瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者苏醒时间的影响

目的探讨瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者苏醒时间的影响。方法50例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期行开胸手术患者,随机分为2组,A组(瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚组)25例,术中瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚持续泵入维持麻醉;B组(芬太尼与咪达唑仑组n=25例),术中芬太尼与咪达唑仑持续泵入维持麻醉。术中根据血压及心律的变化调整输注速度,维持血压及心率在基础值±20%范围内。观察患者苏醒时间、拔管时间及警觉/镇静评分(OAA/S)。结果苏醒时间、拔答时间A组与B组比较有著性差异(P<0.05),A组的苏醒时间、拔管时间最短,且术后苏醒质量评分最佳。结论瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚持续输注维持全凭静脉麻醉由于开胸手术,苏醒最快、质量最佳。     

瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在腹腔镜肌囊手术中的应用

目的 评价瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用.方法 120例腹腔镜胆囊手术病人,随机分为瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和单纯全麻组(Ⅱ组),每组60例.观察记录麻醉开始前、诱导后、气管插管后、气腹后、拔除气管导管时各时点MAP、HR变化;观察记录两组患者的苏醒时间和拔管时间;拔管后30min内伤口疼痛情况.结果 拔管即刻Ⅱ组MAP、HR明显高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);两组患者均能迅速苏醒和拔管,苏醒时间和拔管时间无显著差异,但Ⅱ组苏醒期躁动和术后疼痛例数显著高于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼镇痛作用强,长时间输注体内无蓄积,有利于术后清醒和拔管;复合硬膜外阻滞,血流动力学稳定,苏醒期无不良反应发生,具有良好的麻醉效果.     

舒芬太尼和地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后疼痛过敏的效果比较

目的 比较舒芬太尼和地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后疼痛过敏效果及不良反应发生情况。方法 选择2017年6月~2019年6月在我院行腹腔镜下子宫次全切术和子宫全切术患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各20例。对照组术毕给予地佐辛预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后疼痛过敏治疗,观察组术毕给予舒芬太尼预防治疗,比较两组呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MAP）、不同时间段[拔管即刻（T1）、拔管后10 min（T2）、拔管后1 h（T3）]疼痛（VAS）评分以及临床不良反应（恶心、呕吐、躁动、呛咳）发生情况。结果 观察组呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时HR和MAP与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组T1、T2时间段VAS评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;T3时间段VAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组不良反应总发生率（20.00%）低于对照组（40.00%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 舒芬太尼和地佐辛均可有效预防瑞芬太尼麻醉后疼痛过敏,不影响苏醒时机,但舒芬太尼术后不良反应发生率更低,临床应用安全可靠。     

瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用

目的评价瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞在腹腔镜胆囊手术中的应用。方法 120例腹腔镜胆囊手术病人,随机分为瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组（Ⅰ组）和单纯全麻组（Ⅱ组）,每组60例。观察记录麻醉开始前、诱导后、气管插管后、气腹后、拔除气管导管时各时点MAP、HR变化;观察记录两组患者的苏醒时间和拔管时间;拔管后30min内伤口疼痛情况。结果拔管即刻Ⅱ组MAP、HR明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）;两组患者均能迅速苏醒和拔管,苏醒时间和拔管时间无显著差异,但Ⅱ组苏醒期躁动和术后疼痛例数显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。结论瑞芬太尼镇痛作用强,长时间输注体内无蓄积,有利于术后清醒和拔管;复合硬膜外阻滞,血流动力学稳定,苏醒期无不良反应发生,具有良好的麻醉效果。     

全麻苏醒拔管期间维持小剂量瑞芬太尼靶控输注可改善苏醒拔管质量

目的探讨丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉患者全麻苏醒期间维持小剂量瑞芬太尼靶控输注对苏醒拔管质量的影响。方法择期脊柱侧弯后路矫形手术患者40例,随机分为对照组(全麻苏醒期间停用所有药物,n=20)和瑞芬太尼组(全麻苏醒期间维持瑞芬太尼小剂量靶控输注,n=20)。记录两组患者苏醒时间、拔管时间,并观察苏醒拔管质量评分。结果对照组患者苏醒时间为(12.76±3.56)min,拔管时间为(13.98±4.06)min;瑞芬太尼组患者苏醒时间为(13.14±3.87)min,拔管时间为(14.21±4.77)min,组间比较无显著差异。但对照组患者苏醒拔管质量评分为1、2、3、4和5分的患者例数分别为1、10、5、3和1例;瑞芬太尼组患者苏醒拔管质量评分为1、2、3、4和5分的患者例数分别为5、12、3、0和0例,组间比较有显著差异(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉全麻苏醒拔管期间维持小剂量瑞芬太尼靶控输注可以改善苏醒拔管质量,且不延长苏醒拔管时间。     

瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼用于无痛人流术中的比较

目的：研究瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼复合异丙酚应用于无痛人工流产术的临床效果和安全性。方法选择行无痛人流术的早孕妇女60例,随机分为瑞芬太尼组(R组)和舒芬太尼组(S组)各30例,分别记录术前、扩宫时、吸宫时和术后的HR、SBP、DBP和SpO2及麻醉效果,异丙酚总量、手术时间、苏醒时间以及术后并发症(恶心、呕吐、宫缩痛),并观察麻醉满意率。结果两组病例扩宫时HR、SBP、DBP和SpO2均较术前下降(P<0.01),苏醒时间R组短于S组(P<0.05),术后恶心、呕吐和宫缩痛差异无显著性,麻醉满意率两组均为100%。结论瑞芬太尼和舒芬太尼复合异丙酚用于无痛人流术效果好,安全可行,以瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚更优,但需严密监测呼吸、循环和加强管理。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼对甲状腺手术全麻术后的苏醒质量的对比分析

目的：探讨并比较舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼在甲状腺全麻手术中对苏醒质量的影响。方法选取我院2013年1月~2014年1月在我院行甲状腺切除术患者80例，根据麻醉用药的不同分为舒芬太尼组(S组)和瑞芬太尼组(R组)，并比较两组患者术后苏醒效果。结果两组患者在术后呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间方面的比较无明显差异(P>0.05)，但是S组拔管期不良反应的发生率明显小于R组(6.67%VS30.0%)，且<0.05。结论与瑞芬太尼比较，舒芬太尼在甲状腺手术全麻中的应用不延长术后的苏醒时间，且能减少躁动等不良反应的发生率，安全性高。     

瑞芬太尼在小儿外科麻醉中的可行性研究

目的：探讨瑞芬太尼静脉输注在小儿外科手术麻醉中的有效性及安全性。方法选择ASA(美国麻醉医师协会分级法)玉~Ⅱ级患儿60例,患者年龄1.5~8岁。随机分为试验组瑞芬太尼组(REM组)和对照组芬太尼组(Fen组),各30例。其中,先天性腭裂修补手术患儿24例,腺样体扁桃体切除患儿36例。麻醉诱导采用静脉注射丙泊酚、维库溴胺、地塞米松、瑞芬太尼或芬太尼。麻醉维持院两组均采用持续静脉泵注丙泊酚,间断静脉注射维库溴铵维持肌松;试验组持续静脉泵注瑞芬太尼,对照组持续静脉泵注芬太尼。记录麻醉时间,苏醒时间和拔管时间。结果两组患儿麻醉效果均满意,生理参数两组之间比较无明显差异,并发症发生率低,无统计学差异(>0.05)。试验组比对照组苏醒快,拔管时间短。结论瑞芬太尼比芬太尼镇痛作用强,术中血流动力学稳定,并且术后苏醒快,拔管时间短,恢复迅速,无蓄积作用,是小儿外科手术的一种较好麻醉。     

舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用研究

目的：探讨舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床疗效。方法选择接受腹腔镜胆囊切除术的84例ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ的患者作为观察对象,根据随机分组原则将84例患者分为观察组与对照组各42例,所有患者气管插管全麻下进行腹腔镜手术,观察组术毕前30 min给予舒芬太尼,对照组给予瑞芬太尼,比较两组麻醉后的各项参数及术后恢复情况。结果观察组各三个观察时点RS、RSS评分相比对照组更优,患者躁动少,清醒完全(P<0.05),对照组心率、血压T2、T3时点相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论舒芬太尼应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术,患者血流动力学更加稳定,术后恢复快,具有一定临床应用价值。     

瑞芬太尼抑制气管拔管期心血管反应的最低有效浓度的测定

目的测定瑞芬太尼抑制50%患者气管拔管期心血管反应的靶控输注(TCI)血浆靶浓度(EC50),以指导瑞芬太尼临床应用。方法选取26例在全身麻醉下行腰椎间盘摘除术患者。预设第1例患者拔管时瑞芬太尼TCI血浆靶浓度为2ng/mL,依据Dixon上下序贯法原则决定下1例患者拔管时的瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度。同时记录患者麻醉诱导前、拔管期瑞芬太尼达到预设靶浓度时、气管拔管即刻及拔管后5min内的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SPO2)、脑电双频谱指数(BIS)以及拔管期患者有无呛咳。结果采用Dixon序贯法计算得到的瑞芬太尼抑制腰椎手术患者气管拔管期血流动力学反应的EC50为1.57ng/mL,其95%可信区间(CI)为1.45～1.69ng/mL。结论联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉拔管期,抑制50%患者心血管反应的瑞芬太尼TCI血浆靶浓度为1.57ng/mL。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.