微创治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床观察

目的:探讨小切口微创截骨矫形治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床效果。方法:自2013年1月至2016年6月,采用微创小切口截骨矫形治疗168例拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形患者,其中男7例,女161例;年龄22~75(59.3±3.5)岁。术前患者的主要临床症状为拇囊红肿、跖骨周围疼痛,拍摄患足正侧位X线片确诊为拇外翻及小趾内翻畸形。观察并比较手术时间、术后并发症情况,手术前后IMA(第1、2跖骨间角),HVA(拇外翻角),LDA(第5跖骨外翻角),MPA(小趾内翻角),IM4-5(第4、5跖骨间角)以及PASA(近端关节固定角)的变化,术后采用美国足踝外科协会拇趾-跖趾-趾间关节评分系统(AOFAS)进行功能评价。结果:168例患者获得随访,时间6~48(28.6±3.2)个月。术后伤口愈合良好,无感染、窦道形成等并发症发生。拇外翻矫形手术时间为16~28(18.3±2.1)min;小趾内翻矫形手术时间12~26(16.9±1.8)min;IMA、HVA、LDA、MPA以及IMA 4-5分别由术前的(10.1±2.1)°、(32.6±4.2)°、(6.9±2.3)°、(18.5±5.2)°、(15.1±2.9)°矫正到术后的(8.3±2.2)°、(10.9±2.9)°、(2.7±0.4)°、(6.5±1.6)°、(8.9±1.8)°,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而PASA由术前的(9.1±2.1)°矫正到术后的(8.7±1.9)°,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后AOFAS功能评分由术前的31.6±3.9提高至术后的83.7±5.2,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);其中优147例,良13例,可6例,差2例。结论:微创治疗拇外翻伴小趾内翻畸形的临床效果良好,具有切口小、无缝线、外观美、手术时间短,术后功能恢复好的优点,值得在临床中推广。     

Amputation of a crossover 2nd toe in the presence of hallux valgus

Background: There are many surgical procedures for the correction of hallux valgus and crossover 2nd toe deformity. Amputation of a crossover 2nd toe is often performed as a salvage procedure if the primary 2nd toe corrective procedure fails.Aims: To assess the outcomes of amputating a crossover 2nd toe in the presence of hallux valgus in elderly patients above 70 years old; as a primary procedure.Materials and methods: Seven patients (8 ft) underwent amputation of their crossover 2nd toe. A disease specific questionnaire using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was implemented measuring pain, deformity, discomfort, and walking distance.Results: The mean age of the patients was 82 years old, range 74–89 years old. Amputation of the 2nd toe significantly reduces pain, discomfort and the appearance of deformity, there was no difference in the patient’s walking distance after surgery.Conclusion: We recommend this type of surgery as a primary procedure in elderly patients above 70 years old, if the first ray is not causing symptoms.     

Mallet toe deformity

Mallet toe is one of the most common deformities encountered by orthopedic surgeons. Care needs to be taken to ascertain whether it is a primary condition or secondary to a systemic disease, especially if multiple deformities are present. There are numerous operative strategies available, but each has its specific indications. If the indications are followed, highly successful outcomes may be achieved.     

Crossover toe deformity

Second metatarsophalangeal joint pathology is a frequent cause of forefoot pain. The final common pathway is loss of the static stabilizers of the joint. Early in the course of the disease, patients will demonstrate provocative instability and later will display fixed hyperextension. Surgical treatment is initially directed at releasing contracted soft tissues and supplementing the repair with a dynamic flexor to extensor transfer. Once a fixed deformity is present, bony procedures should be added.     

Great toe metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis for hallux valgus deformity in ambulatory adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy

Background  Hallux valgus deformity is a common sequel of spastic cerebral palsy. Methods  Twenty ambulatory patients (24 feet) suffering hallux valgus deformity, with painful forefoot and restricted footwear, secondary to spastic cerebral palsy acquired perinatally, were treated with great toe metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis using percutaneous K-wires for fixation. The mean age at the time of surgery was 16.2 years (range 14–18 years). They were retrospectively evaluated for the results after arthrodesis at a mean interval of 3 years and 4 months (range 3–4 years) by physical examination and radiographs. Results  All patients had a stable painless aligned great toe, with <10° valgus, <20° dorsiflexion and neutral rotation after arthrodesis, evidenced by improvement in pain, cosmesis, functional activity, footwear, callosities and hygiene, as well as by significant improvement in the measures of the MTP and the intermetatarsal angles (IMA) by postoperative radiographs. Neither non-union (pseudoarthrosis) nor recurrence of the deformity developed. Complications included superficial wound slough in a single case. Using the modified American Orthopaedic Foot Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hallux Metatarsophalangeal–Interphalangeal Scale, 18 feet (75%) were classified as excellent and six feet (25%) as good. Neither fair nor poor cases were recorded. Conclusion  Hallux valgus deformity in adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy is best treated by great toe MTP arthrodesis to improve segmental foot malalignment and dynamic foot deviation.     

Juvenile hallux valgus deformity: surgical management by lateral hemiepiphyseodesis of the great toe metatarsal

Surgical correction of juvenile hallux valgus (JHV) by soft tissue balancing or skeletal realignment is associated with a high rate of recurrence of the deformity. An alternative treatment strategy for the management of symptomatic or progressive JHV, consisting of lateral hemiepiphyseodesis of the great toe metatarsal physis, has been used at our institution since 1996. A review of these cases was performed to determine the outcomes in the technical and patient satisfaction domains. Preoperative and follow-up radiographs of the foot were analyzed to measure the intermetatarsal angle (IMA), the hallux valgus angle (HVA), the proximal metatarsal articular angle (PMAA), and the metatarsal length ratio. Repeated measures of the radiographs were performed to determine intraobserver reliability. The medical records were reviewed to determine the children's age at presentation, chief complaints, age at surgery, tourniquet time of the surgical procedure, length of follow-up, the need for subsequent foot surgeries, and complications. Follow-up clinic or telephone interviews were performed to determine patient satisfaction. Seven children with 11 feet treated for JHV were available for study. Mean age at the time of the index surgery was 10 years 4 months (range, 9 years 7 months-11 years 1 month). Mean follow up after surgery was 4 years 2 months (range, 1 year 7 months-7 years 6 months). The mean improvement in the IMA was 2.32 degrees (range, 0-5 degrees; P < 0.0001). The mean improvement in the HVA was 3.45 degrees (range, 0-9 degrees; P = 0.027). Significant correction of both the IMA and the HVA was achieved in 6 (55%) of 11 of the feet. In no case did either of the measures worsen. The mean change in the PMAA in the anteroposterior plane was 5.09 degrees (range, 0-11 degrees; P = 0.001). The mean change in the PMAA in the lateral plane was 1.00 degree (range, 0-3 degrees; P = 0.008). The mean change in the metatarsal length ratio was 0.01 (range, 0.07-0.11), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.65). Lateral hemiepiphyseodesis of the great toe metatarsal was effective at halting the progression of the JHV deformity in all cases and achieved significant correction of both the IMA and the HVA in more than 50% of the feet. Lateral hemiepiphyseodesis of the great toe metatarsal is a reasonable alternative for the management of symptomatic or progressive JHV, given the high recurrence rate associated with other soft tissue and skeletal surgical procedures.     

Surgical correction of crossover deformity of the second toe: a technique for tenodesis

Twenty-seven patients with 30 crossover toe (COT) deformities of the second toe were evaluated. This deformity in the transverse and sagittal planes at the second metatarsophalangeal joint may be caused by hindfoot pronation. Compression of the lateral plantar nerve may produce incompetence of the second dorsal interosseous muscle and an increased extension-adduction pull by the lumbrical and first dorsal interosseous muscles. A surgical procedure for tenodesis is described to correct these deformities and restore the extrinsic-intrinsic musculotendinous balance at the second MTP joint. Our results are encouraging, with 83% good or excellent results. There was one recurrence.     

Results of flexor-to-extensor and extensor brevis tendon transfer for correction of the crossover second toe deformity

Between 1990 and 1995, 38 patients (42 feet) underwent repair for crossover toe deformity, 31 (35 feet) of whom returned for final examination at an average of 51.6 months (range, 24-81 months). Causes included trauma, iatrogenic, and unknown. Presenting complaints included dorsal pain with either metatarsalgia or joint pain, isolated metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint pain, metatarsalgia, painful plantar callus, metatarsalgia and joint pain, and painful dorsal callus. All patients were treated with one of two operative techniques, either the flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer or the extensor brevis tendon transfer. Choice of procedure depended on the stage of preoperative deformity. Twenty-four patients were completely satisfied with the surgical correction, 6 were satisfied with reservations, and 1 was dissatisfied. The average postoperative AOFAS score for all patients was 85 points (range, 54-100 points), which correlated strongly with patient satisfaction. Twenty-two patients stated that they had no postoperative pain, 8 reported some pain, and 1 had frequent pain at the corrected toe. In 30 feet, there was no recurrence; three patients had mild residual crossover toe deformity, and two patients had recurrent deformity, although all MP joints were stable. Follow-up radiographs demonstrated substantial reduction in MP joint angles in both the AP (from 7 degrees to -1 degree) and lateral (from 45 degrees to 25 degrees) projections. This article reviews the surgical technique of both procedures, proposes specific indications for each, and presents outcomes. Based on our findings, the extensor brevis tendon transfer is appropriate for stage 1, stage 2, and flexible stage 3 deformities. Flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer is appropriate for rigid stage 3 and stage 4 deformities and for all patients with a symptomatic neuroma of the second web space (where the extensor brevis transfer is not possible). Stiffness of the MP joint is a potential problem with the flexor-to-extensor tendon transfer.     

Arthroplasty for fifth toe deformity

Fifth toe positional problems typically cause irritation with various forms of footgear. The position of the toe causes irritation against the toe box of the shoe. This article discusses the physical examination of various fifth toe deformities along with the different approaches of arthroplasty that are used to correct the deformity and the management of complications that arise from the correction procedures.     

Surgical correction of hammer toe deformity

Surgical Principles Diaphyseal resection of the proximal phalanx. McConnell [2] described this technique for the first time in 1975. This technique should only be used in instances where no contracture in hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint exist nor flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Revised Version from: Operat. Orthop. Traumatol. 2 (1990), 46–50 (German Edition).     

Impact of crossover second toe on the postoperative outcome of distal chevron osteotomy for moderate to severe hallux valgus

BackgroundCrossover second toe is often presented in moderate to severe hallux valgus. However, its clinical impact on the postoperative outcome of hallux valgus is still unknown.MethodsThirty-five patients who had moderate to severe hallux valgus with crossover second toe were matched with 35 controls who did not have crossover second toe, according to preoperative hallux valgus angle and first-second intermetatarsal angle. Radiological parameters, Foot Function Index (FFI), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were assessed as postoperative outcomes at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.ResultsAt 3 months, the FFI in the crossover second toe group was lower than in the control group (p = 0.001), while other outcomes were similar. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the groups at 6 and 12 months, in terms of radiological parameters, FFI, and VAS.ConclusionsPatients who had moderate to severe hallux valgus with crossover second toe were at risk for slow functional recovery after surgical treatment in the short term, but, in the long-term, there was no difference in overall postoperative outcomes in patients with and without crossover second toe.Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative study.     

Evaluation and operative procedures for hallux valgus deformity

The hallux valgus deformity, or bunion deformity, is a common problem. Evaluation of the deformity for surgical intervention requires a knowledge of the basic pathomechanics of the medial displacement of the head out of the sesamoid complex with the associated deformity of the large toe and incompetency of the metatarsal cuneiform joint. The foot's relation to the leg and the body must be evaluated as well as the general condition of the patient, the age of the patient, and the expectations of the patient in regard to footwear and level of activity desired postoperatively. X-rays of the feet must be made in a consistent manner. The deformity should be classified as to the degree of severity. Operative procedures are grouped into the distal soft tissue procedures, metatarsal osteotomies, miscellaneous procedures, arthroplasty operations, and combinations of procedures. Indications and complications are presented. The procedures are discussed to provide an overview of surgical methods of treatment available for the hallux valgus deformity.