Mepivacaine Versus Bupivacaine in Adult Surgical Patients: A Meta-analysis,Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

PurposeEvidence supporting the choice between mepivacaine and bupivacaine is inconclusive. This meta-analysis aims to determine whether mepivacaine can reach a similar effect to bupivacaine after surgeries.DesignA meta-analysis, trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsRCTs were identified in PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), Medline (Ovid), and Cochrane Library using a controlled vocabulary (MeSH) and keywords. There were no date and language restrictions. We strictly included RCTs comparing mepivacaine with bupivacaine. The primary outcome was motor function recovery time. Secondary outcomes included postoperative analgesic requirement, transient neurologic symptoms (TNS), pain score at 24 hours, length of stay (LOS), duration of analgesia, complications, and patient satisfaction. A trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed for motor function recovery time, postoperative analgesic requirement, and TNS.FindingsSeven RCTs with a total of 672 patients were included. Return of motor function was quicker in patients who received mepivacaine than in those who received bupivacaine (weighted mean differences [WMD] = -2.23 minutes; 95% confidence intervals [CI], -3.58 to -0.88; P = .02; I² = 97.08%; TSA adjusted CI -17.52 to -10.9). Postoperative analgesic requirement was significantly more with mepivacaine (risk ratio [RR] = 3.23; 95% CI, 1.37-7.62; P = .01; I² = 55.11%; TSA adjusted CI 5.73-63.27). Duration of analgesia (WMD = -8.83 hours; 95% CI, -11.75 to -7.90; P < .001; I² = 0%) and LOS (WMD = -3.95 hours; 95% CI, -4.83 to -3.07; P < .001; I² = 0%) in group mepivacaine was significantly shorter compared with bupivacaine. There were no differences for TNS (RR = 3.90; 95% CI, 0.94-16.22; P = .062; I² = 72.23%), postoperative pain score (standard mean differences [SMD] = 0; 95% CI, ?0.10 to 0.10; P = .972; I² = 0%), complications (RR = 1; 95% CI, 0.70-1.43; P = .998; I² = 0%), and satisfaction (RR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11; P = .40; I² = 45%) between bupivacaine and mepivacaine.ConclusionsMepivacaine appears to yield a faster return of motor function and shorter LOS compared with bupivacaine. and may be more popular in short-stay and outpatient surgery. However, the results of TSA indicate that more high-quality trials are needed to confirm the true effects.     

ICU病人感染的细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨ICU病人感染的细菌分布情况及其耐药性。方法对ICU送检的362份标本细菌分布及耐药性情况进行回顾性分析。结果362份标本共分离出细菌368株。革兰阳性球菌占34.8%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌占50.8%,耐苯唑西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占95.4%。革兰阴性杆菌占61.4%,其中鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌分别为26.1%、23.0%、13.7%和10.2%,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）产酶率分别为71.0%和47.8%。革兰阳性球菌除对万古霉素无耐药外,对头孢菌素类、奎诺酮类、大环内酯类的耐药率高。革兰阴性杆菌对头孢菌素、奎诺酮类、大环内酯类的耐药率高,对丁胺卡那霉素、亚胺培南的耐药率较低。结论ICU病人感染率高,耐药情况严重。为控制感染及耐药性播散,应尽早对病人做细菌鉴定及药敏试验,提供准确的信息给临床医生,以便严格合理使用抗生素。     

重症监护病房中选择性消化道脱污染对院内获得性肺炎的临床价值

目的探讨在重症监护病房（intonsive cane tmit,ICU）行选择性消化道脱污染（selective digestivedecontamination,SDD）的临床实用价值。方法选取2007年1月～2010年1月危重症患者376例,随机分为两组,对照组予常规口腔护理治疗,治疗组予选择性消化道脱污染治疗,比较两组患者病情疗效的参数。结果治疗组院内获得性肺炎发生率为18.4%、院内获得性肺炎发生时间（7.2±3.2）d、人工气道（气管插管/切开）保留天数（10.5±3.8）d、机械通气天数（8.4±3.1）d、入住ICU天数（14.7±4.8）d、病死率11.6%;对照组院内获得性肺炎发生率为30.1%、院内获得性肺炎发生时间（5.6±3.6）d、人工气道（气管插管/切开）保留天数（12.5±4.6）d、机械通气天数（10.2±4.2）d、入住ICU天数（17.2±6.2）d、病死率19.4%;两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在ICU内行选择性消化道脱污染可有效控制院内获得性肺炎,改善患者病情,减少住院天数,降低病死率。     

Nursing Interventions for Adult Intensive Care Patients With Risk for Corneal Injury: A Systematic Review

PURPOSE: Sedated patients in induced comas may experience ineffective eyelid closure, presenting higher risk for corneal ulcer. The objective was to identify evidence‐based practice for corneal ulcer prevention within the intensive care unit. METHODS: A systematic literature review of nine articles was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Questions remain about which care practice is most effective, although most studies consider a humidity chamber with polyethylene film to be the best practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: A proposed NANDA‐I nursing diagnosis, risk for corneal injury, reflects this human response that demands nursing assessment and intervention. This study provides evidence toward developing nursing interventions and practice guidelines for the care of these patients.     

The Association Between Hospital End-of-Life Care Quality and the Care Received Among Patients With Heart Failure

ContextImproving end-of-life care (EOLC) quality among heart failure patients is imperative. Data are limited as to the hospital processes of care that facilitate this goal.ObjectivesTo determine associations between hospital-level EOLC quality ratings and the EOLC delivered to heart failure patients.MethodsRetrospective analysis of the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and the Bereaved Family Survey data of heart failure patients from 2013 to 2015 who died in 107 VA hospitals. We calculated hospital-level observed-to-expected casemix-adjusted ratios of family reported excellent EOLC, dividing hospitals into quintiles. Using logistic regression, we examined associations between quintiles and palliative care consultation, receipt of chaplain and bereavement services, inpatient hospice, and intensive care unit death.ResultsOf 6256 patients, mean age was 77.4 (SD = 11.1), 98.3% were male, 75.7% were white, and 18.2% were black. Median hospital scores of “excellent” EOLC ranged from 41.3% (interquartile range 37.0%–44.8%) in the lowest quintile to 76.4% (interquartile range 72.9%–80.3%) in the highest quintile. Patients who died in hospitals in the highest quintile, relative to the lowest, were slightly although not significantly more likely to receive a palliative care consultation (adjusted proportions 57.6% vs. 51.2%; P = 0.32) but were more likely to receive chaplaincy (92.6% vs. 81.2%), bereavement (86.0% vs. 72.2%), and hospice (59.7% vs. 35.9%) and were less likely to die in the intensive care unit (15.9% vs. 31.0%; P < 0.05 for all).ConclusionPatients with heart failure who die in VA hospitals with higher overall EOLC quality receive more supportive EOLC. Research is needed that integrates care processes and develops scalable best practices in EOLC across health care systems.     

医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌分布特点及耐药性监测

目的：了解鲍曼不动杆菌的分布特点、对常用抗生素的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药.方法：用Vitek-32型全自动微生物鉴定和药敏系统对临床分离的72株鲍曼不动杆菌进行鉴定和药敏试验.结果：鲍曼不动杆菌在临床上主要引起呼吸道感染,在各科室中以ICU检出率最高.该菌仅对亚胺培南较为敏感（87.5%）,对其他抗生素的耐药率高达70.0%以上.结论：鲍曼不动杆菌是ICU病房和呼吸道医院感染的重要病原菌,对除碳青霉烯类外的常用抗菌药物呈现多重耐药,必须引起临床高度重视.     

Relationship Between Etiology of Cirrhosis and Survival Among Patients Hospitalized in Intensive Care Units

ObjectiveTo determine short-term outcomes of patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis (ALC) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) compared with other etiologies of liver disease. In addition, we investigate whether quick sequential organ failure assessment accurately predicts presence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with various etiologies of cirrhosis.MethodsA retrospective cohort of 1174 consecutive patients with cirrhosis admitted to the ICU between January of 2006 and December of 2015 was analyzed. Outcomes of interest included survival rates within the ICU, post-ICU in-hospital, or at 30 days post-ICU discharge.ResultsFive hundred seventy-eight patients were found to have ALC with 596 in the non-ALC group. There was no significant difference in ICU mortality rates in ALC versus non-ALC cohorts (10.2% vs 11.7%, P=.40). However, patients with ALC had significantly higher post-ICU in-hospital death (10.0% vs 6.5%, P=.04) as well as higher mortality at 30-day post-ICU discharge (18.7% vs 11.2%, P<.001). Sustained alcohol abstinence did not offer survival advantage over nonabstinence. The predictive power for quick sequential organ failure assessment for sepsis and in-hospital mortality for patients with cirrhosis was limited.ConclusionCritically ill patients with ALC have decreased survival after ICU discharge compared with patients with other etiologies of cirrhosis, independent of alcohol abstinence.     

高血压患者群组干预管理模式的效果Meta分析

目的 评价群组干预管理模式在高血压患者管理中的实施效果.方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、JBI Library、PubMed、Ovid、Springer、Web of Science、Medline、中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、万方、维普数据库,搜集对成年高血压患者进行群组干预管理的随机对照试验,数据库检索时限均为建库至2016年4月15日.由2名研究员按照纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析.结果 最终纳入12篇文献,Meta分析结果显示:群组干预管理组高血压患者收缩压改善优于常规护理组(MD=-4.12,95%CI:-5.49~-2.74,P<0.01),舒张压改善优于常规护理组(MD=-1.79,95%CI:-2.18~-1.39,P<0.01).群组干预管理组高血压患者服药依从性高于常规护理组(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.04~1.67,P=0.02).群组干预管理组高血压患者锻炼自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.41,95%CI:0.16~0.67,P<0.01),症状管理自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.59,95%CI:0.19~0.98,P<0.01),疾病管理自我效能优于常规护理组(MD=0.52,95%CI:0.40~0.65,P<0.01).结论 群组干预管理模式能改善高血压患者的血压水平,提高患者的服药依从性及自我效能.     

Improving Diabetes Care Among Patients Overdue for Recommended Testing: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Automated Telephone Outreach

OBJECTIVE

The study''s objective was to assess the effects of automated telephone outreach with speech recognition (ATO-SR) on diabetes-related testing.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We identified 1,200 health plan members who were overdue for diabetes-related testing and randomly allocated 600 to ATO-SR and 600 to usual care (no intervention). The intervention included three interactive calls encouraging recommended testing. The primary outcome was retinopathy testing, since this was the health plan''s principal goal. Tests for glycemia, hyperlipidemia, and nephropathy were secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

In total, 232 participants (39%) verbally responded to the calls. There was no difference between the intervention and the usual care groups in the primary outcome (adjusted hazard ratio 0.93 [95% CI 0.71–1.22]) and no effect of the intervention on any of the secondary outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Fewer than 40% of the patients randomized to ATO-SR interacted verbally with the system. The intervention had no effect on the study''s outcomes.Widely accepted guidelines define effective strategies for the care of patients with diabetes (1). However, many patients with diabetes do not undergo recommended testing (2–5). Two published randomized controlled trials found that automated telephone programs using live nurse follow-up improved diabetes outcomes (6,7). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of automated telephone outreach with speech recognition (ATO-SR) on rates of testing for retinopathy, glycemia, hyperlipidemia, and nephropathy in a diverse population of privately insured patients with diabetes.     

艾灸治疗膝骨关节炎的累积Meta分析与试验序贯分析

目的 采用累积Meta分析方法评价艾灸在膝骨关节炎患者中的应用效果,并运用试验序贯分析检验Meta分析结果的真实性.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)和中国生物医学文摘(CBM)数据库中关于艾灸和药物疗法应用于膝骨关节炎患者的随机对照试验.筛选文献、数据提取、纳入文献的评价均由2名评价者独立进行,核对无误后运用Stata 11.0进行数据分析.结果 最终纳入11篇文献,包括1 005例膝骨关节炎患者.Meta分析结果显示,在疼痛评分上差异无统计学意义[SMD=-1.07,95%CI(-2.18,0.04)],在有效率[RR=0.47,95%CI(0.33,0.67)]和膝关节评分[SMD=-0.65,95%CI(-0.79,-0.51)上艾灸疗法优于药物组.试验序贯分析结果表明,在疼痛评分指标上样本量未达到试验序贯分析界值,在有效率方面样本量达到期望信息量,在膝关节评分上样本量在达到期望信息量前已获得肯定结果.结论 艾灸疗法在治疗膝骨关节炎上效果优于药物疗法.但仍需要大样本、高质量的随机对照试验进行验证.     

外科ICU腹腔感染患者行连续性血液净化的护理

目的探讨外科ICU严重腹腔感染患者行连续性血液净化(continuous blood purification,CBP)的护理对策。方法回顾性总结2007年1月至2009年6月107例重症急性胰腺炎或肠瘘合并腹腔感染患者床边行CBP治疗的临床资料及护理体会。结果 107例患者中死亡11例,放弃治疗6例,余90例患者行CBP治疗24 h后症状、体征改善。所有患者在CBP治疗期间发生的并发症:导管感染32例(29.90%),意外拔管3例(2.80%),凝血8例(44.85%),血流动力学改变5例(14.01%)。结论腹腔感染患者行CBP治疗对清除炎症介质和细胞毒素、替代肾脏功能有较好的临床效果,但也带来了额外的风险;加强基础护理和心理护理、重视血流动力学监测和预见性护理对提高治疗效果、降低并发症的发生率有重要意义。     

Measuring Endotracheal Tube Depth by Bedside Ultrasound in Adult Patients in an Intensive Care Unit: A Pilot Study

The aim of the study described here was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of measuring endotracheal tube (ETT) depth with ultrasound in adult patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). The distance between the upper margin of the cuff and the upper margin of the aortic arch (Duc-ua) of 67 ICU patients was measured by ultrasound, and the time of measurement was recorded. The level of agreement between the distance between the tip of the ETT and the carina (Dtt-c) measured by ultrasound (U-Dtt-c) and Dtt-c measured by bronchoscopy (B-Dtt-c) was assessed using linear regression and a Bland–Altman plot. There was a significant correlation between B-Dtt-c and U-Dtt-c (r = 0.844, p < 0.001). Also, the Bland–Altman plot revealed strong agreement between B-Dtt-c and U-Dtt-c. The time it took to measure ETT depth by ultrasound was 33.91 ± 5.43 s. In conclusion, bedside ultrasound provides a novel and convenient method for measuring the depth of ETT in ICU patients.