某市医院检验科微生物实验室人力资源现状调查分析

目的：调查分析淮安市二级及以上医院检验科微生物实验室人力资源现状。方法：对淮安市19所二级及以上医院检验科微生物实验室工作人员数量、学历、职称构成等现况进行调查。结果：二、三级医院微生物实验室工作人员总数50人，占检验科一线工作人员10.66%。其中研究生学历22%，本科学历64%；高级职称20%，中级职称32%。医院实际床位数与微生物实验室人员比例平均291∶1。结论：某市二级以上医院对检验科微生物实验室人力资源配置比较重视，但仍需进一步加强人才的引进和培养。     

我国医院产前超声的人力资源现状分析

目的:了解我国各级医院产前超声的人力资源现状。方法:采用自填式调查表调查全国780所国家级出生缺陷监测医院中从事产前超声的专业医务人员,并按东中西部和医院等级进行统计分析。结果:各级医院专业人员平均年龄和工作年限无统计学差异。学历在一级医院中,东中西部均以大专为主,分别为55.95%、57.14%和44.03%,二、三级医院超声人员学历以本科为主。专业人员职称构成在不同级别医院差异显著。在一级医院中,中级职称产前超声人员2007-2009年参加培训的比例,西部仅为32.73%,显著低于东部(56.26%)和中部(53.85%),二、三级医院中,东部各级职称人员培训比例均高于中西部。结论:我国产前超声人员年龄和工作年限分布较为合理,但学历、职称构成和培训比例欠合理,应进一步优化产前超声从业人员的学历和职称构成,并加大对初级职称人员的培训力度。     

温州市三级医院护理人力配置分析

目的了解温州市三级医院护理人力资源内部配置的现状以及特点,剖析其存在的问题.为医院的护理发展提供人力配置建议.方法通过问卷调查和座谈方式,对温州市5家三级医院进行人力配置现状(含编制外人员)调查,利用excel进行数据整理分析.结果医院护理人员的人力配置存在学历过低的问题;医院护理人员的人力配置职称比例不合理;医院护士人员配置不足,各种护士工作依托于各种护工人员的协助.建议未来三级医院要更加注重护理人员学历、职称结构的合理配置.     

医学影像技术人力资源状况与需求调查

目的比较二、三级医院医学影像技术人力资源差异,了解未来三年医学影像技术人员需求状况。方法采用问卷调查法调查了上海20家三级医院和13家二级医院放射科。结果上海市从事放射医学影像技术工作的人员以男性、40岁以下居多,职称以初级为主;三级医院过去几年需求旺盛,二级医院人员构成老化;学历构成三级医院以大专为主,二级医院中专明显高于三级医院。未来3年内,各医院需求以本科为主,并在工作中不断提高各项专业技术能力;对高职影像技术专业毕业生的需求比例不高,但仍有一定需求,对我院已毕业高职生总体评价良好。结论医学影像技术高职专业教育要未雨绸缪。     

河北省疾控机构食品检验人力资源现状调查与分析

目的 了解河北省疾控系统食品检测人力资源现状,探讨食品检测人力资源配置中存在的问题,为今后制定相应政策,改善配置提供科学决策依据.方法 应用专用调查表,对省、市、县三级疾控机构食品检测人力资源状况包括人员数量、职称、年龄、学历、专业年限等方面进行调查.结果 全省从事相关食品检验检测的人数1089人,地市级平均每个检测机构16.2人县级平均每个检测机构4.6人;职称构成全省高、中、初级及以下职称比例为1∶3.9∶6.1;学历省级以本科以上为主,市级以本科和大专学历为主,占到75.8％,而县级以大专及中专以下学历为主,为84.1％.结论 全省疾病预防控制机构的食品检验人员,从数量和素质上均存在结构失衡,比例失调等问题.     

2004年广东省疾病预防控制系统人力资源状况探讨

目的：促进广东省疾控系统人力资源结构合理配置。方法：收集2004年全省省市县三级疾控系统人员学历、所学专业、职称构成等情况。结果：全省疾控中心人员数目不足，其中无职称、无学历人员均超标准配置，县（区）级高、中级职称人员数量不足等。结论：有必要根据有关标准及社会发展要求，采取措施作适当的调整与补足。     

浅议我院人力资源现状及对策

通过对太仓市第一人民医院卫生人力资源配置现状进行调查、分析,从人员分类、职称、年龄、学历构成等方面阐述卫生人力资源配置中存在的问题,对卫生人力资源发展提出几点建议,为县市医院的卫生人力资源配置提供依据。     

上海市医疗机构药师队伍的现状调查

目的 了解上海市医疗机构药师队伍的基本情况，为促进医院药学工作模式的改革、推进临床药师制、加强医院药学工作的建设提供依据。方法采用问卷调查法，对上海市416家医院(其中三级医院28家、二级医院52家、一级医院336家)6千余名药师的职称、学历及岗位分布等情况进行调查。结果平均每所三级医院拥有的高级职称及中级职称人数显著高于一二级医院，博士、硕士学历的人员主要分布在三级医院。二三级医院门急诊调剂岗位上，高、中级职称人员的比例低于其它部门。平均每百张床位配备的住院药房药师不足1名。结论上海市药师队伍中高、中级人员处于紧缺状态，分布不均。药学技术人员职称结构和学历结构难以胜任临床药学服务的要求。我们应着力于提高药师队伍的整体素质和学术水平，为临床药师制的推广做好人才准备。     

2002、2012年六盘水市疾控机构人力资源配置分析

目的分析2002、2012年六盘水市疾控中心人力资源配置,为今后疾控机构人力资源配置新标准的制定提供客观依据。方法采用中国疾控中心设计的统一调查问卷进行调查。结果2002年员工平均年龄38．2岁,以35岁以上45岁以下为主;学历以中专、高中为主;2012年员工平均年龄43．67岁,以45岁以上为主;学历以大专以上为主;职称结构均以初级和中级职称为主。2002年与2012年同年龄段相比：35岁以上45岁以下及45岁以上差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;同学历相比：各学历差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;同职称相比：仅高级职称差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;资源配置相比：2012年业务用房、实验室面积、设备设施、资金投入均高于2002年。结论2012年疾控中心人力资源配置比2002年有所提升;业务办公条件得到一定改善,用于公共卫生服务的设备设施不断增加,学历结构得到普遍提高,专技人员职称能级结构得到提升。但年龄结构断层、老化;基本仪器和设备不足。     

天津市二级以上医院公共卫生人力资源现况

目的分析天津市二级以上医院公共卫生人力资源现状,为建立结构合理的医院公共卫生人才队伍提供依据。方法采用普查方法对天津市100所二级以上医院进行调查,采用Epidata软件建立数据库,应用SPSS 13.0进行统计分析。结果2013年调查88所天津市二级以上医院公共卫生人员共786人,每所医院配备公共卫生人员中位数为9.0人;93.13%公共卫生人员有正式编制;65.01%公卫人员为专职工作人员;性别以女性为主占69.21%;年龄以40~49岁组为主占37.53%;学历以大专及以下为主占48.99%;专业以护理和临床等医疗专业为主占75.83%,预防医学专业人员仅占8.27%;职称以中级以上为主占58.65%。不同等级医院间公共卫生人力资源特征比较,三级医院在正式编制、高学历、高职称3方面好于二级医院,差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.796,P=0.000;χ2=51.758,P=0.000;χ2=43.121,P=0.000)。结论天津市二级以上医院公共卫生人力资源配备不尽合理,应尽快制定统一的医院公共卫生人员配备标准,加强其人力资源建设。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries