Metabolic control,glycosylated haemoglobin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic children

The present study on 28 diabetic and 38 non-diabetic children was conducted to extend information on the usefulness of HbA_Ia-c measurement in assessing the effectiveness of metabolic control, and to investigate to what extent HbA_Ia-c and blood glucose reflect changes in plasma cholesterol, especially high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Since the activities of serum lysosomal hydrolases are reported to be increased in diabetic patients, it was of interest to examine the changes in serum N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase in relation to HbA_Ia-c.Both fasting blood glucose and daily urinary glucose excretion were found to be positively related to HbA_Ia-c. The poorly controlled diabetic children exhibited the highest percentage of glycosylated haemoglobins. The total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol content—as well as the activity of N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase in the plasma—were also found to be directly related to the proportion of HbA_Ia-c. The measurement of glycosylated haemoglobins thus appears to be an important and useful aid in determining the effectiveness of long term control in juvenile diabetes. The interesting findings that HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in diabetic children than in agematched controls, and that it was positively related to the fasting blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobins, supports recent suggestions that there is an essential difference in plasma HDL-cholesterol between juvenile and adult onst diabetes. This fraction of plasma cholesterol, which represents a negative risk factor of coronary atherosclerosis, was significantly higher in the diabetic children than in patients with adult-onset diabetes.Supported by the Scientific Research Council, Ministry of Health, Hungary (0701)     

Oral glucose tolerance testing in cystic fibrosis: Correlations with clinical parameters and glycosylated haemoglobin determinations

In 48 patients (age 2–28 years) with documented cystic fibrosis, glucose tolerance was evaluated by means of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and repeated glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) measurements. An impaired OGTT was found in 15 patients. Their degree of undernutrition and severity of lung and liver involvement were no different from those with normal glucose tolerance. The mean peak insulin concentration as well as the integrated insulin concentration during the OGTT were comparable with patients with normal glucose tolerance (GT) and those with an impaired tolerance (GI). The mean time to attain peak insulin levels was significantly delayed in the GI group. (117 min vs 86 minP<0.01). On initial testing, elevated HbA1C levels were found in 22 patients. Mean HbA1C levels in the GI group were higher than in the GT group *8.2% vs 7.5%P<0.01). The HbA1C levels at the moment of OGT testing were positively correlated with the glycaemic response during the OGTT. The repeated HbA1C measurements 1 year later were no different from the initial mean HbA1C values in both groups. Two GI patients with initial HbA1C levels of 7.5% and 11% respectively developed diabetes mellitus several months after testing. The need for serial HbA1C determinations in cystic fibrosis is questioned.     

哮喘患儿血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素变化的意义

目的　探讨非急性发作期哮喘患儿血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平变化及长期吸入丙酸倍氯米松对其影响。方法　比较非急性发作期哮喘吸入激素治疗组、未吸入激素治疗组及对照组胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平 ,采用放射免疫分析法测定胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平。结果　未吸入激素的重度哮喘组胰岛素和血糖水平较其他组明显升高 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,胰高血糖素则明显减低 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。未吸入激素组、吸入治疗的轻中度哮喘组、正常对照组的糖耐量试验显示血糖和激素吸入量无显著差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　非急性发作期重度哮喘患儿全身应用激素可能会引起机体血糖和相关激素代谢紊乱 ,从而加重哮喘和诱发糖尿病。     

Relationship between urinary and blood glucose in diabetic children.

The relationship of urine glucose concentration with 'average' blood glucose concentration for the corresponding period was investigated in 10 juvenile diabetics during the performance of 15 inpatient metabolic profiles. 0% glucosuria was associated with 'average' blood glucose concentrations less than 6.4 mmol/l (less than 115 mg/100ml), 2% glycosuria with concentrations greater than 8.6 mmol/l (greater than 154 mg/100ml), and over 5% glycosuria with concentrations greater than 11.3 mmol/l (greater than 204 mg/100ml). Urinary glucose loss was large (greater than 278 mmol; greater than 5g) when the 'average' blood glucose was greater than 11.1 mmol/l (greater than 200 mg/100ml). Because many diabetics have blood glucose concentrations up to 11.1 mmol/l, it is advantageous if glucosuria up to 5% is detectable by routine home urine tests. The 2-drop Clinitest method detects glycosuria up to 5% without significant loss of accuracy and is recommended in preference to the 5-drop method.     

川崎病患儿血红蛋白及血钾变化与冠状动脉病变的关系研究

川崎病(Kawasaki disease,KD)又称皮肤粘膜淋巴结综合征(mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome,MCLS),是一种以全身血管炎性病变为主的儿童急性发热出疹性疾病,主要病理改变为全身性非特异性血管炎,可引起多脏器受累,以心血管病变最为严重,多侵犯冠状动脉[1],川崎病的早期诊治具有十分重要的意义。本研究通过观察川崎病患儿治疗前后血红蛋白和血钾的变化,结合冠状动脉受累情况,探讨血红蛋白和血钾在川崎病并发冠状动脉病变中的意义。1对象与方法1.1对象2000年1月～2004年1月我科收治川崎病急性期(≤11d)住院患儿50例,均符合第3届国际川崎病…     

Effect of intravenous alanine on blood glucose, glucagon and growth hormone levels in diabetic children

To study its glycaemic effect and to evaluate alpha cell function, L-alanine was administered intravenously (0.15 g/kg b.w.) to ketotic diabetic children. Their preinfusion condition was characterized by hyperglycaemia, elevated alanine, glucagon and growth hormone levels. Alanine failed to cause a further increase in the plasma glucagon level and had no glycaemic effect, but induced a consistent rise in plasma growth hormone. It is concluded that, in contrast with adult diabetics, alanine had no glycaemic effect and was not a potent alpha-cell secretagogue in ketotic diabetic children. The demonstrated growth-hormone provoking effect suggests that endogenous hyperalaninaemia may contribute to ketosis via the antiinsulin effect of growth hormone.     

Higher executive abilities following a blood transfusion in children and young adults with sickle cell disease

Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience cognitive deficits; however, it remains unclear whether medical treatments for SCD improve cognition. Given that executive abilities are typically impaired in individuals with SCD, they were the focus of the current study. Our primary hypothesis was that executive abilities would be higher acutely soon after a blood transfusion in children and young adults with SCD. We used tests from the NIH Toolbox to assess executive abilities in 27 participants with SCD receiving chronic transfusion in comparison to 34 participants with SCD receiving hydroxyurea (HU) and 41 non‐SCD demographically matched controls, all of whom were tested at two time points. Participants in the transfusion group completed cognitive testing within 3 days after a transfusion (soon after transfusion) and then within 3 days before their next transfusion (long after transfusion) over an interval of 3‐7 weeks. We found that executive abilities were significantly poorer for the transfusion and HU groups than for the control group. In support of our primary hypothesis, executive abilities for the transfusion group were significantly better soon after a transfusion compared to long after a transfusion, χ²(1) = 17.8, P < .0001. Our results demonstrate that executive abilities were higher acutely following a blood transfusion. These findings have implications for daily functioning, medical decision making, and academic achievement in children and young adults with SCD.     

Home blood glucose monitoring in diabetic children and adolescents. A 3-year feasibility study

In order to elucidate the question whether blood glucose monitoring should replace glucosuria testing in childhood diabetes 160 diabetic children and adolescents were invited to participate in a feasibility study on home blood glucose testing. Seventeen girls and 15 boys with an age of 4-21 years and duration of diabetes for 0.3-18.7 years accepted, thus a selection of motivated patients. They performed 20-22 diurnal blood glucose profiles, each consisting of 7 blood samples, during a 3 month period. Thereafter, all patients were encouraged to continue blood glucose self-control and the actual performance of the 32 patients was evaluated 3 years later. Daily glucosuria tests were also made and HbA1 was analysed. Patients' attitudes were evaluated through 2 questionnaires. The study shows that blood glucose monitoring is feasible in the actual age groups. Most patients were positive towards blood tests, particularly because it gave an immediate answer to an actual problem, but its introduction did not change the metabolic control. However, pain restricted its daily use and only 6.4% of the patients preferred blood testing to urinalysis for long term use. Furthermore, the correlation between home glucosuria and HbA1 was as good as between home blood glucose and HbA1. It is concluded, that blood glucose self-monitoring is a valuable tool in the management of childhood diabetes, but that it should be regarded as a complement to and not a substitute for daily home urinalysis.     

Evaluation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol, hemoglobin A1c, and glucose levels in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls

Mehta SN, Schwartz N, Wood JR, Svoren BM, Laffel LMB. Evaluation of 1,5‐anhydroglucitol, hemoglobin A1c, and glucose levels in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. Background and objective: Serum 1,5‐anhydroglucitol (1,5‐AG) is a marker of hyperglycemic excursions in adults with diabetes and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) < 8%. We compared 1,5‐AG levels among youth and young adults with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D) and investigated the utility of 1,5‐AG in the assessment of glycemic status in pediatric T1D. Methods: We compared 1,5‐AG, HbA1c, and plasma glucose levels in 138 patients with T1D (duration ≥1 yr) and 136 healthy controls, aged 10–30 yr. Within each group, we investigated associations between 1,5‐AG and clinical characteristics, HbA1c and random plasma glucose. For patients with T1D, 1,5‐AG was further analyzed according to HbA1c strata: <8, 8–9, and >9%. Results: Compared to controls, patients with T1D had higher HbA1c (8.5 ± 1.6 vs. 5.1 ± 0.4%, p < 0.0001), lower 1,5‐AG (4.0 ± 2.0 vs. 24.7 ± 6.4 µg/mL, p < 0.0001), and higher glucose (11.1 ± 5.2 vs. 5.1 ± 0.9 mmol/L, p < 0.0001). Males had higher 1,5‐AG than females within patients (4.5 ± 2.3 vs. 3.4 ± 1.6 µg/mL, p = 0.003) and controls (26.0 ± 6.6 vs. 23.5 ± 6.0 µg/mL, p = 0.02). 1,5‐AG was not correlated with glucose in either group. 1,5‐AG was significantly correlated to HbA1c in patients, but not controls. For patients with HbA1c < 8%, 1,5‐AG demonstrated the widest range and was not predicted by HbA1c; 1,5‐AG levels were narrowly distributed among patients with HbA1c ≥ 8%. Conclusions: Youth and young adults with T1D demonstrate similar 1,5‐AG levels which are distinct from controls. 1,5‐AG assessment may provide unique information beyond that provided by HbA1c in the mid‐term assessment of glycemic control in young patients with T1D and HbA1c < 8%.     

Prevalence of coeliac disease in diabetic children and adolescents

Screening for coeliac disease (CD) with serum antigliadin antibodies (AGA) was performed in 1032 diabetic children and adolescents. In 8 children CD had been diagnosed before study entry. Of the remaining 1024 children, 33 had an elevated AGA titre in the first serum sample. On follow-up an elevated AGA titre was confirmed in only 17 of 31 patients. Nine of the repeatedly positive patients underwent jejunal biopsy, and CD was diagnosed in two asymptomatic patients; both were positive for IgG- and IgA-AGA. Among 10 AGA-positive patients in whom biopsies could not be performed, only 1 showed IgA-AGA and thus carried a high risk for CD. From our results we estimate a prevalence of CD in Swiss and German diabetic children between 1.1% and 1.3%. Falsepositive AGA titres occurred significantly more often in patients with diabetes duration of less than 1 year. AGA testing teached a specificity of 99% if performed at least 1 year after the onset of diabetes. Children suffering from both diabetes and CD showed a diabetes manifestation at a significantly younger age than non-coeliac patients, whereas CD tended to be diagnosed at a remarkably late age.Abbreviations AGA antigliadin antibodies - CD coeliac disease - FIST fluorescent immunosorbent test - IDDM insulindependent diabetes mellitus     

Clinical value of glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine in the long-term glycemic control of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Hyperglycemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been well documented in the literature. The puipose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of glycated hemoglobin (GHb) and fructosamine (Frc) in the long-term glycemic control of ALL patients. An attempt was made to identify the risk factors for hyperglycemia in ALL patients. The study group comprised 26 newly diagnosed ALL patients admitted to hospital during1995–96. Patients with a history of blood transfusion or infection within the past 3 months were excluded from the study. White blood cell (WBC) counts, fasting blood glucose (FBG). GHb and Frc levels were analyzed in venous blood on screening day 0, before induction of chemotherapy. Frc analysis was repeated on the 21st day and GHb level on the 60th day of chemotherapy. FBG tests were performed before each dose of L-asparaginase, on days 21 and 60. None of the patients was obese. Although six children (23%) had hyperglycemia during the induction therapy, four of them had a GHb level higher than normal on admission. Only one patient who developed hyperglycemia had a family history of diabetes mellitus. Patients with a high initial WBC count (>20× 10⁹/L) had a significantly higher baseline GHb than patients with a WBC count below this level. GHb values returned to normal after achievement of complete remission. It is suggested that the leukemic process could impair glucose metabolism and baseline GHb may be used to monitor possible small changes in glucose homeostasis of ALL patients, prior to chemotherapy.     

哮喘患儿胰岛素、胰高血糖素和血糖水平测定

目的　 探讨不同哮喘状态下哮喘患儿的胰岛素、胰高血糖素和血糖水平及临床意义。 方法 　 5～ 12岁的儿童被选作研究对象 ,分为非急性发作期 4组和急性发作期 4组。应用放射免疫法测定上述儿童的胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平 ,氧化法测定血糖水平。结果进行方差分析。 结果 　非急性发作期正常对照、轻中度哮喘和缓解期 3组儿童的 3个检测指标之间无明显差别 ;而重度哮喘组胰岛素和血糖水平较其他 3组明显升高 ,胰高血糖素则明显减低。急性发作期正常对照、轻度哮喘组儿童的 3个检测指标之间无明显差别 ;而中、重度哮喘组胰岛素和血糖水平较其他两组明显升高 ,胰高血糖素则明显减低。 结论 　发作期中、重度哮喘的患儿在治疗过程中 ,可能会引起机体胰岛素和糖代谢紊乱 ,加重哮喘和诱发糖尿病。     

儿童单纯性肥胖与糖、脂代谢及脂肪肝

目的探讨儿童单纯性肥胖对血糖、血脂成分及肝脏的影响。方法应用B超、生化分析仪,对117例7～13岁儿童（其中肥胖组60例,正常对照组57例）进行肝脏B超、血糖、血脂及肝功能等指标的检查测定。结果重度肥胖组血糖为5.12mmol/L,对照组为4.16mmol/L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;肥胖组血清甘油三脂（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）浓度均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;肥胖组脂肪肝检出率为23.33%,对照组检出率为5.26%,差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论单纯性肥胖对儿童的糖脂代谢和肝脏均造成危害,预防成人期糖尿病、心血管病和脂肪肝等疾病必须从儿童时期开始。     

Predictors of glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

AIMS: To evaluate the glucose control [(as measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)], the factors associated with glycemic control, and possible explanations for these associations in a sample of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Data were collected on 155 children and adolescents, with type 1 diabetes mellitus, attending a multidisciplinary diabetes clinic in Portland, OR. Patients' hospital charts were reviewed to determine demographic factors, disease-related characteristics, and HbA1c level. RESULTS: Mean percent HbA1c was 9.3. Adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 yr were in poorer metabolic control (adjusted mean percent HbA1c 0.56 higher than children 2-8 yr). Children who attended the clinic three to four times in the previous year were in better control (adjusted mean percent HbA1c 0.46 lower than those who visited two or fewer times and 1.11 lower than those who attended five or more times). Children with married parents were in better glycemic control than those of single, separated, or divorced parents (adjusted mean percent HbA1c 0.47 lower for children of married parents). This effect appeared to be mediated, in part, by the number of glucose checks performed per day. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adolescents should be targeted for improved metabolic control. Diabetes team members need to be aware of changing family situations and provide extra support during stressful times. Regular clinic attendance is an important component of intensive diabetes management. Strategies must be developed to improve accessibility to the clinic and to identify patients who frequently miss appointments.     

Conscious level in children with diabetic ketoacidosis is related to severity of acidosis and not to blood glucose concentration

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether initial depression of conscious level in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is related to hyperosmolality, acidosis or other factors. METHODS: In 225 episodes of DKA without evidence of cerebral edema, we examined the relationship between conscious level and initial biochemical variables. We contrasted these findings with those in 42 children who later developed cerebral oedema. RESULTS: On admission, 42/225 (19%) had mild (pH 7.26-7.35); 96 (44%) moderate (pH 7.11-7.25); and 80 (37%) severe DKA (pH 相似文献   

Self-monitoring of blood glucose in children and teens with diabetes

Improved metabolic control has unequivocally been demonstrated to delay the onset and slow the progression of microvascular complications in adolescents and adults with diabetes mellitus. Growing evidence also supports the association of tighter glucose control and more frequent blood glucose monitoring. Therefore, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has become a fundamental part of diabetes care in children. Here, we review recent advances and ongoing trends in glucose monitoring in children with diabetes. Technologies have been developed to improve patient compliance with recommended monitoring, requiring less blood, involving less pain, and providing results more quickly. Alternate-site testing (AST) is also a potential means of improving patient compliance with SMBG by avoiding the sensitive fingertip area. The Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS) and the GlucoWatch Biographer are two recent tools that can track glucose levels continuously. However, inconsistency in their accuracy and precision remain challenges when using these technologies to guide management.