癌症患者家庭照顾者负担评估工具的研究进展

癌症患者家庭照顾者负担影响照顾者的生活质量与家庭照顾质量,是影响癌症患者及其家庭照顾者心理健康的重要因素。该文从癌症患者家庭照顾者负担的普适性、特异性评估量表的特性、应用领域等方面对国内外癌症患者家庭照顾者负担评估工具进行综述,分析现有癌症患者家庭照顾者负担评估工具存在的问题并提出建议,以期为建立和应用本土化测评工具提供借鉴,并为开展相关研究提供参考。     

老年癌症晚期患者家庭照顾者负担的现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨老年癌症晚期患者家庭照顾者负担现状,分析其相关影响因素。方法采用目的抽样法、问卷调查174名老年癌症晚期患者家庭照顾者,问卷包括自制一般资料问卷,Zarit照顾者负担量表。结果调查对象照顾者负担总分为(29.18±12.83)分,其中无照顾者负担者54名(31.03%),轻度负担86名(49.43%),中度负担29名(16.67%),重度负担5名(2.87%)。照顾者性别、是否患有慢性病及家庭支付医疗费用情况是相关影响因素。结论老年癌症晚期患者家庭照顾者普遍存在照顾负担,以轻度为主,应重视对照顾者身体状况、经济负担等方面的评估,采取针对性护理措施,帮助老年癌症晚期患者家庭照顾者有效实施照顾的同时减轻其身心负担,提高其生活质量。     

怀旧疗法对老年癌症患者家庭照顾者照顾负担及积极体验的影响

目的探讨怀旧疗法对老年癌症患者家庭照顾者照顾负担及积极体验的影响。方法将81例老年癌症患者家庭照顾者随机分为对照组(n=42)和干预组(n=39),对照组接受常规健康教育,干预组在此基础上接受5周的怀旧疗法,干预前后分别采用照顾者负担量表(CBI)和照顾者积极感受量表(PAC)进行评定。结果干预后,干预组照顾者CBI总分及各维度得分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组PAC总分及各维度得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对老年癌症患者家庭照顾者采用怀旧疗法进行干预可降低照顾负担,提高照顾者的积极体验,同时,可提高癌症患者及其照顾者的生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

基于压力应对理论的癌症患者家庭照顾者疾病获益感影响因素分析

目的探讨基于压力应对理论下癌症患者家庭照顾者的自我效能感、应对方式、社会支持、照顾负担对疾病获益感的影响。方法采用横断面调查法,运用疾病获益感量表修订版、一般自我效能感量表、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷及Zarit护理负担量表对癌症患者家庭照顾者进行问卷调查。结果癌症患者家庭照顾者疾病获益感总分为(74.87±9.415)分,多元逐步回归分析显示,癌症患者家庭照顾者的自我效能感、积极应对方式、个人负担和社会支持为疾病获益感的影响因素(t=-4.319～5.802,P0.05),可解释37.4%的变异量。结论癌症患者家庭照顾者的疾病获益感处于中等水平,在临床工作中善于挖掘癌症患者家庭照顾者的积极心理,基于理论基础上采取有效的干预措施,减轻照顾负担,缓解照顾压力,促进其身心健康。     

家庭干预方案对肺癌化疗患者主要照顾者照顾负担及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨家庭干预方案对肺癌化疗患者照顾者照顾负担及生活质量的影响。方法 应用随机数字表法将入选的96对肺癌化疗患者及其主要照顾者随机分为实验组和对照组各48对;以主要照顾者作为研究对象,对照组实施常规护理,实验组在此基础上接受护理人员及肿瘤志愿者实施的家庭干预方案。12周后采用Zarit照顾者负担量表和癌症患者照料者生活质量调查表评价干预前后效果。结果 干预前两组主要照顾者的照顾负担评分及生活质量得分无统计学差异(P＞0.05),干预后实验组主要照顾者照顾负担评分明显低于对照组,生活质量评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 家庭干预方案能有效降低肺癌化疗患者主要照顾者的照顾负担,改善照顾者的生活质量。     

2型糖尿病患者家庭主要照顾者照顾负担与应对方式的相关性研究

目的 描述2型糖尿病患者家庭主要照顾者(以下简称照顾者)照顾负担与应对方式的现状,并探讨二者的相关性。方法 采用疾病负担量表和应对方式量表,对82例2型糖尿病患者及其照顾者进行问卷调查,分析2型糖尿病患者家庭照顾者照顾负担的发生情况及影响因素,并采用Spearman相关分析法探讨照顾者负担与应对方式之间的相关性。结果 照顾者照顾负担的发生率为87.8%；照顾者采用最多的应对方式为“尽量看到事情好的一面”(2(1,2))；照顾者负担与积极应对方式呈正相关(r_s=0.294,p＜0.01),与消极应对方式不相关(p＞0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者家庭主要照顾者具有中重度的照顾负担,照顾者的照顾负担越多,采纳的积极应对方式也越多。医务工作者将照顾者纳入到患者的日常健康教育中,提供其更多的积极应对方式的方法,减轻照顾负担。     

癌症患者照顾者反应水平调查及其相关因素分析

目的调查癌症患者主要照顾者反应状况,分析其影响因素。方法采用照顾者一般资料调查表、照顾者反应评估量表对192名癌症患者的主要照顾者进行问卷调查。结果照顾者反应各维度平均得分从高到低依次为自尊(4.15±0.48)分、时间安排受打扰(3.61±0.69)分、经济问题(3.21±1.04)分、健康状况(3.08±0.81)分、家庭支持缺乏(2.44±0.72)分;照顾者反应各维度的影响因素各不相同。结论癌症患者照顾者既有较高的照顾负担,同时又有积极感受,护理人员应根据照顾者反应的状况及影响因素对其实施个性化的干预措施。     

过敏性紫癜患儿照顾者心理适应现状及影响因素分析

目的 探讨过敏性紫癜患儿照顾者心理适应现状，并分析其影响因素。方法 应用心理适应量表、照顾者负担量表、家庭亲密度和适应性量表等工具对2021年5月—2022年5月汕头市某医院儿科收治的178例过敏性紫癜患儿的照顾者进行问卷调查。结果 过敏性紫癜患儿照顾者的心理适应得分为(66.76±8.98)分，条目均分为(3.34±0.45)分。多元线性回归分析结果显示，照顾者年龄、照顾者性别、照顾类型、照顾负担、家庭亲密度是过敏性紫癜患儿照顾者心理适应的影响因素(P<0.05),共同解释了84.6%的变异。结论 医护人员应重视过敏性紫癜患儿照顾者的心理适应状态，给予女性、年轻、独立照顾患儿、照顾负担重、家庭亲密度不足的照顾者更多的关注，增强其情绪调节能力，提高其心理适应水平。     

血液透析患者家庭照顾者负担的调查

目的调查血液透析患者家庭照顾者负担，为维持照顾者健康及改善家庭护理质量提供依据。方法自行设计的问卷调查97例血液透析患者及家庭照顾者的一般资料，采用Zarit护理负担量表调查血液透析患者家庭照顾者负担、巴氏ADL量表评估血液透析患者的日常活动能力，应用Pearson相关分析法探讨上述变量之间的关系。结果照顾者负担与血液透析患者ADL、照顾者年龄、职业状况、婚姻状况、照顾年限、每天照顾时间显著相关（P〈0．05）。结论提高血液透析患者的日常活动能力并适当利用收费性家庭服务可减轻患者家庭照顾者的负担。     

胃癌患者家庭照顾者预期性悲伤与照顾负担的现状及相关性

目的探讨胃癌患者家庭照顾者预期性悲伤与照顾负担的现状并分析其相关性。方法选取2018年2月至2020年10月在中山大学附属肿瘤医院治疗的胃癌患者的135例家庭照顾者作为研究对象, 调查其预期性悲伤程度及照顾负担程度, 采用Spearman秩相关分析法对两者相关性进行分析。结果胃癌患者家庭照顾者预期性悲伤最低分为51分, 最高分为125分, 平均(79.26±15.58)分, 以失去的感觉维度条目均分最高(3.71±0.67)分, 易怒维度条目均分最低(2.29±0.63)分, 其照顾负担最低分为15分, 最高分为66分, 平均(35.76±9.89)分, 且个人负担高于责任负担, Spearman秩相关分析显示, 胃癌患者家庭照顾者预期性悲伤与照顾负担呈正相关关系, 总相关系数为0.454。结论大多数胃癌患者家庭照顾者存在预期性悲伤, 且伴有中等程度的照顾负担, 同时, 胃癌患者家庭照顾者预期性悲伤与照顾负担呈正相关关系, 因此, 在临床工作中, 医护人员应对胃癌患者采取积极治疗的同时, 加强对患者家庭照顾者开展有效的健康指导, 通过缓解预期性悲伤程度, 降低其照顾负担及压力, 避免不...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.