2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病肾病的临床诊断

目的　分析 2型糖尿病 (DM )患者合并非糖尿病肾病 (NDRD)与糖尿病肾病 (DN )在临床表现、病程、病理改变的异同 ,以指导临床诊断与治疗。方法　 2型DM患者 3 4例分为两组 ,合并NDRD组 2 2例 ,单纯DN组 12例。对两组发病年龄、糖尿病病程、蛋白尿、血尿、肾功能、高血压、视网膜病变、肾脏病理等资料进行对比分析。结果　DM病程在NDRD组短于DN组 ;两组蛋白尿程度相似 ;血尿伴蛋白尿的发生率在NDRD组略多于DN组 ;肾功能损害在NDRD组更显著 ;伴高血压者DN组多于NDRD。视网膜病变并发率在DN组为 10 0 % ,且为Ⅱ～Ⅳ期病变 ,NDRD组仅有 2例伴发Ⅱ期病变。 3 0例患者行肾穿刺活检 ,12例呈不同阶段的DN ,18例伴发不同类型的肾小球肾炎。结论　糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病者平均糖尿病病程多 <5年 ;突然出现大量蛋白尿、水肿、而肾功能正常者 ;单纯肾性血尿 ,或血尿加蛋白尿者 ;肾功能迅速减退者 ;不伴视网膜病变者 ;肾小管功能受损显著者 ,应考虑为DM并发非糖尿病性肾病     

老年2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病患者的临床及病理分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴单纯糖尿病肾病(DN)、非糖尿病肾病(NDRD)和DN合并NDRD的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析住院行肾活检的70例老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料,详细比较DN、NDRD、DN+NDRD三组的临床及病理特点,并与同期203例非老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料进行对比。结果按病理分型的3个亚组:DN亚组占25.27%〔(14+55)/273〕,NDRD亚组占63.74%〔(44+130)/273〕,DN+NDRD亚组占10.99%〔(12+18)/273〕。其中,DN亚组老年患者占5.13%,非老年患者占20.15%;NDRD亚组老年患者占16.12%,非老年患者占47.62%;DN+NDRD亚组老年患者占4.39%,非老年患者占6.59%。总体上老年组的DM病史、肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而老年组体重指数(BMI)、肾小球滤过率(e GFR)、血清白蛋白水平明显低于非老年组(P<0.05)。老年组DN亚组的肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而BMI、24 h尿蛋白定量(UP)明显低于非老年组;老年组的NDRD亚组肾衰竭发生率明显高于非老年组,而BMI、e GFR明显低于非老年组(P<0.05);老年组DN+NDRD亚组的肾病综合征发病率和24 h-UP明显高于非老年组。老年组内DN亚组的24 h-UP、BMI明显低于DN+NDRD亚组;NDRD亚组DM病史、24 h-UP明显低于DN+NDRD亚组。非老年组内DN亚组的DM病史、24 h-UP明显高于NDRD亚组,而BMI、e GFR低于NDRD亚组;非老年组内DN亚组的24 h-UP明显高于DN+NDRD亚组,而血清白蛋白明显低于DN+NDRD亚组;非老年组内NDRD亚组的24 h-UP、血清白蛋白低于DN+NDRD亚组。病理诊断方面,老年组、非老年组及两组的NDRD亚组中,膜性肾病占的比例都是最大,Ig A肾病次之。在老年组和非老年组的DN+NDRD亚组中,高血压肾小动脉硬化是最常见的病理类型。结论老年T2DM中NDRD并不少见,DN、NDRD及DN+NDRD的临床表现难以鉴别,只有通过肾活检才能最终明确DN、NDRD和DN+NDRD的诊断。为提高老年T2DM患者肾脏疾病的缓解率和存活率,还需要大型、多中心、随机的前瞻性研究明确老年T2DM患者的肾脏病变特点。     

老年2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾病的临床治疗研究

目的探讨老年糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾病的临床治疗效果。方法选取2017年5月—2018年5月进入该院进行肾活检的20例老年糖尿病患者合并的非糖尿病性肾病的临床表现和病理特点。结果表现镜下血尿者4例,病理类型分别是IgA肾病、系膜增生性肾炎、膜增殖性肾类和亚急性肾小管间质性肾病;肾病综合征者4例,病理类型分别是膜性肾病2例、系膜增生性骨炎和膜增殖性肾炎各1例;肾功能减退与糖尿病病史不相符者10例,占66.7%,表现为急性肾功能不全者7例,病理类型分别是慢性肾小管间质性肾病2例、系膜增生性肾类2例、IgA骨病、膜增殖性肾类和肾小球淀粉样变病各1例,表现为慢性肾功能不全者3例,病理类型均是慢性肾小管间质性督病,伴有高血压性骨损害者8例。结论老年糖尿病患者合并的非糖尿病性肾病,患者患病之后肾功能明显减退,身体素质下降,同时该疾病还容易引发多种类型的并发症,比如说高血压或心脑血管疾病,对于患者的健康生活有着较大的影响。     

老年肾脏病152例临床与病理特点分析

目的了解老年肾脏病患者的临床表现及病理特点。方法回顾性分析152例经皮肾活检确诊的老年（≥60岁）肾脏病患者的临床表现和病理类型。结果肾活检患者中原发性肾小球疾病最为常见（114例,占75％）,主要表现为。肾病综合征（53．51％）、慢性肾炎综合征（30．70％）、隐匿性肾炎（8．77％）、急进性肾炎综合征（4．39％）和急性肾炎综合征（2．63％）。病理改变主要为系膜增生（48．25％）、局灶性节段性肾小球硬化症（13．16％）、膜性肾病（11．40％）、新月体性肾炎（6．14％）,轻微病变（6．14％）为主。继发性肾脏疾病占全部病例的25％,原发病以糖尿病肾病（28．95％）、急性肾小管坏死（23．68％）居多。以急性。肾衰竭为临床表现的23例患者的病理类型主要为急性肾小管坏死（39．13％）和新月体性肾炎（30．43％）。将本组患者与同期行肾活检的非老年组比较,在原发性肾脏病中,膜性肾病和新月体性。肾炎的检出率明显高于非老年组,而IgA肾病的检出率明显低于非老年组;继发性肾脏病患者中,本组以糖尿病肾病及急性肾小管坏死居多,而非老年组则以狼疮性肾炎（65．84％）和乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（14．01％）居多。结论老年肾活检患者以原发性肾小球疾病最常见,肾病综合征是最常见的临床表现,病理改变则以系膜增生最为多见。     

2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病肾损害的临床病理分析

目的　分析 2型糖尿病 (T2DM)患者合并非糖尿病肾损害 (NDRD)的临床与病理特点。　方法　回顾性分析 4 2例T2DM患者临床与病理资料 ,比较NDRD患者与糖尿病肾病 (DN)患者发病年龄、病程、视网膜改变、急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)、尿检等临床表现的异同。　结果　 (1)该组肾活检诊断NDRD 2 8例 ,占 6 6 7% ,以轻中度系膜增生性肾炎最常见 (7例 ,2 5 0 % ) ,其次为局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (4例 ,14 3% )和膜性肾病 (3例 ,10 7% ) ;3例患者为DN基础上合并肾小管间质性损害(10 7% )。 (2 )两组患者发病年龄、病程、蛋白尿差异无显著意义 ,但NDRD患者镜下血尿明显 (17/2 8vs 3/14 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,3例患者表现为肉眼血尿 ,4例患者出现急性肾功能衰竭 ,与DN组比较差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 )。 (3)肾外表现中 ,NDRD组视网膜病变发生率明显低于DN组 (3/14vs 7/10 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,但高血压发生率、心血管病变两组间差异无显著意义。 (4)该组 4例ARF患者和 8例以大量蛋白尿为主要表现的NDRD患者治疗后获得完全缓解。　结论　糖尿病常伴有NDRD。对于病程短、血尿明显、伴有ARF或不伴有糖尿病视网膜病变者 ,应重视NDRD诊断。     

2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者肾活检病理临床分析

目的对2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者肾活检病理结果进行探讨分析。方法选取2016年1月—2018年6月该院接收2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者42例作为研究对象,进行肾脏活检病理检查,对检查结果进行分析研究,比较DN与NDRD在临床特征及检查结果上的差异。结果经肾脏活检病理发现,DN患者为26例(61.9%),光镜下显示肾小球增生肥大,系膜区有弥漫或结节样改变等。NDRD患者为16例(38.1%),其中膜性肾病5例(31.2%),居首位;其次IgA肾病4例(25.0%)。DN组与NDRD组就临床特征及检查结果上比较,DN组在DR和高血压患病率上显著高于NDRD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。DN组的血清肌酐高于NDRD组,eGFR低于NDRD组。DN组的总胆固醇、LDL及血红蛋白水平均低于NDRD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肾活检病理检查能够对2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者为DN还是NDRD加以准确的区分,为临床上给予相对应的治疗方法提供了重要的依据。     

糖尿病合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理分析

目的分析糖尿病(DM)合并非糖尿病性肾损害(NDRD)患者的临床病理表现。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2018年1月该院收治的98例DM合并NDRD患者的临床资料,分析DM合并NDRD患者的临床病理特点、治疗及预后情况。结果 DM合并NDRD患者常合并多种NDRD,以肾小球病变为主,包括膜性肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、IgA肾病、微小病变、局灶节段性硬化等;临床表现:肾炎综合征、血尿、急慢性肾功能不全、蛋白尿、肾病综合征等;与糖尿病肾病的不同特点包括:(1)血尿明显;(2)急性肾功能衰竭;(3)肾功能不全或蛋白尿明显增多时血压正常;(4)糖尿病病程5年。结论 DM合并NDRD患者常合并有不用类型肾损伤,与糖尿病肾病有明显区别,通过肾组织活检可以确诊。在控制血糖、血压基础上给予糖皮质激素、细胞毒类药物治疗可以改善患者预后。     

老年2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检患者的临床及病理特点

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检患者临床及病理特点。方法回顾性分析住院行肾穿刺活检的82例老年T2DM患者的临床及病理资料,根据肾活检病理结果分为DM肾病(DN)组15例,非糖尿病肾病(NDRD)组45例,DN合并NDRD(DN+NDRD)组22例。结果 NDRD中最常见的病理类型是膜性肾病(MN)13例(28.89%),其次是IgA肾病10例(22.22%);DN+NDRD中最常见的病理类型是MN和高血压肾小动脉硬化各6例(27.27%)。在肾穿刺时年龄方面,DN+NDRD组显著比DN组大,而NDRD组比DN+NDRD组显著小(P0.05)。在DM视网膜病变(DR)的发生率、体重指数(BMI)18 kg/m~2的发生率、BMI 18～25kg/m~2的发生率及收缩压方面,NDRD组明显比DN组低(P0.05);在DM病史12个月的发生率、BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率及血红蛋白方面,NDRD组明显比DN组高(P0.05);DM病史12～60个月的发生率和BMI 18～25 kg/m~2的发生率,DN+NDRD组明显比DN组低(P0.05);在BMI、BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率及血红蛋白方面,DN+NDRD组明显比DN组高(P0.05);在DM病史、DM病史61～120个月的发生率、BMI、BMI 18～25 kg/m~2的发生率及收缩压方面,NDRD组明显比DN+NDRD组低(P0.05);在BMI25 kg/m~2的发生率方面,NDRD组明显比DN+NDRD组高(P0.05)。结论老年T2DM合并肾脏损害肾穿刺活检病理诊断为NDRD并不少见,MN和IgA肾病最常见;DN+NDRD中MN和高血压肾小动脉硬化多见。老年T2DM患者NDRD的DM病史较短,DN、DR发生率较NDRD高。     

糖尿病肾病患者肾功能的评估

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy，DN）是导致终末期肾脏疾病（ESRD）的常见原因。根据美国2007年度USRDS的报告，DN在ESRD中占43．8％，中国DN在ESRD中所占比例约为15％。更为严峻的是，DN患者发展进人终末期肾功能衰竭后，其’肾脏替代治疗的效果远较一般肾脏疾病差。     

中老年2型糖尿病伴肾损伤患者的临床及病理特征

目的探讨中老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)伴糖尿病肾病(DN)、DN合并非糖尿病肾病(DN+NDRD)及糖尿病(DM)合并非糖尿病肾病(DM+NDRD)患者的临床及病理特点。方法回顾性研究该院自2006年1月至2014年5月间收住院行肾穿刺活检的108例中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者的临床及病理资料。依肾穿刺活检病理结果将所有病例分为DN组、DM+NDRD组及DN+NDRD组。结果糖尿病病史<5年的中老年T2DM伴肾损伤的患者应考虑存在DM+NDRD的可能,相反,>5年应考虑DN及DN+NDRD的存在;Hb A1c越高,DN的可能性就越大;中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者有DR的存在,应高度警惕发生DN的可能;肾小球滤过率(GFR)低而血清肌酐高应考虑DN存在的可能;血尿多发生于DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD;DN多发生高血压;108例中老年T2DM伴肾损伤患者肾穿刺病理结果,DN 69例,占63.89%,DM+NDRD 30例,占27.78%,DN+NDRD 9例,占8.33%。DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD最常见的病理类型是Ig A肾病,DN最常见的病理类型是弥漫型肾小球硬化。结论中老年T2DM伴肾损伤DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD并不罕见;鉴别DN、DM+NDRD和DN+NDRD的"金标准"是肾穿刺活检;对于糖尿病病史短、血尿、蛋白尿、无DR及临床症状不典型的中老年患者应及时做肾穿刺活检,以便指导临床治疗。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.