取2011年4月至2012年2月上海市第十人民医院经常规超声检查发现甲状腺单发实性或以实性为主(囊性<25%)结节的42例患者,共42个结节.对42例患者42个结节行常规超声检查,采用声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术检测病灶组织剪切波速度(SWV),采用声触诊组织成像(VTI)技术对病灶组织进行VTI弹性分级.常规超声以符合3项及以上恶性结节超声表现、VTQ以SWV值≥2.87 m/s、VTI以VTI分级≥Ⅳ级、常规超声+VTI/VTQ以常规超声或VTI/VTQ其中之一诊断为恶性作为恶性结节诊断标准.以病理学诊断结果作为金标准,计算常规超声、VTQ、VTI及常规超声+VTI/VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值.结果42个甲状腺结节经手术后病理证实良性结节30个(结节性甲状腺肿16个,腺瘤性甲状腺肿13个,亚急性甲状腺炎1个),恶性结节12个(均为乳头状癌).常规超声检查有3项及以上恶性结节超声表现的结节14个,包括良性结节4个,恶性结节10个;少于3项恶性结节超声表现的结节28个,包括良性结节26个,恶性结节2个.常规超声诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%(10/12)、86.7%(26/30)、71.4%(10/14)、92.9%(26/28). SWV值≥2.87 m/s的结节15个,包括良性结节5个,恶性结节10个;SWV值<2.87 m/s的结节27个,包括良性结节25个,恶性结节2个;VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%(10/12)、83.3%(25/30)、66.7%(10/15)、92.6%(25/27). VTI分级≥Ⅳ级的结节19个,包括良性结节8个,恶性结节11个;VTI分级<Ⅳ级的结节23个,包括良性结节22个,恶性结节1个;VTI诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、73.3%(22/30)、57.8%(11/19)、95.7%(22/23).常规超声+VTI诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、80.0%(24/30)、64.7%(11/17)、96.0%(24/25).而常规超声+VTQ诊断甲状腺恶性单发实性结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.7%(11/12)、83.3%(25/30)、68.8%(11/16)、96.2%(25/26).结论单独的ARFI技术诊断甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性的能力并不优于常规超声,但是两者联合应用可提高甲状腺单发实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断水平.     

超级微血管成像技术运用于甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值分析

目的分析超级微血管成像技术运用于甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择于2015年7月至2016年12月接受治疗的甲状腺结节患者60例作为研究对象,共83个甲状腺实性结节。分别应用超级微血管成像和彩色多普勒血流成像进行检查,比较这两种检查方式下良性和恶性甲状腺实性结节血流分布模式,同时对比这两种检查方式鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果超级微血管成像和彩色多普勒血流成像在良性甲状腺实性结节Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型以及恶性甲状腺实性结节Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ型的血流分布模式显示率中比较差异无显著性(P0.05),而超级微血管成像在良性甲状腺实性结节Ⅱ型以及恶性甲状腺实性结节Ⅲ型的血流分布模式显示率优于彩色多普勒血流成像,差异有显著性(P0.05)。超级微血管成像和彩色多普勒血流成像鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为89.1%比62.9%、94.9%比81.1%、93.0%比74.0%、、92.7%比68.2%和93.3%比77.1%。结论超级微血管成像技术在甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中具有十分高的应用价值,能够有效观察甲状腺实性结节内的微小血管,显示低速血流,为超声医师的诊断鉴别提供有效的信息。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.