Cryptogenic Hemoptysis: Effectiveness of Bronchial Artery Embolization Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

Purpose

To describe angiographic findings and assess safety and effectiveness of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in patients with cryptogenic hemoptysis (CH).

Transcatheter arterial embolization of ruptured pseudoaneurysms with coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for ruptured pseudoaneurysms, which are difficult to control by coil embolization alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ruptured pseudoaneurysms developed at the celiac trunk (n = 1), gastroduodenal artery (n = 2), pancreatic arcade (n = 1), hepatic artery (n = 3), renal artery (n = 1), and intercostal artery (n = 1) in nine patients. NBCA was mixed with iodized-oil (1:2) and injected via the 3-F microcatheter under fluoroscopic guidance, after the catheter was advanced close to the pseudoaneurysm. Coil embolization was performed to control blood flow before administration of NBCA in seven patients. NBCA was injected immediately after coil embolization in four patients. Embolization with NBCA was performed for recurrent bleeding that occurred within 1-21 days (mean, 10.7 days) after initial coil embolization in three patients. Two patients with peripheral pseudoaneurysms underwent embolization with NBCA alone. RESULTS: The NBCA mixture was visible under fluoroscopy, and was useful in monitoring the embolization process and deciding the endpoint. Embolization was technically successful without major complications in all patients. Pseudoaneurysms and afferent and efferent arteries were eliminated immediately after embolization. Bleeding was stopped after embolization in all cases. Rebleeding did not occur in any patient during their follow-up periods of 0.7-69.5 months (mean, 17.9 months). CONCLUSION: Embolization with NBCA is a feasible and useful treatment for ruptured pseudoaneurysms, which are difficult to control by coil embolization alone.     

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization of Acute Arterial Bleeding in the Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Tract with N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate

PurposeTo assess the clinical utility and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for urgent control of acute arterial bleeding in the upper and lower gastrointestinaltract.Materials and MethodsTherapeutic NBCA embolization was performed in 37 patients (39 cases; mean age, 67.8 years) with acute upper (n = 16) or lower (n = 23) gastrointestinal tract bleeding after endoscopic management had failed. Transcatheter arterial embolization was performed using 1:1 to 1:5 mixtures of NBCA and iodized oil. The most common etiologies of bleeding were colonic diverticulosis (n = 13), malignancy (n = 11), and benign ulcer (n = 7). Coagulopathy was present in 11 patients, and 23 patients were hemodynamically unstable before NBCA embolization. Histologic examination for bowel ischemia was also performed in five patients who underwent excision of the lesion after NBCA embolization.ResultsThe technical success rate was 100%. Recurrent bleeding occurred in two patients. Complete hemostasis was achieved in all 11 patients with coagulopathy. Ulcers induced by transcatheter arterial embolization were noted in 6 of 20 patients who underwent endoscopic examination; the ulcers were successfully treated with conservative measures. Histologic examination revealed that despite inflammatory reactions in and around the vessels, no intestinal necrosis secondary to NBCA embolization was found. Hepatic abscess occurred in two cases, and ischemia of the lower limb occurred in one case; these complications were managed by percutaneous drainage and bypass surgery.ConclusionsTranscatheter arterial embolization with NBCA is a good treatment option with a high rate of complete hemostasis and a low recurrent bleeding rate, even in patients with coagulopathy.     

Retrospective Comparative Study of Absolute Ethanol with N-Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate in Percutaneous Portal Vein Embolization

PurposeThis study compared the efficacy of absolute ethanol with that of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) in portal vein embolization (PVE) before partial hepatectomy.Materials and MethodsBetween January 2012 and February 2016, 61 patients (43 men, 18 women; median; 69 years of age) underwent PVE using absolute ethanol (January 2012 to January 2014; n = 27) or NBCA (February 2014 to February 2016; n = 34). The primary endpoint was increase in the nonembolized liver volume (NELV)-to-total functional liver volume (TFLV) ratio, and the secondary endpoints were changes in embolized liver volume (ELV) and NELV, changes in laboratory data, and adverse events.ResultsThe increase in the NELV/TFLV ratio was significantly higher in the ethanol group than in the NBCA group (13.0% vs. 9.5%, respectively; P = 0.003). The decrease in ELV was significantly greater in the ethanol group (?191.9 vs. ?99.2 mL, respectively; P = 0.001). The increase in NELV did not differ significantly (129.4 vs. 116.0 mL, respectively; P = 0.316). In the ethanol group, grade 3–4 transient elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase occurred in 22 patients (81.5%) and 22 patients (81.5%) patients, respectively, whereas it occurred in 1 patient (3.0%) and 1 patient (3.0%), respectively, in the NBCA group. One patient in the ethanol group (3.7%) showed grade 2 hepatic necrosis, and 2 patients with grade 3 subcapsular biloma (5.9%) and 1 with grade 3 liver abscess (2.9%) occurred in the NBCA group (P = 0.696).ConclusionsPVE with ethanol conferred greater increase in the NELV/TFLV ratio than NBCA due to its severe atrophic effect in ELV, but no significant differences in NELV increase were found.     

The role of pulmonary CT angiography and selective pulmonary angiography in endovascular management of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms associated with infectious lung diseases

PURPOSE: To determine the value of performing selective angiography based on the findings of pulmonary computed tomographic (CT) angiography for the detection of a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) associated with infectious lung diseases and to evaluate the usefulness of endovascular management of these PAPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 6-year period, 11 PAPs were diagnosed in 10 patients (seven men and three women; age, 23-84 years). All patients presented with massive hemoptysis. The underlying diseases were cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 7), lung abscess (n = 2), and a fungus ball (n = 1). The detection rates of PAP by bronchial/thoracic angiography, main pulmonary angiography, and selective pulmonary angiography were analyzed. When a pseudoaneurysm was detected, feeding artery occlusion was performed with coils or n-butyl cyanoacrylate. RESULTS: The findings of main pulmonary angiography were contrast agent filling of the pseudoaneurysm (n = 4) and hypoperfusion of the diseased pulmonary segment without contrast agent filling of the pseudoaneurysm (n = 6). The selective angiogram based on pulmonary CT angiography demonstrated five cases of pseudoaneurysm that were not found on the main pulmonary angiogram. Embolization of the pseudoaneurysm was successfully performed in nine of the 10 patients. One patient experienced a rupture of the subsegmental branch of the inferior pulmonary artery during the procedure. CONCLUSION: Because main pulmonary angiography alone may fail to demonstrate a pseudoaneurysm, a selective angiogram based on the anatomic information obtained from pulmonary CT angiography is essential for detection of a pseudoaneurysm. In addition, endovascular management of a PAP appears to be a safe and effective treatment.     

Endovascular Therapy of Bronchial Artery Aneurysm: Five Cases With Six Aneurysms

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA)–Lipiodol mixture in patients with bronchial artery aneurysm (BAA). From January 2005 to January 2010, five patients presenting hemoptysis with six BAAs were treated with NBCA–Lipiodol mixture, including intra-aneurysm embolization (IAE) in one patient. Adjuvant embolization with spherical polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) embolic microparticles or NBCA was first performed to embolize the distal engorged bronchiectatic arteries. Bronchial arterial angiography showed six BAAs (four in the right lobe and two in the left lobe) and some engorged, tortuous bronchial arteries. TAE through microcatheter was successful in all cases. Postembolization angiogram demonstrated the NBCA cast and total occlusion of BAAs and bronchiectatic engorged vessels. After these procedures, hemoptysis completely disappeared in all patients. Follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan was performed at an average of 3 months (range 2 to 6), which showed no enhancement of BAAs and accumulation of NBCA. TAE is a minimally invasive, effective, and reliable approach for treatment for patients with BAA. NBCA–Lipiodol mixture provides a good choice for treatment of BAA, especially when catheterization of the efferent branches is impossible.     

Nonbronchial systemic collateral arteries: significance in percutaneous embolotherapy for hemoptysis

Twenty patients with massive or recurrent hemoptysis underwent percutaneous transcatheter embolotherapy between 1979 and 1986 for the following diseases: cavitary aspergillosis (n = 4); cystic fibrosis (n = 4); tuberculosis (n = 3); bronchogenic carcinoma (n = 3); bronchiectasis (n = 3); small cell lung carcinoma 6 years after irradiation (n = 1); congenital heart disease, after Glenn and Blalock anastomoses (n = 1); and unknown interstitial disease (n = 1). Bronchial arteries were embolized in all but one patient. In nine patients (45%) nonbronchial systemic collateral arteries contributed significantly to areas of pathologic pulmonary tissue and frequently were the major arterial supply. These nonbronchial systemic collaterals included branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries (n = 7), intercostal arteries (n = 5), and phrenic arteries (n = 3) and accounted for 59.5% of the total number of arteries embolized. Recognition and occlusion of nonbronchial systemic collaterals providing blood to hypervascular pulmonary lesions is essential for successful percutaneous embolotherapy of hemoptysis.     

经肺动脉血管内栓塞治疗难治性大咯血

目的 了解经体动脉(SA)栓塞术后无效或合并SA栓塞禁忌证的难治性大咯血的肺动脉(PA)造影表现,评价经PA血管内栓塞治疗的效果.方法 102例接受血管内栓塞治疗咯血患者,6例大咯血者在SA栓塞术后无法即刻止血,1例大咯血者支气管动脉栓塞后无效合并其他SA栓塞禁忌证.7例中原发病为慢性空洞型肺结核3例、慢性空洞型肺结核合并曲菌球1例、结核性支气管扩张1例、重症坏死性肺炎1例和支气管扩张合并肺大疱1例.对其行患侧的主PA造影,对病变部位的PA远端行选择性插管造影,对发现的病理性血管行栓塞治疗,并随访观察临床疗效.结果 SA造影均可见体-肺动脉分流,通过分流发现假性肺动脉瘤(PAPA)2例和PA末梢瘤样扩张2例.主PA造影发现1例PAPA外,其余均表现为病变部位的PA呈低灌注.对6例低灌注的病变部位PA行选择性插管造影发现PAPA 4例,其中1例对比剂直接外溢;PA末梢瘤样扩张2例.对以上病理性血管应用弹簧圈进行栓塞.术后均即刻止血,除1例术后仍有反复痰中带血,2例分别于术后6 d和15 d死于重症感染和呼吸衰竭(期间无咯血),其余患者未再咯血.结论 难治性大咯血需考虑PA出血,PAPA是其主要形式;主PA造影常表现为病变部位的PA低灌注,此时PA选择性插管造影是必要的,且经其行血管内栓塞治疗是有效和安全的.     

咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞治疗后复发原因分析

目的:探讨咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)术后咯血复发的原因及预防措施.方法:632例咯血患者接受支气管动脉栓塞术,进行分阶段疗效追踪,全部病例随访12～14个月,复发病例通过再次手术,确定咯血的复发原因.结果:632例中有114例咯血复发,复发的原因主要有病变血管漏栓(3例)、肺循环供血(2例)、病变血管再通(32例)、侧支循环形成(55例)和原发病进展(54例).采用合理的栓塞技术和栓塞物质组合联合栓塞,寻找所有可能对病变区域供血的血管(支气管动脉、肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉、食管固有动脉、膈动脉等)并予以栓塞,并积极的治疗原发病是预防咯血复发的主要措施.结论:充分认识患者支气管动脉栓塞术后咯血原因对降低复发率有重要的意义.     

Control of hemoptysis: systemic angiography and anastomoses of the internal mammary artery

Twenty-three patients with massive and recurrent hemoptysis were examined with angiography. Particular attention was directed to the internal mammary arteries. Specific causes for the bleeding were tuberculosis (n = 9), aspergilloma (n = 8), bronchiectasis (n = 1), primary systemic amyloidosis (n = 1), congenital and acquired pulmonary venous obstruction (n = 2), chronic pulmonary embolism (n = 1), and bilateral congenital pulmonary artery stenosis (n = 1). Eleven of these 23 patients were treated with systemic arterial embolization, and immediate cessation of bleeding occurred in nine. The recognition of the numerous collateral vessels and anastomoses of the internal mammary arteries is essential for successful percutaneous embolization for hemoptysis. The authors outline these various pathways and collateral vessels.     

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage: Predictive Factors of Need for Embolic Material Conversion of Gelatin Sponge Particles to <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

Purpose

To identify predictive factors for embolic material conversion to N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for the treatment of primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) after failed transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) using gelatin sponge (GS).

Materials and Methods

Institutional review board approval was obtained. We retrospectively studied 62 consecutive women with primary PPH who underwent TAE between January 2006 and March 2015. Five of them were excluded for the following: cardiopulmonary arrest at arrival (n = 1), uterine inversion (n = 1), and hysterectomy after TAE (n = 3). Remaining 57 women (age range, 21–43 years; mean, 32.6 years) comprised study population. TAE was initially performed using GS in all cases and then converted to NBCA after two embolizations using GS with persistent hemodynamic instability or vaginal bleeding. The patients’ background, uterine height, vital signs, laboratory tests, disseminated intravascular coagulation score, and details of procedure were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors related to embolic material conversion.

Results

Technical success rate was 100%. Fourteen patients (25%) needed embolic material conversion to NBCA. Univariate analysis showed that uterine height, systolic blood pressure (sBP), and hemoglobin level were significantly related to embolic material conversion to NBCA (P = 0.029, 0.030, and 0.042). Logistic regression analysis showed that uterine height (odds ratio, 1.37; P = 0.025) and sBP (odds ratio, 0.96; P = 0.003) were associated with embolic material conversion to NBCA.

Conclusion

Uterine height and sBP can be predictive factors for embolic material conversion to NBCA for the treatment of PPH.

Level of Evidence

Level 4, Case Control Study

     

非支气管性体动脉引起咯血的发病情况及介入栓塞疗效分析

目的 观察非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)引起咯血的发生率、与原发疾病的关系及行经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)栓塞责任NBSA治疗咯血的效果.方法 对139例接受TAE治疗的咯血患者行系统的主动脉和锁骨下动脉造影.患者原发病为:肺结核66例(2例有胸廓改良术史、1例有肺叶切除术史、1例合并室间隔缺损),单纯性支气管扩张41例(其中1例有肺叶切除术史、1例有动脉导管未闭结扎术史),支气管肺癌15例,隐原性咯血7例,尘肺3例,支气管结石3例,支气管囊肿1例,脓胸1例,肺癌术后1例,慢性肺栓塞1例.对发现的责任NBSA行栓塞术,观察NBSA引起咯血的发生概率、责任NBSA分布情况及与原发病的关系.随访观察临床疗效和并发症.随访时间6个月至5年.结果 139例中73例(52.5%)咯血与出现病理性NBSA有关.共计181支责任NBSA,包括肋问后动脉88支、胸廓内动脉27支、膈下动脉21支、食管固动脉20支、胸外侧动脉9支、肩胛下动脉7支、肋颈干5支、甲状颈干4支.肺结核患者咯血的责任NSBA以肋间后动脉(75支)和锁骨下、腋动脉的分支(44支)为主,单纯性支气管扩张者以食管固有动脉(16支)和膈下动脉(17支)为主.本组患者TAE后,即刻止血 69例,包括1次以上支气管动脉栓塞术后支气管动脉(BA)已闭塞无效和复发的19例、BA正常的初治者4例.本组中除1例行锁骨下动脉造影术后出现同侧小脑梗死和1例行BA和胸廓内动脉栓寨术后发生呼吸衰竭外无其他严重并发症.获6个月以卜的随访60例.术后间断性痰中带血16例;11例复发,10例再次TAE后停止咯血8例、间断性痰中带血2例,1例外科肺叶切除后咯血停止;其余未再咯血,但1例术后8个月死于肿瘤进展,1例术后2周死于原呼吸衰竭加莺.结论 相邻病灶的刺激和肺血流灌注不良或缺失的心血管疾病可致相应的NBSA参与肺内供血并成为咯血的责任血管,系统的血管造影和完整的TAE可提高咯血的治疗效果.     

Craniofacial arteriovenous malformation: preoperative embolization with direct puncture and injection of n-butyl cyanoacrylate.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for preoperative embolization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with craniofacial arteriovenous malformation (forehead [n = 9], deep facial [n = 3], occipital [n = 1], or lip [n = 1] lesion) were treated with injection of NBCA. Forehead lesions were supplied by ophthalmic (n = 6) and/or superficial temporal arteries (n = 7); and facial and scalp lesions, by bilateral internal maxillary (n = 4), facial (n = 2), and/or occipital arteries (n = 1). Lesions were percutaneously punctured with a 20-gauge needle in the area of arteriovenous connection. Direct angiography was performed before and after compression of venous drainage, and NBCA diluted 30%-50% with iodized oil was injected during venous compression. RESULTS: Postembolization arteriograms showed that six lesions were completely devascularized after single or multiple (one to nine) injections, and five were effectively devascularized (> or = 90%). Although three lesions were 60%-70% devascularized after injection, two of these were successfully extirpated with no notable blood loss. In nine patients, the ophthalmic arterial supply had disappeared after embolization. There were no procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: Direct-puncture embolization with NBCA is an effective and safe technique for preoperative devascularization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformation. For safe and effective devascularization, compression of draining venous channels is thought to be important.     

Transcatheter coil embolization of a complex pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm with thyrocervical trunk-pulmonary arterial fistulization in a patient with cystic fibrosis and massive hemoptysis

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) is a rare cause of life-threatening hemoptysis and tends to develop in the setting of infection, neoplasm, or trauma. Successful endovascular coil embolization has demonstrated effectiveness in treating PAPs and is now the treatment of choice for these patients. Vascular supply to PAPs is highly variable and often requires embolization of both the systemic and pulmonary feeding vessels. This is a case report of a successful transcatheter coil embolization of a complex PAP with a thyrocervical trunk-pulmonary arterial fistula in a patient with massive hemoptysis in the setting of advanced cystic fibrosis.     

Added benefit of thoracic aortography after transarterial embolization in patients with hemoptysis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of thoracic aortography performed after transarterial embolization in identifying additional arteries responsible for causing hemoptysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between March 2000 and November 2001, we prospectively performed thoracic aortography after transarterial embolization in 76 patients with hemoptysis. Underlying diseases included tuberculosis (n = 34), bronchiectasis (n = 30), emphysema (n = 4), bronchitis (n = 4), aspergillosis (n = 3), and lung cancer (n = 1). Initially, angiography of bronchial and other systemic arteries possibly contributing to hemoptysis was performed with embolization. After completion of the embolization, thoracic aortography was performed, with the tip of the catheter located just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. RESULTS: A total of 200 arteries (52 right bronchial, 40 left bronchial, six common bronchial, 76 intercostal, 11 inferior phrenic, six thoracodorsal, eight internal mammary, and one thyrocervical) were identified either at the initial embolization or on thoracic aortography as being responsible for causing hemoptysis. Among them, 29 arteries (14.5%) that were not included on the initial selection for embolization were later identified on postembolization thoracic aortography. There were two right bronchial, three left bronchial, eight inferior phrenic, and 16 intercostal arteries. CONCLUSION: The inferior phrenic and intercostal arteries were often missed on routine transarterial embolization in patients with hemoptysis. Postembolization thoracic aortography is useful for monitoring the effectiveness of embolization and for improving the detection of arteries contributing to hemoptysis.     

选择性支气管动脉栓塞术控制匿源性咯血

目的分析匿源性咯血患者支气管动脉造影的影像学表现,评估选择性支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)治疗匿源性咯血的临床价值。方法 2004年6月至2011年3月对11例内科保守治疗无效的匿源性咯血患者行选择性BAE。术中行系统的主动脉造影及锁骨下动脉造影,观察责任血管的影像学表现及来源,并对双侧支气管动脉(BA)及非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)责任血管行选择性栓塞术。术后随访6个月～5年。结果 11例患者中10例为吸烟者(或有吸烟史)。所有患者术前CT增强检查及纤维支气管镜检查均未发现肺实质内与咯血有关的实质性病变。11例患者中,10例术中动脉造影存在血管异常表现,总共24支责任血管,其中右侧支气管动脉11支、左侧支气管动脉8支、胸廓内动脉2支、肋间动脉3支。术后8例咯血立即停止,2例仍有少量咯血经保守治疗后好转,1例术后仍有咯血,行肺叶切除术后好转。术后2例出现不同程度胸痛,1例出现发热,1例出现轻度肾功能不全,均经处理后缓解,所有患者均未出现其他严重的栓塞后并发症。所有患者术后1个月内无再次咯血,1例术后5个月咯血复发,经保守治疗后好转。结论吸烟是匿源性咯血的一大危险因素,BA是匿源性大咯血的主要责任血管;选择性BAE治疗匿源性大咯血安全、有效,是首选的一线治疗手段,     

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization of Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Materials and Methods

Between March 1999 and December 2002, TAE for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding was performed in 93 patients. The endoscopic approach had failed or was discarded as an approach for control of bleeding in all study patients. Among the 93 patients NBCA was used as the primary embolic material for TAE in 32 patients (28 men, four women; mean age, 59.1 years). The indications for choosing NBCA as the embolic material were: inability to advance the microcatheter to the bleeding site and effective wedging of the microcatheter into the bleeding artery. TAE was performed using 1:1-1:3 mixtures of NBCA and iodized oil. The angiographic and clinical success rate, recurrent bleeding rate, procedure related complications and clinical outcomes were evaluated.

Results

The angiographic and clinical success rates were 100% and 91% (29/32), respectively. There were no serious ischemic complications. Recurrent bleeding occurred in three patients (9%) and they were managed with emergency surgery (n = 1) and with a successful second TAE (n = 2). Eighteen patients (56%) had a coagulopathy at the time of TAE and the clinical success rate in this group of patients was 83% (15/18).

Conclusion

TAE with NBCA is a highly effective and safe treatment modality for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, especially when it is not possible to advance the microcatheter to the bleeding site and when the patient has a coagulopathy.     

Transcatheter Arterial Embolization with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate for Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Hemodynamically Unstable Patients: Results and Predictors of Clinical Outcomes

PurposeTo assess the safety, efficacy, clinical outcomes, and prognostic factors associated with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage in hemodynamically unstable patients.Materials and MethodsBetween January 2008 and December 2012, 49 hemodynamically unstable patients (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg and ongoing transfusion requirement) underwent emergency TAE with NBCA for nonvariceal upper GI bleeding and were included in the study. The technical (cessation of extravasation) and clinical (no residual bleeding within 7 d) success rates, incidence of ischemic complications, and clinical and technical predictors of recurrent bleeding within 30 days were analyzed.ResultsThe technical and clinical success rates were 98% and 71%, respectively. There were no ischemic bowel complications; one patient experienced hepatic infarction with elevated liver enzymes. The incidence of major complications was 2%. The incidence of rebleeding within 30 days was 39%. Hematologic malignancies (P = .017), coagulopathy (P = .003), steroid pulse therapy (P = .025), and the absence of NBCA in the target lesions (P = .003) were associated with recurrent bleeding.ConclusionsNBCA embolization can be safely performed in hemodynamically unstable patients with active nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. The clinical factors associated with rebleeding might influence the clinical outcome.     

Embolization of bronchial arteries with N-butyl cyanoacrylate for management of massive hemoptysis: a technical review

N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is an adhesive material, which has been used as an embolic agent in various vascular beds. Its role in the management of patients with acute massive hemoptysis has not been reported. In this article we report our experience with 12 such patients who underwent bronchial artery embolization using NBCA and compare the results with 36 procedures using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. As compared with PVA, NBCA embolizations appear more durable, leading to fewer rebleeds. There were 12 episodes of recurrent hemoptysis after 36 procedures using PVA (33%) with 8 being due to bleeding from a previously embolized vessel. Conversely, there were only 2 of the 12 patients who were treated by NBCA who experienced rebleed (16.6%). In this article, we describe the technical nuances of NBCA embolization of bronchial arteries and review potential pitfalls.     

Prediction of recurrent hemoptysis with MDCT angiography

OBJECTIVE: To identify the computed tomography (CT) findings to predict recurrent bleeding in patients with massive hemoptysis. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with massive hemoptysis underwent both CT and conventional bronchial angiography for bronchial artery embolization. Retrospective analysis was done to analyze the statistical differences in the initial CT findings between the nonrecurrent and recurrent hemoptysis groups using the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi or Fisher exact test. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to find predictive variables for the recurrence of hemoptysis. RESULTS: After embolization, recurrence of hemoptysis was observed in 15 of 58 patients (26%). The diameter of bronchial (P = 0.001) and nonbronchial systemic arteries (P < 0.05), total number of dilated bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries (P = 0.001), pleural thickening (P = 0.01), extrapleural fat thickening (P = 0.004), and enhancing vascular structures within the extrapleural fat layer (P = 0.04) were significantly different in the nonrecurrent and recurrent hemoptysis groups. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the total number of dilated bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries (odds ratio, 3.540; 95% confidence interval: 1.175, 10.662; P = 0.025) was a significant CT variable associated with the recurrence of hemoptysis. CONCLUSIONS: CT bronchial angiography may help in the prediction of recurrent bleeding in patients with massive hemoptysis.