颅后窝内外面有关骨性结构的应用解剖学研究

目的:研究与斜坡区、桥小脑角区、及颈静脉孔外侧区手术入路有关的骨性结构,探讨其定位解剖和临床意义。方法:20具干性成人头颅标本,移去颅盖骨,观察、测量颅后窝内外面有关骨性结构。结果:硬脑膜窦角(STP)点距内耳门距离左侧(32.99±2.72)mm、右侧(37.84±2.58)mm,距颈静脉孔距离左侧(35.27±3.25)mm、右侧(34.63±3.25)mm。颈静脉孔上方约5mm为内耳门,下方约20mm为舌下神经管内口,前方为斜坡区。内耳门、颈静脉孔、舌下神经管内口三者近似在一条直线上。乳突尖距颈静脉孔距离左侧(22.62±1.90)mm、右侧(22.33±2.30)mm,距枕髁后外缘距离左侧(29.42±2.15)mm、右侧(29.08±2.29)mm,距枕大孔距离左侧(39.39±2.03)mm、右侧(38.47±1.96)mm。结论:STP点、颈静脉孔、内耳门是颅后窝内面重要骨性结构,乳突是颅后窝底外侧一个重要骨性标志结构;STP点、内耳门、颈静脉孔、乳突尖可作为颅后窝手术重要的定位标志。     

颅底颈静脉孔区骨性测量的应用解剖

目的:通过研究颅底颈静脉孔及其周围结构形态学参数,为国人颅底应用解剖学和骨学体质调查积累资料,为颅底外科突破手术禁区提供形态学基础。方法:选取100例成人骨性颅底标本,测量了骨性颅底颈静脉孔的前后径、内外径及颈静脉窝的深度,颈静脉孔与邻近结构之间的距离,以及枕髁的长度、宽度及枕髁与周围结构之间的距离。结果:颈静脉孔的前后径左侧为(7.90±2.01)mm,右侧为(8.80±1.63)mm;内外径左侧为(13.9±2.44)mm,右侧(14.47±2.52)mm。颈静脉窝深度左侧(12.28±2.41)mm,右侧(13.79±3.67)mm。乳突尖与颈静脉孔的外侧缘的距离左侧为(23.47±2.65)mm,右侧为(22.84±2.88)mm;茎乳孔与颈静脉孔外缘的间距左侧为(7.44±1.36)mm,右侧为(6.78±1.61)mm。颈静脉孔内侧缘至舌下神经管内口外侧缘的距离左侧为(9.09±0.76)mm,右侧为(9.86±1.25)mm;枕髁前端距舌下神经管外口前缘间距左侧(14.46±1.23)mm、右侧(11.41±1.91)mm;枕髁后端距舌下神经管外口后缘间距左侧(11.09±2.75)mm,右侧(14.39±1.85)mm。结论:在颈静脉孔区肿瘤远外侧入路手术中,磨除孔外侧与乳突间骨质时,自乳突尖约16mm处注意保护自茎乳孔出颅的面神经;在内侧入路手术中可磨除枕髁前半部不超过11mm;枕髁磨除的厚度不超过10mm,以防在磨除枕髁时伤及横过髁中部深面的舌下神经。在切除颈静脉孔前缘或前上缘的肿瘤采用经口咽入路时磨除颈静脉结节的厚度在8mm以内可防止伤及舌下神经。     

颞底-经小脑幕手术入路的应用解剖学

目的 :对后颞部进行解剖学研究 ,为颞底 -经小脑幕手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法 :采用干性颅骨标本 2 0例及福尔马林固定的头颅标本 15例 ,进行解剖研究和模拟颞底 -经小脑幕入路。结果 :横窦从窦汇处开始向前逐渐升高 ,在顶乳突缝前角处 ,呈弧形向外移行于乙状窦 ,上缘与颧弓延长线的距离为 (11.2± 2 .2 )mm (8.2～ 14 .5mm )。顶乳突缝前角、星点与STP距离分别是 (2 .1± 2 .6)mm (0～ 9.3mm) ;(2 0 .4± 4.0 )mm(14 .1～ 2 6.4mm )。星点位于横窦上缘上、横窦上 1/2、横窦下 1/2、横窦下缘下分别占 16.7%、2 6.7%、3 3 .3 %、2 3 .3 %。颧弓、乳突上嵴与其相对应的颅中窝底相平。结论 :颞底 -经小脑幕入路骨窗的关键孔 (孔 1) :圆心在乳突上嵴 ,孔后缘与顶乳突缝前角相切。孔 2 :于关键孔后方 ,下缘与颧弓延长线的距离为 15mm。孔 3 :于关键孔前方 ,下缘平颧弓。星点变异大 ,不易作为定位横窦的标志。     

颅底后外侧解剖学研究及临床应用

目的：对颅底后外侧颅骨进行学研究，为手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法：采用干颅骨及福尔马林固定头颅标本各15例进行解剖研究和模拟乙状窦后手术入路。结果：枕外隆凸到颧弓根连线为横窦标志。星点，顶乳缝前角及乳突尖形成的三角区为乙状窦上下曲之间表面投影。关键孔位置在乳窦后平台。结论：作者设计的关键孔定位方法简捷，实用，方便，在模拟手术中可行性好。     

上颌神经阻滞麻醉的应用解剖学基础

目的　为临床口腔颌面外科提供解剖学依据。方法　观察 3 0例干性颅骨标本的翼腭窝及其通道的形态、大小 ,并进行相关数据的测量。结果　 (1)上颌神经阻滞点至颧弓下缘中点的距离 ,左侧为41 0 4± 2 43mm ,右侧为 41 63± 2 19mm ;(2 )圆孔至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 1 98± 2 2 4mm ,右侧为 3 1 73± 4 2 9mm ;(3 )硬腭至腭大孔的距离 ,左侧为 3 46± 1 12mm ,右侧为 3 54± 1 12mm ;(4)硬腭后缘可作为进针的解剖学标志。结论　本研究可为经颧弓下缘中点和经翼腭管上颌神经阻滞入路提供重要的解剖学参数。     

颅底后外侧立体应用显微解剖学研究

目的探讨颅底后外侧区各解剖结构之间的对应关系及立体结构框架,为颅底侧方入路提供相应的解剖学数据及资料。方法10例(20侧)成人带颈头颅标本,按颅底后外侧区解剖层次进行解剖和观测,同时对相应区域进行测量,并做统计学分析。结果乳突、茎突、星点、横窦、乙状窦、寰椎横突外侧端在颅底后外侧入路中是重要的解剖学标志,椎动脉V2段寰枢椎间段、V3段及围绕椎动脉的静脉丛在该手术中应注意保护,本实验进一步确定了各重要骨性标志的定位及相关重要结构之间的距离。结论该区域中以乳突为圆点、以星点为中心各解剖结构的测量、椎动脉重要区段的观测可有效而安全地保护重要结构,避免损伤重要的血管及神经。     

经颅中窝入路内耳道的定位研究

目的:探讨经颅中窝入路确认内耳道的定位方法。方法:12例成人头颅湿标本,在手术显微镜下解剖观察,辨认颧弓根后点、棘孔后唇、锤骨头和内耳道间的位置关系。结果:锤骨头的位置相对恒定,其与颧弓根后点和棘孔后唇距离分别为(19.44±1.48)mm和(17.74±1.32)mm。以颧弓根后点和棘孔为原点,分别在颅中窝做内径18mm弧线,两弧交叉处外侧钻5mm骨孔,即可辨认锤骨头。颧弓根后点至锤骨头连线,向内延长则落在内耳门内外侧界之间,在此磨除岩嵴即可打开内耳道内侧份,内耳门距锤骨头约(19.71±1.97)mm。结论:经颅中窝手术时,锤骨头可作为确认内耳道的安全可靠的解剖标志。     

远外侧经枕髁手术入路防止椎动脉损伤的应用解剖

目的:为远外侧经枕髁入路手术保护椎动提供较详细的解剖资料。方法:应用20具(40侧)成人尸头湿标本进行显微解剖研究。结果:寰椎横突、第2颈神经前支、肩胛提肌、椎动脉周围静脉丛、头外侧直肌为确认第2、3段椎动脉的重要标志。寰、枢椎横突孔间距左侧为(15.3±1.6)mm,右侧(15.8±2.2)mm;枕骨大孔后缘中点距椎动脉入硬脑膜口处左侧(21.6±2.0)mm,右侧(21.5±2.0)mm;椎动脉于寰椎后弓上方向后呈弓形弯曲,其外侧跨度左侧(17.9±3.2)mm,右侧(17.7±3.2)mm;内侧跨度左侧(9.8±2.5)mm,右侧(9.8±2.2)mm;向后距椎板高左侧(7.4±2.3)mm,右侧(6.3±3.3)mm。结论:熟悉椎动脉第2、3、4段的毗邻关系及解剖标志,对保护椎动脉、安全地施行远外侧经枕髁入路手术至关重要。     

基于解剖学研究的枕下乙状窦后入路精准开颅技术探讨

目的　探索应用颅骨表面解剖标志指导枕下乙状窦后入路安全、精准、快速开颅技术。 方法　从2016年4月至2019年6月选取15具颅骨标本和8具尸头标本,定位颅骨标本解剖标志点：二腹肌沟顶点、乳突尖、星点及关键点（横窦-乙状窦移形处相对应颅外标志点）,研究颅骨解剖标志点间的关系,制定开颅技术,并将该开颅技术应用于28例患者,通过评估相关指标,评价此开颅技术的可行性。 结果 （1）解剖研究及尸头验证：关键点与二腹肌沟顶点距离左侧为(16.79±3.50) mm、右侧为(14.82±2.96) mm,关键点与星点距离左侧为(19.53±3.84) mm、右侧为(22.59±4.08) mm,关键点与乳突尖的距离左侧为(33.98±3.87) mm、右侧为(32.78±3.29) mm,关键点与星点的距离左、右侧间差异有统计学意义（P=0.020）。将开颅技术应用于8例尸头标本,均未出现静脉窦损伤。（2）临床应用：28例患者进行开颅技术验证,23例横窦乙状窦暴露充分,无钻孔所致静脉窦破损,平均开颅时间为(23.1±2.2) min,骨瓣1.8 cm×2.0 cm,骨窗直径2.0~2.5 cm,术中骨瓣复位。 结论　以眶下缘与外耳道上缘连线为基线,过二腹肌沟顶点作基线的垂直线,在垂直线上定位二腹肌沟顶点上方14 mm(左侧)/12 mm（右侧）的点,确定此处为钻孔骨孔中心点并形成骨孔,可以获得满意的术区显露,避免静脉窦的损伤,为临床安全、精准、快速开颅提供依据。     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,寻找手术入路中的重要解剖标志点,测量相关解剖数据,为内镜经鼻入路处理Meckel囊区病变提供解剖学依据。方法 5例共10侧新鲜成人头颅标本,采用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路解剖和暴露Meckel囊区,寻找该手术入路中重要的解剖标志,研究具体的解剖方法,测量相关的解剖数据,解剖过程中使用导航。结果鼻小柱下缘至后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,至蝶窦口下缘为(61.2±1.6)mm,至腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±1.4)mm,至蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,至翼管前口下缘的距离为(75.4±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘与腭蝶管前口上缘距离为(2.1±0.7)mm,与圆孔下缘距离为(7.5±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.4±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。以腭蝶管为解剖标志可以寻找到翼管前口;以翼管为解剖标志可以寻找到岩骨段颈内动脉前膝部,以斜坡旁颈内动脉隆突可以寻找到斜坡旁颈内动脉,以圆孔可以寻找到上颌神经。导航能够准确定位上述解剖标志。结论运用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路可以解剖和暴露Meckel囊区。此入路是由Meckel囊前方四边形区域暴露该区域,此四边形内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为展神经,外侧方为上、下颌神经;实验数据和导航可以辅助定位重要的解剖结构和标志。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.