气道黏液栓形成的肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的预后分析

目的　探讨气道黏液栓形成的肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿吸收缓慢者的临床特征及治疗不足, 为判断预后及指导治疗提供依据。方法　回顾性分析2012年5月至2014年5月收治的67例纤维支气管镜下表现为气道黏液栓形成的MPP患儿的病例资料, 根据复查影像学是否恢复正常, 分为肺炎吸收缓慢组(n=30)和对照组(n=37)。比较两组临床表现、实验室指标、影像学结果及治疗的差异, 对有显著差异的指标行受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析。结果　肺炎吸收缓慢组外周血中性细胞比例(N)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸脱氢酶、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、IgM水平及胸腔积液发生率均高于对照组(PP结论 黏液栓形成的MPP患儿总热程、N、CRP、FIB及首次行纤维支气管镜治疗时间对提示肺炎吸收时间超过2个月均有一定的诊断价值。     

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎气道黏液栓塞的临床指标分析

目的 探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)患儿黏液栓堵塞气道与临床指标的关系,为判断预后和综合制定治疗方案提供参考.方法 回顾性收集2014年9月至2016年9月在郑州大学第三附属医院诊断为肺炎支原体肺炎,并于急性期行纤维支气管镜检查的住院患儿为研究对象.根据患儿纤维支气管镜下黏膜损害情况分为黏液栓堵塞组(122例)和对照组(146例),比较两组患儿的性别、发病年龄、热程、是否合并胸腔积液,及血常规白细胞计数(WBC)及中性粒细胞比例(N%)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、D-二聚体、血沉(e-rythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)的差异.结果 黏液栓堵塞组的年龄、总热程、CRP、LDH、D-二聚体和血沉的水平及合并胸腔积液比例均高于普通型组(P均<0.05),年龄、总热程均高于普通型组(P均<0.05).结论 肺炎支原体肺炎患儿年龄较大、热程长、合并胸腔积液以及C反应蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、D-二聚体和血沉水平较高,提示黏液栓堵塞气道可能性越大,应及早给于行纤支镜灌洗治疗.     

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎急性期的相关因素分析

目的 寻找并分析儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)急性期的相关因素,以协助临床早期认识,及时治疗.方法 回顾性分析北京儿童医院呼吸科病房2009年1月-2010年1月101例重症MPP患儿(重症组)和102例轻症MPP患儿(对照组)的住院病历资料,分析比较2组间的发病年龄、性别、病变部位、大环内酯类药物应用开始时间及WBC、N、PLT、CRP、ESR、LDH、纤维蛋白原(FIB)和D-二聚体等实验室指标,对单因素分析后有统计学意义的指标进行成组Logistic回归分析,寻找重症MPP急性期的独立相关因素,并对所得相关因素作ROC曲线,寻找其诊断临界值.结果 经单因素分析及成组Logistic回归分析后,发现患儿发病年龄(OR=0.980,P=0.026)、大环内酯类药物应用开始时间(OR=1.346,P=0.000)、CRP水平(OR=1.063,P=0.000)、ESR水平(OR=1.030,P=0.028)及LDH水平(OR=1.016,P=0.000)共5个自变量为重症MPP急性期的独立相关因素,其诊断临界值分别为9.46岁、6.5 d、36.0 mg·L-1、47.6 mm·(1 h)-1、250 IU·L-1,以CRP临界值的诊断准确度最高,LDH次之.结论 年龄(>9.46岁)是重症MPP发生的保护性因素,而大环内酯类药物应用开始时间的延迟及CRP、ESR和LDH水平的升高则可提示重症MPP发生的可能,其中以CRP临界值的判断准确度最高.     

儿童肺炎支原体肺炎合并黏液栓的病例对照研究

背景 部分儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)合并黏液栓,可导致炎性狭窄或闭塞.目的 探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)合并黏液栓的影响因素.设计病例对照研究.方法 纳入2018年6月至2020年6月在湖南省人民医院儿童医学中心住院、符合MPP诊断且行纤维支气管镜检查的患儿,根据首次纤维支气管镜下是否观察到黏液栓分为无黏液...     

纤维支气管镜早期介入治疗对气道内黏液栓阻塞的儿童肺炎支原体肺炎的价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）早期介入治疗在合并有气道内黏液栓阻塞的肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）患儿中的应用价值。方法 根据入院至行纤支镜介入治疗的时间,将纤支镜下发现气道内黏液栓阻塞的MPP患儿随机分为早期介入组（≤ 3 d;n=40）和晚期介入组（> 3 d;n=56）,对两组患儿治疗前后的临床资料进行比较,并随访1~3个月。结果 96例患儿中,38例纤支镜下发现塑型性支气管树形成,其中早期介入组10例,晚期介入组28例（P=0.01）。早期介入组患儿的纤支镜介入治疗后热程、住院时间、WBC恢复正常时间、CRP恢复正常时间短于晚期介入组（P < 0.05）;肺不张复张率高于晚期介入组（P < 0.05）。出院时早期介入组肺部实变吸收面积 ≥ 60%的患儿比例高于晚期介入组;随访3个月时,早期介入组肺部实变吸收面积 ≥ 90%的患儿比例高于晚期介入组（80% vs 55%,P=0.01）,而肺不张的发生率低于晚期介入组（P < 0.05）。结论 对于气道内有黏液栓阻塞的MPP患儿,早期行纤支镜介入治疗可缩短病程,减少并发症及后遗症的发生。     

上海地区单中心住院儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎相关因素分析

目的 分析普通肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)进展为难治性MPP的相关因素，为早期识别难治性MPP提供参考。方法 采集2012年9月至2013年8月复旦大学附属儿科医院住院的MPP且排除了其他常见病毒和细菌感染的病例，分为难治性MPP组和普通MPP组。复习文献收集与难治性MPP相关的指标，采集入院次日相关实验室检查指标、入院3 d内采集胸部X线和CT资料；以单因素和多因素分析进展为难治性MPP的相关因素。结果653例MPP患儿进入分析，占同期收治肺炎患儿的51.9%（653/1 257例）。难治性MPP组300例，男171例；普通MPP组353例，男221例。①单因素分析显示，难治性MPP组年龄显著高于普通MPP组，（66.8 ± 37.5） vs （51.4 ± 34.4）月龄，>3岁的比例也显著高于普通MPP组（234/300 vs 224/353，P<0.01）。难治性MPP组发热时间和住院天数均显著高于普通MPP组（P均<0.01）；CK、LDH、HBDH、ALT、AST、CRP、PCT和IL-6水平难治性MPP组均显著高于普通MPP组；难治性MPP组肺渗出面积评分显著高于普通MPP组，（1.95±1.12） vs （1.55±0.97），P<0.01。②选择单因素分析后有统计学意义的临床、实验室和影像学指标行逐步Logistic回归分析，发热天数(OR=1.954,95%CI:1.403~2.722)、血清LDH水平(OR=1.009,95%CI:1.001~1.018)和肺渗出面积评分（OR=2.422,95%CI:1.111~5.279）是难治性MPP的独立相关因素。结论 肺炎支原体已成为社区获得性肺炎住院患儿的主要病原体，难治性MPP病例常发生于3岁以上儿童。疾病早期存在持续高热、肺部渗出面积大、血清LDH水平增高是进展为难治性MPP的独立相关因素。     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿发生后遗症的危险因素研究

目的 探讨肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)患儿发生后遗症的相关危险因素,以指导临床治疗,减少后遗症的发生.方法 回顾性分析北京儿童医院2002年1月-2006年10月1 705例住院MPP患儿的临床资料,根据急性期后2个月胸片或肺CT表现分为后遗症组(144例)和对照组(190例).记录两组患儿的年龄、性别、热程、喘息、胸腔积液、肺外并发症,肺CT(或胸片)病变部位、肺部病变类型,WBC(N%、L%)、ESR、CRP,发病后开始应用大环内酯类抗生素的时间及开始应用丙种球蛋白、糖皮质激素的时间;对两组上述各项指标进行组间对照研究,先行单因素分析,对单因素分析结果P＜0.2的指标进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 Logistic回归分析结果显示,热程＞10 d(P＜0.05,OR=1.987)、胸腔积液(P＜0.01,OR=7.724)、病变部位位于右上肺(P＜0.01,OR=3.547)、病变类型为大片状阴影(P＜0.01,OR=2.009)、肺外并发症(P＜0.05,OR=2.232)为肺炎支原体肺炎后遗症的独立危险因素,胸腔积液是较强危险因素.结论 热程、胸腔积液、病变部位、病变类型、肺外并发症均与肺炎支原体肺炎后遗症的发生相关.     

儿童肺炎支原体性胸腔积液特点分析

目的探讨肺炎支原体性胸腔积液临床特点。方法回顾性分析肺炎旁胸腔积液(PPE)患儿的临床资料,比较支原体感染与非支原体感染患儿的差异,并对单因素分析中有统计学差异的指标行多因素logistic回归分析,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,得出各指标的诊断界值及回归模型的诊断准确度。结果支原体感染与非支原体感染患儿的年龄、外周血白细胞数、血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、免疫球蛋白IgA及IgM,胸腔积液中多核粒细胞比例、葡萄糖及乳酸,以及胸腔积液纤维分隔形成、胸膜增厚的差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);多因素logistic回归分析示,年龄、血清IgM及LDH,胸腔积液中乳酸(LAC)在支原体感染组及非支原体感染组间的差异也有统计学意义(P0.05),其诊断界值分别为ROC曲线下面积(AUC)=0.887(95%CI:0.830~0.944,P0.001)。结论对于病原不明确的PPE患儿,若存在年龄3.92岁,血清IgM1.29 g/L及LDH367 U/L,胸腔积液LAC4.02 mmol/L时,应高度怀疑支原体感染的可能。     

乳酸脱氢酶在儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎诊断和治疗中的意义

目的 探讨乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)在儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)诊断和治疗中的意义.方法 对2013年6月至2016年6月南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院儿科收治的肺炎支原体肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)患儿,均给予红霉素治疗.根据RMPP的定义,将其分为普通MPP组和RMPP组.RMPP组采用红霉素基础上添加甲泼尼龙治疗.根据疗效,将RMPP患儿分为有效组和无效组.所有患儿均检测血LDH、WBC计数、C-反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)及肌酸激酶(CK).分别比较RMPP组和普通MPP组、有效组和无效组之间在治疗前后上述指标有无差异.结果 共纳入253例受试者,其中普通MPP组161例,RMPP组92例.与普通MPP组相比,RMPP组患儿年龄更大,LDH、ESR、ALT、AST水平更高(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,LDH(OR=1.029,95%CI 1.020~1.037)、ESR(OR=1.063,95%CI 1.009~1.120)为RMPP的预测因素(P＜0.05).受试者工作特征曲线表明,LDH临界值为400.50U/L时,曲线下面积最大为0.959,95%CI 0.936~0.983.RMPP组添加甲泼尼龙治疗后,患儿临床症状迅速改善,有效组LDH、ESR水平显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 血清LDH可能为早期识别RMPP和判断疗效的一个重要指标.     

难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿临床特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(RMPP)患儿的临床特点及相关危险因素。方法回顾分析2012年1月至2016年10月收治的628例2~12岁肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)患儿的临床表现、实验室指标及影像学特点,采用逐步logistic回归分析RMPP发生的相关危险因素,绘制ROC曲线分析各独立危险因素在RMPP中的预测价值。结果与486例普通型支原体肺炎(GMPP)相比,142例RMPP患儿的年龄更大,热程、住院时间、阿奇霉素治疗天数更长,肺外并发症、右肺病变、右上肺病变、胸腔积液、大叶性肺不张、肺部大片实变影及胸膜增厚的比例更高,中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、白介素(IL)-6、IL-10、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)及总Ig A水平也更高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。逐步logistic回归分析显示,CRP、LDH、IL-6、IL-10和IFN-γ是RMPP的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析显示,CRP、LDH、IL-6、IL-10及IFN-γ用于鉴别RMPP和GMPP患儿具有较好价值,其最佳阈值分别为15.3 mg/L、402 IU/L、13.82 pg/mL、5.07 pg/mL和13.84 pg/mL。结论临床症状、肺部影像学表现加重,血清CRP、LDH、IL-6、IL-10及IFN-γ水平明显升高有助于早期识别RMPP。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.