国产GK-2型人造心脏瓣膜20年临床应用的随访观察

目的总结20年间应用413枚GK2型人造心脏瓣膜的治疗效果,评价国产GK2型单叶式机械瓣膜的远期疗效。方法对1985年初至2004年间施行的327例心脏瓣膜替换术患者进行随访观察,男123例,女204例。年龄1.6～68岁(38.62岁±10.14岁)。心功能Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级216例,Ⅳ90例。术式为二尖瓣置换(MVR)205例(62.69%),二尖瓣及主动脉瓣置换(DVR)86例(26.30%),主动脉瓣置换(AVR)31例(9.48%),三尖瓣置换(TVR)5例(1.52%)。共使用GK2型二尖瓣296枚,主动脉瓣117枚。随访0.5～19.6年(9.05年±4.59年),总随访人年数为2440.7患者年。结果早期死亡11例,死亡率为3.36%(11/327)。远期死亡24例,死亡率0.98%患者年。5年、10年、15年生存率分别为93.31%±0.03%、89.59%±2.1%及83.61%±6.09%。12例发生出血事件(0.49%患者年),7例发生瓣膜血栓形成或栓塞(0.29%患者年)。91.98%的患者(241/262)心功能恢复至(NYHA)I、II级。结论连续20年的临床应用和长期随访表明,该型瓣膜具有多项优点,瓣膜相关事件发生率处于较低水平,远期效果满意。     

Valvular surgery in Western Australia: a 15-year review

Between 1970 and 1984, 1138 patients underwent the insertion of 1300 prosthetic heart valves in Western Australia; 56% received an aortic-valve replacement; 34% received a mitral-valve replacement and 10% had more than one valve replaced. Mechanical valves were used in 93% of patients before 1977, in 20% of patients between 1978 and 1982 and in 70% of patients from 1983 onwards. The 30-day mortality was 18% before 1973 and has been below 6% since 1974. The over-all, 15-year actuarial survival rate was 67%; this was not affected by age, sex, race, valvular position or the type of prosthesis. Both the 30-day mortality and 15-year survival rates were significantly worse in patients who underwent multiple valvular replacements (13% and 54%, respectively) or reoperation (16% and 58%, respectively). The major causes of death were cardiac failure and myocardial infarction (65%); endocarditis (13%); cancer (6%); and thromboembolism and bleeding (6%). The hazard rate for reoperation was low and fairly constant in patients with mechanical valves, but increased markedly after four years in patients with tissue valves. Although our experience so far suggests that survival rates are not affected by the choice of prosthesis, this may not be so in the future, as more patients with tissue valves undergo reoperation and so become exposed to an increased risk of mortality.     

INFLUENCE OF MIMIC CARDIAC RATE ON HYDRODYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT MECHANICAL PROSTHETIC CARDIAC VALVES IN VITRO

Objoctive To assess the influence of mimic cardiac rate on hydrodynamics of different mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves. Methods US-made CarboMedics bileaflet valve, China-made Jiuling bileaflet valve and C-L tilting disc valve were tested via a pulsatile flow simulator in the aortic position. Testing conditions were set at mimic cardiac rates of 55 bpm, 75 bpm, 100bpm with a constant mimic cardiac output of 4 L/rain. The mean pressure differences (△P), leakage volumes (LEV) and closing volumes (CLV) across each valve, and effective orifice areas (EOA) were analyzed.Results Within physiological range, △P, LEV, and CLV decreased as mimic cardiac rate increased, with a large extent of variance. EOA increased along with an increase in mimic cardiac rate. It was a different response in terms of cardiac rate alteration for different types of mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves. Conclusion Mimic cardiac rate change affects hydrodynamics of mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves. Within physiological range, the hydrodynamic of prosthetic bileaflet valve is better than that of tilting disc valve.     

Low standard oral anticoagulation therapy for Chinese patients with St.Jude mechanical heart valves

Objective To study the efficacy of the low standard oral anticoagulation therapy following St Jude Medical (SJM) valve implantation for Chinese patients.Methods Totally 805 patients with a mean age of 42.70±11.09 years, enrolled into this study. Among them, 230 underwent aortic valve replacements (AVR), 381 mitral valve replacements (MVR), 189 double valve replacements (DVR) and 5 tricuspid valve replacememts (TVR). All patients received postoperative oral anticoagulation therapy based on a low standard of international normalized ratio (INR, 2.0-2.5). Of the 805 patients, 710 were followed up for 0.25-13 years (a median, 4.15 years). Results Postoperatively, 17 adverse events occurred. Operative mortality was 2.11%. The most frequent cause of operative mortality was a low cardiac output. During follow-up, there were 47 anticoagulant-induced hemorrhages ［1.59%/patient-year (pt-yr)］, 10 cases of thromboembolism (0.34%/pt-yr), and 3 mechanical valve thromboses (0.19%/pt-yr). There were 44 late deaths and the linearized late mortality rates were 0.51%pt-yr. Estimates of actuarial survival for all patients at 5 and 10 years was 97.45% (0.70%) and 77.96% (17.44%), respectively.Conclusions A low target INR range of 2.0-2.5 is preferable for Chinese patients so as to reduce the severe bleeding complications in those with conventionally higher levels of INR. The long-term results were satisfactory in terms of the numbers of those who suffered thrombosis, embolism and bleeding.     

侧倾碟瓣主动脉瓣与双瓣置换术(75例报告)

本文报告单独主动脉瓣置换术51例,主动脉瓣与二尖瓣成形或置换术24例。术前诊断:风湿性心脏瓣膜病48例,细菌性心内膜炎伴主动脉瓣破坏穿孔22例,先天性主动脉瓣狭窄3例,室间隔缺损伴主动脉瓣脱垂2例。术后早期死亡9例(12％)。长期生存66例,随访时间7个月至7年11个月(平均3年7个月),晚期死亡1例(1.74％病人一年)。作者认为:主动脉瓣或合并二尖瓣病变引起左室功能损害的病人,应早期手术;并强调心肌保护对降低术后死亡率的重要性。     

Consensus guidelines for warfarin therapy. Recommendations from the Australasian Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis

The anticoagulant effect of warfarin should be kept at an international normalised ratio (INR) of about 2.5 (desirable range, 2.0-3.0), although a higher level may be better in a few clinical conditions. The risk of bleeding increases exponentially with INR and becomes clinically unacceptable once the INR exceeds 5.0. Warfarin therapy should be continued for around six weeks for symptomatic calf vein thrombosis, and for 3-6 months after proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that occurs after surgery or limited medical illness. Therapy for six months or longer could be considered for DVT occurring without an obvious precipitating factor, proven recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), or if there are continuing risk factors. Oral anticoagulants prevent ischaemic stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Maximum efficacy requires an INR > 2.0, but some benefit remains at an INR of 1.5-1.9. Patients aged over 75 years are at greatest risk of intracranial bleeding during warfarin therapy for AF, and the target INR may be reduced to 2.0-2.5, or perhaps as low as 1.5-2.0, in such patients. Warfarin should be withheld if it is more likely to cause major bleeding than to protect from stroke (e.g., in young people with isolated AF where the annual baseline risk of stroke is < 1%). In patients with AF, aspirin is less effective than warfarin (much less effective after such patients have had a stroke or transient cerebral ischaemia). In people with prosthetic heart valves, an INR of 2.5-3.5 is probably sufficient for bileaflet or tilting disc valves, but a higher target INR is necessary for caged ball or caged disc valves. The addition of aspirin (100 mg/day) further decreases the risk of embolism but increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.     

105例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术分析

目的探讨儿童心脏瓣膜病的病因、手术指征、瓣膜选择和术后抗凝等问题。方法回顾性分析1984年5月至2004年5月间105例接受瓣膜置换术的儿童患者临床相关资料。患者年龄1.5～16(13±3)岁;其中先天性心脏瓣膜病43例,风湿性心脏瓣膜病55例,感染性心内膜炎7例;二尖瓣置换58例,主动脉瓣置换28例,三尖瓣置换5例,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣置换13例,二尖瓣和三尖瓣双瓣置换1例,三尖瓣成形26例;术前心功能Ⅱ级36例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级69例。所有患者均采用人工机械瓣膜,置换术后患者均长期口服小剂量华法令抗凝。结果早期死亡5例(4.8%),主要为术后严重低心排血量综合征。随访6个月～20年,平均(10±4)年,随访91例,失访9例。晚期死亡4例,2例死于感染性心内膜炎,1例死于顽固性心衰,1例死于严重心律失常。随访到的87例存活者恢复良好,未发现有与抗凝相关的严重并发症,瓣膜功能良好,心功能均为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。结论儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果良好,术中应尽可能采用较大型号的瓣膜,手术同期纠正合并畸形、术后低强度抗凝是安全可靠的。     

左心系统瓣膜替换术后远期三尖瓣关闭不全的手术治疗效果

目的探讨左心系统瓣膜替换术后三尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗方法和效果。方法1995年1月至2004年5月,18名左心系统瓣膜替换手术远期三尖瓣关闭不全的风湿性心脏病患者在我院接受了单纯三尖瓣手术。二尖瓣替换术后13例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣替换术后5例,伴三尖瓣DeVega瓣环成形术5例。本次三尖瓣手术时年龄为35~65岁(中位数50岁,平均50·1岁±8·1岁),心功能为NYHAⅢ~Ⅳ级,左心瓣膜功能正常,超声心动图确定诊断。结果无开胸出血死亡,行三尖瓣成形8例,三尖瓣替换术10例,生物瓣和机械瓣各5例。手术死亡率16·7%,随访12~114个月(中位数24个月,平均36·7个±31·8个月),3年生存率为78·8%。12名患者术后症状有明显改善,3名患者术后症状无改善,心功能NYHAⅢ~Ⅳ级,需要药物治疗。结论左心瓣膜替换术后出现远期三尖瓣关闭不全可能与手术时机晚、手术效果不满意或右心衰进展有关。当出现严重三尖瓣关闭不全右心衰症状明显时应尽早外科治疗,以降低术后死亡率。应首选三尖瓣成形术,三尖瓣替换术效果也可以接受。     

Experience with cardiac valve operations in Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Strait Islands, Australia

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of valve surgery, for rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and non-RHD, in residents of Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Strait Islands referred to the Cairns Base Hospital specialist outreach service. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective review of medical records on all patients residing in the outreach area who had surgery for valvular heart disease between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operation type and perioperative characteristics; 5- and 10-year survival rates; reoperation rates; complications. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients met the selection criteria; the median age was 40 years (range, 4-76 years); and 39 patients were Indigenous. RHD was the predominant cause of valve dysfunction (30/47 patients). Thirty-seven patients had valve replacements, six had valve repair and four had balloon valvotomy as the initial procedure. There were three bleeding complications, two episodes of operated valve endocarditis, and six embolic complications. There were nine valve-related deaths (six in the first 5 years). At 5 years, all seven patients who had had valve repair or balloon valvotomy were alive. Seven of the 47 patients required reoperation. Survival analysis showed freedom from valve-related deaths to be 83% (95% CI, 66%-92%) at 5 years and 61% (95% CI, 33%-80%) at 10 years. Freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 88% (95% CI, 71%-95%). Among the 30 patients with RHD, freedom from valve-related death was 80% (95% CI, 60%-92%) at 5 years and 52% (95% CI, 21%-75%) at 10 years. In patients with RHD, freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 87% (95% CI, 65%-96%). CONCLUSION: Valvular heart disease results in substantial morbidity and mortality, despite intervention. Efforts need to focus on prevention of rheumatic fever and closer follow-up.     

Hemolytic anemia following insertion of Ionescu-Shiley mitral valve bioprosthesis.

Hemolytic anemia is a relatively common complication after the replacement of cardiac valves with mechanical prostheses; the prevalence rate varies from 38% to 85%, depending on the prosthesis implanted. However, cardiac valves fabricated from biologic material are associated with a reduced incidence of hemolytic anemia, and to the authors' knowledge this report is the first to document hemolytic anemia in a patient who had the mitral valve replaced with an Ionescu-Shiley valve. The anemia was not associated with evidence of hemodynamically important mitral regurgitation and was ultimately controlled by iron and folate supplements.     

生物瓣膜原发性组织衰坏的原因探讨

1977年12月至1990年6月用生物瓣作瓣膜替换术后生存434例(517个瓣膜)。经6～150(平均71.8±34.0)月随访,共2596.6病人年,121个生物瓣发生原发性组织衰坏,发生率为4.4%病人年,5年、10年无原发性组织衰坏率分别为90.1%和54.1%。经统计分析了生物瓣衰坏的高危因素,发现生物瓣较适用于老年组、三尖瓣和抗凝禁忌者;选用保存时间在1年以内的生物瓣,应用弹性支架和纯化戊二醛、改进设计和缝制可延长生物瓣的使用寿命。     

Long-term survival after isolated replacement of mitral valve with ball-valve prosthesis.

In 111 patients whose diseases mitral valve was replaced with a ball-valve prosthesis the actuarial survival rate, including the hospital mortality of 10.8%, was 66% after 5 years and 59% after 8 years of follow-up. This suggests that in patients with moderate or severe symptoms due to mitral valve disease, replacing the valve can prolong life. However, in patients with no cardiac symptoms or with sinus rhythm and mild symptoms, it is doubtful that mitral valve replacement can prolong life, for the prognosis in these patients is favourable without operation.     

PRELIMINARY CLINICAL E.XPEiRIENCE WITH CHINESE BIOPROSTHETIC HEART VALVES

From May 1976 to January 1980, 100 cases of cardiac valve replacement performed at Fuwai Hospital are reported. Chinese made heteroge- nous bioprosthetic bovine pericardial (Model BN) and porcine aortic valve with elastic stent (Model BZ) were used. 21 aortic valve replace- ment (AVR), 72 mitral valve repla.cement (MVR) and 7 double valve replacements were done. A total of 106, (81 BN and 25 BZ) bioprosthetic valves were used. The cha.racteristics of the BN and BZ. prostheses are discussed. Among the patients operated upon, 34To had Clas.s IV cardiac function (the New York Hea.rt Association criteria). The operative mortality Q3 cases) wa.s 13Yo. There were 8 cases with Cla.s.s IV function among the fatalities, 87 cases are living, 45 0f 50 had Classes I-II improvement in ca.rdiac function during 6-42 months' follow- up (mean 14.8 months). Postoperative radio- grams showed marked reductions in cardiac size. The early results of these 2 types of Chinese made bioprostheses are rather sa.tisfactory. Study of the bioprostheses in vivo and improvement of cardiac function evaluated by echocardio- graphy are briefly presented. NO prosthetic dysfunction ha.s been olbserv- ed, but long term durability of these valves remains to be established.     

儿童心脏瓣膜置换术(15例临床分析)

目的 总结1982年3月至2002年3月15例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的经验，探讨儿童瓣膜置换的手术指征、瓣膜选择、手术技术和术后抗凝治疗等问题。方法 全组15例中11例为先天性病变。在中低温体外循环下手术，二尖瓣置换10例，主动脉瓣置换3例，三尖瓣置换1例，双瓣置换1例。均采用机械瓣。手术同期矫正其他先天性畸形。术后常规应用华法令抗凝。结果 无手术及住院死亡。随访1月～20年，晚期死亡2例，其余病人心功能均为I级，无心律失常，未发现有感染、出血或血栓等并发症，瓣膜功能良好。结论 儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果良好，术后抗凝治疗应个体化，低强度抗凝是安全可靠的。     

瓣膜置换术治疗风湿性心脏病

瓣膜置换术治疗风湿性心脏病110例,换瓣130个,其中用牛心包瓣117个,经临床证实效果满意。应用生物瓣后早期抗凝治疗(尤其是有过血栓栓塞史者,伴房颤、左房巨大的病人)应持续半年。为提高治疗效果,应注意手术时机的选择及良好的心肌保护。牛心包瓣瓣衰竭的特征为瓣叶撕裂。减少瓣叶的机械性损伤,改用弹性瓣架,可减少瓣叶上的应力集中,延长牛心包瓣的使用寿命。     

162例心脏瓣膜置换术临床分析

１９９０年５月至１９９６年６月共行１６２例心脏瓣膜置换术。其中二尖瓣置换米１１４例，主动脉瓣置换术１４例，双瓣置换术３４例；同时行三尖瓣环成形４８例，左房折叠３２例。术前ＮＹＨＡ心功能分级Ⅱ级６例，Ⅲ级８８例，Ⅳ级６８例。术后早期死亡９例；随访１３６例３－７０ｍｏ，晚期死亡６例。认为：围术期的处理、手术方法的改进、巨大左房及三尖双关闭不全的纠正、术后预防感染及低强度抗凝对提高手木疗效极为重要。     

Autopsy-determined causes of death after cardiac valve replacement

We reviewed records of 378 patients who died after cardiac valve replacement and underwent autopsy at The Methodist Hospital, Houston, from 1962 through 1979. Patients were divided according to postoperative interval at death: within 30 days (early) or 30 days to ten years (late). Early deaths (279 patients) were due almost exclusively to cardiovascular abnormalities or operative complications (94%). Only 6% of early deaths were caused by prosthesis-associated complications. In contrast, late deaths (99 patients) were valve related in 47% of cases, including complete thrombotic occlusion or systemic thromboembolism (21%), prosthetic valve endocarditis (14%), valve dehiscence (6%), anticoagulation-related hemorrhage (3%), and mechanical degeneration (2%). Nine percent of late deaths were unrelated to cardiovascular disease. Thus, while early deaths primarily reflected the severity of preexisting or associated cardiovascular disease, prosthesis-associated complications were an important cause of late death after cardiac valve replacement.     

危重心脏瓣膜置换早期死亡原因及对策

目的探讨危重心脏瓣膜病手术早期死亡因素及对策。方法总结420例危重心脏瓣膜病施行瓣膜置换的患者的临床资料,男202例,女218例,年龄(40.0±8.7)岁。术前心功能Ⅲ级92例,Ⅳ级328例。二尖瓣置换237例,主动脉瓣置换20例;二尖瓣+主动脉瓣置换142例;二尖瓣置换+主动脉置换+三尖瓣置换15例;三尖瓣置换6例。采用机械瓣569枚,生物瓣23枚。同时施行三尖瓣成形术242例,左房血栓清除术62例,左房成形术42例,冠状动脉搭桥术52例,动脉导管未闭腔内缝合术14例,室间隔缺损修补术6例,主动脉窦瘤破裂修补术12例,无顶冠状窦修补及异常传导束切割术各2例。结果早期死亡13例(3.09%)。低心排出量综合征、呼吸衰竭、心室颤动及多脏器功能衰竭为常见原因。结论注重术前准备,适当选择手术时机,合理纠正病变,避免手术不当并发症及加强术后并发症处理可进一步提高外科疗效。     

人工生物瓣膜替换术351例的长期随访

自1977年12月至1983年12月底为351例病人应用人工生物瓣膜施行了352次心脏瓣膜替换术。单瓣膜替换术的手术死亡率为11.4％,多瓣膜手术为15.0％。术后累计随访期在二尖瓣替换组和主动脉瓣替换组分别为872.7病人年和314.2病人年。人工瓣膜损坏率在二尖瓣替换术为1.15％/病人年,在主动脉瓣替换术为0.64％/病人年。牛心包瓣、猪瓣和同种硬脑膜瓣的损坏率分别为3.3％(8/240)、2.1％(3/145)和3.1％(1/32)。对人工生物瓣膜的优缺点进行了讨论。在应用弹性支架和纯化戊二醛处理后,生物瓣的牢固度可望获得较大的改进。     

The use of autologous fascia lata for cardiac valve replacement: Preliminary results

Since November 1969, 53 patients have been operated on at the Toronto General Hospital for cardiac valve replacement with valves fashioned from autologous fascia lata. Sixty-three such valves have been inserted, including single aortic and mitral, double and triple valve replacements. The preliminary results indicate that operative mortality, considering the status of the patient submitted to the procedure, is comparable to that of plastic prosthetic valve replacement at this centre. Early follow-up confirms that anticoagulation is unnecessary and thromboembolism can be avoided with this form of valve substitution.