支气管镜肺泡灌洗术联合哌拉西林他唑巴坦治疗支气管扩张的临床观察

目的探讨支气管镜肺泡灌洗术联合哌拉西林他唑巴坦治疗支气管扩张的临床疗效。方法收集符合标准的患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,两组患者均给予基础治疗,对照组加用哌拉西林他唑巴坦静脉滴注,观察组在此基础上合用支气管镜肺泡灌洗术,比较两组临床治疗效果。结果观察组患者临床症状缓解时间和住院时间均短于对照组,P<0.05。观察组临床治疗总有效97.50%,显著高于对照组的75.00%,P<0.05。治疗结束后,两组患者血气分析指标均上升,与治疗前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),但是观察组改变幅度更大(P<0.05)。结论支气管镜肺泡灌洗术联合哌拉西林他唑巴坦治疗支气管扩张,可以缩短患者临床症状改善时间和住院时间。     

哌拉西林钠/他唑巴坦钠治疗肺部感染的临床研究

目的　以亚胺培南 /西司他丁作为对照药物 ,评价哌拉西林钠 /他唑巴坦钠治疗中、重度肺部感染的有效性和安全性。方法　哌拉西林钠 /他唑巴坦钠 3.375 g静脉滴注 ,每 12 h一次 ,或亚胺培南 /西司他丁 0 .5 g静脉滴注 ,每 12 h一次 ,治疗中、重度肺部感染 ,疗程为 7- 14 d。结果　共治疗病人 90例 ,其中试验组 5 8例 ,对照组 32例。哌拉西林钠 /他唑巴坦钠试验组治疗中、重度肺部感染有效率 91.38% ,治愈率 81.0 4 % ,细菌清除率 89.4 6 % ,副作用发生率 3.4 5 % ;亚胺培南 /西司他丁对照组有效率 90 .6 3% ,治愈率 81.2 5 % ,细菌清除率 90 .0 0 % ,副作用发生率 3.13%。两组各率比较差异无显著性 (p>0 .0 5 )。结论　哌拉西林钠 /他唑巴坦钠是一高效、安全广谱抗菌药物 ,对中、重度肺部感染的疗效与亚胺培南 /西司他丁相似 ,两者副作用发生率相近     

持续性肾脏替代治疗处方的设定和抗凝策略

持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)因其良好的清除毒素和炎症介质、维护內环境稳定和保护内皮细胞等作用,近年在重症疾病治疗上得以快速发展.本文就实施CRRT时如何选择治疗模式,如何设定血液流量,如何设定置换液处方和剂量,如何选择抗凝剂和确定抗凝方案,以及CRRT过程中需要注意的事项等临床常见问题进行了概括介绍.目的 在于指导、规范基层医院CRRr的临床应用.     

老年重症患者哌拉西林/他唑巴坦延长输注的药代/药效学参数

目的 研究老年重症患者哌拉西林/他唑巴坦延长输注的血药浓度-时间曲线,并计算哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的药代/药效学参数.方法 收集在重症医学科住院且满足入组条件的老年重症患者5例,给予哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(4.5 g/q8h)3 h延长输注治疗,于注射开始的0h、0.25 h、0.5h、1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、8h采静脉血2 ml,3 500 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,置于-23℃冰箱中保存备检.用超高效液相色谱法-串联质谱法测定哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的血药浓度,应用noncompartmental模型估计哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的药代学参数,利用蒙特卡洛模拟10 000例患者的治疗·比较哌拉西林/他唑巴坦传统输注(0.5 h)与延长输注(3～4 h)下各MIC值(1～64 μg/ml)的达标概率(PTA),将％fT、MIC≥50％设置为有效药效学目标.结果 哌拉西林的血浆峰浓度、半衰期、分布容积、清除率分别为(97.64±27.16) mg/L、(2.32±0.81)h、(30.51±15.2)L、(9.27±2.69) L/h.在哌拉西林/他唑巴坦4.5 g/q8h.3h延长输注中,当MIC≤16 μg/ml时.PTA达到或接近100％;MIC=32 ug/ml时,PTA为42.54％.结论 本文描述了哌拉西林/他唑巴坦在老年重症患者的药代学参数,这与已发表文献的结果明显不同.蒙特卡洛模拟显示,老年重症患者采用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦4.5 g/q8h.3h输注可以获得较佳的药效学目标,尤其在MIC≤16μg/ml时.     

Ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam for the treatment of complicated infections: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background  

Ertapenem, a new carbapenem with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, has been approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal Infections (cIAIs), acute pelvic infections (APIs) and complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs). The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy and safety of ertapenem with piperacillin/tazobactam, which has been reported to possess good efficacy for the treatment of these complicated infections.     

The use of piperacillin/tazobactam (in association with amikacin) in neonatal sepsis: efficacy and safety data

Piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) has been used in NICU since 1999 as part of the empirical treatment for presumed sepsis. We studied the microbiological and clinical efficacy and safety of P/T use in newborns with sepsis, using a retrospective analysis of medical records of all newborns treated with P/T (in association with amikacin) during 1999-2003. P/T plus amikacin was used for 353 episodes of presumed sepsis occurring in 252 newborns: 105 episodes occurred in 100 newborns treated for 5-14 d while in 248 (70%) episodes the treatment was discontinued after 2-3 d. 123 pathogens were isolated from the blood cultures (40 in the 5-14 d group and 83 in those treated for 2-3 d only). There were 56 Gram-negative, 55 Gram-positive and 12 Candida spp. isolates. Klebsiella spp. (40%) and E. coli (30%) were the most commonly isolated Gram-negative pathogens; coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CONS) represented 95% of the Gram-positive pathogens isolated. Pathogen eradication was achieved within 48-72 h of therapy in 93% Gram-negative organisms. There were no clinical, laboratory or cranial ultrasound adverse effects associated with P/T use. We conclude that P/T in association with amikacin is microbiologically and clinically efficacious and safe in the treatment of sepsis in newborns.     

Efficacy and tolerability of prophylactic treatment with intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Abstract: Background. Infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). About 80% of patients experience fever during aplasia and early engraftment despite oral antibacterial chemoprophylaxis. Methods. In a pilot study, 50 patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic HSCT received a prophylactic antibacterial treatment with intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam beginning on day of stem cell or bone marrow transfusion. They were analyzed retrospectively for frequencies of fever of unknown origin (FUO), documented infection, bacteremia and death because of infection. Furthermore, data from microbiological monitoring and tolerability were evaluated. Results. Among 28 autologous transplanted patients, 10 (36%) developed fever more than 38.5 °C; 9/10 FUO, 1/28 pulmonary infiltrates. Eighteen patients (64%) remained without any symptom of infection. In the allogeneic group (n = 22), there were eight patients (36%) with FUO, and five patients (23%) with documented infections (pneumonia 2, enteritis 1, pyelonephritis 1, Escherichia coli bacteremia 1). In nine patients (41%), escalation of antimicrobial treatment was not necessary. The majority of detected microbes in cultures of throat and nose secretions, blood, urine and stool were gram‐positive bacteria (77.8%), among them Staphylococcus epidermidis (23.5%), streptococci (group A, B, C; 21.0%) and enterococci (10.6%). Incidence of gram‐negative bacteria and fungi was similar with 11.8% and 10.4%, respectively. The most frequent gram‐negative strains were Escherichia coli (6.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.7%). There was no severe toxicity or hypersensitivity. Conclusion. Compared to oral decontamination and chemoprophylaxis, an intravenous prophylactic regimen as described above could be an effective and well‐tolerated approach in prevention of bacterial infections and related complications, with a higher acceptance in recipients of bone marrow or stems cell grafts. Further evaluation in comparison with fluoroquinolone prophylaxis regarding efficacy, development of resistances as well as cost‐benefit analyses is warranted.     

Blood pressure,inflammation, and quality of life in patients treated with different renal replacement therapies

Our aim was to determine the relationship between the modality of renal replacement therapy and inflammation markers, BP control, and quality of life (QoL). Sixteen hemodialysis, 17 peritoneal dialysis patients, and 27 kidney transplant receivers (KTr) have been included in this study. Short Form-36 (SF-36) for the evaluation of QoL and ambulatory BP monitoring were performed on the same day. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured. While the mean IL-10, IL-6, and CRP levels were the highest in the dialysis groups, there were no significantly differences any parameters for all groups. QoL was better in the KTr almost as in healthy controls but worse in the dialysis patients. It should be taken into account that hypertension may occur at night even if the daytime BP is normal in KTr.     

Experimental therapies in renal replacement: the effect of two different potassium acetate-free biofiltration protocols on striated muscle fibers

Dramatic removal of potassium during hemodialysis sessions can induce changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells or muscle fibers, which may underlie neuromuscular symptoms referred by end-stage renal disease patients. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the effects of acetate-free biofiltration (AFB) on the amplitude of compound motor action potential (cMAP) obtained after stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist. The secondary aim was to compare the effect of two different potassium removal modalities on cMAP amplitude and to analyze the effects on muscular force by specific dynamometric tests. Twenty-eight patients received dialysis for 4 h, 3 times per week, first with standard AFB with constant potassium (AFB) and then with AFB with a variable concentration of potassium in the dialysis bath (AFB(K)). The amplitude of cMAP was determined after ulnar nerve stimulation at the wrist at different time intervals: at the start of dialysis; at 15, 45, 90, and 120 min after beginning the session; and at the end of treatment. At the same time intervals, muscle force generation was determined using a dynamometer. Finally, we measured plasma electrolytes, intraerythrocytic potassium, and the electrical membrane potential at rest (REMP) of the erythrocytic membrane. The main finding of this study was a significant reduction of cMAP amplitude in the first 45 min after AFB, which paralleled the reduction in serum potassium levels. Moreover, there was a reduction of muscular strength determined with dynamometric measurements. Potassium removal induced by the two different modalities of AFB may significantly affect myocardial and fibromuscular cells by modulating the electrochemical balance of cell membranes. The transient alteration of the electrical properties on voluntary striated muscle fibers may contribute to the brief reduction in muscular strength we detected in patients who underwent AFB. AFB(K) can minimize the negative effects of standard AFB treatment on neuromuscular excitability, most likely through a more gentle variation of potassium levels during dialysis.     

Efficacy and safety of IV/PO moxifloxacin and IV piperacillin/tazobactam followed by PO amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of diabetic foot infections: results of the RELIEF study

Objective

The aim was to compare the efficacy and safety of two antibiotic regimens in patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs).

Methods

Data of a subset of patients enrolled in the RELIEF trial with DFIs requiring surgery and antibiotics were evaluated retrospectively. DFI was diagnosed on the basis of the modified Wagner, University of Texas, and PEDIS classification systems. Patients were randomized to receive either intravenous/oral moxifloxacin (MXF, N = 110) 400 mg q.d. or intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam 4.0/0.5 g t.d.s. followed by oral amoxicillin/clavulanate 875/125 mg b.d. (PIP/TAZ–AMC, N = 96), for 7–21 days until the end of treatment (EOT). The primary endpoint was clinical cure rates in the per-protocol (PP) population at the test-of-cure visit (TOC, 14–28 days after EOT).

Results

There were no significant differences between the demographic characteristics of PP patients in either treatment group. At TOC, MXF and PIP/TAZ–AMC had similar efficacy in both the PP and intent-to-treat (ITT) populations: MXF: 76.4 % versus PIP/TAZ–AMC: 78.1 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI) ?14.5 %, 9.0 % in the PP population; MXF: 69.9 % versus PIP/TAZ–AMC: 69.1 %; 95 % CI ?12.4 %, 12.1 % in the ITT population. The overall bacteriological success rates were similar in both treatment groups (MXF: 71.7 % versus PIP/TAZ–AMC: 71.8 %; 95 % CI ?16.9 %, 10.7 %). A similar proportion of patients (ITT population) experienced any adverse events in both treatment groups (MXF: 30.9 % versus PIP/TAZ–AMC: 31.8 %, respectively). Death occurred in three MXF-treated patients and one PIP/TAZ–AMC-treated patient; these were unrelated to the study drugs.

Conclusion

Moxifloxacin has shown favorable safety and efficacy profiles in DFI patients and could be an alternative antibiotic therapy in the management of DFI. Clinical trial: NCT00402727.     

Comparison of piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem/cilastatin, both in combination with tobramycin, administered every 6 h for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia

This randomized, double-blind, multicenter study compared the efficacy and safety of piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) and imipenem/cilastatin (IMP), both in combination with an aminoglycoside, in hospitalized patients with acute nosocomial pneumonia (NP). Patients with acute NP, defined as pneumonia with symptoms > or = 48 h after admission or < or =7 days after hospital discharge, received infusions of 4 g/500 mg P/T or 500 mg/500 mg IMP every 6 h. Endpoints were clinical cure and microbiological response rates; pathogen eradication rates; length of hospital stay; hospital readmissions; and adverse events (AEs). Of 437 patients in the intent-to-treat population, 197 were efficacy evaluable. At test-of-cure, response rates were similar between groups. Within the efficacy evaluable population, 68% of P/T patients and 61% of IMP patients were clinically cured (P = 0.256). Microbiological responses for P/T and IMP patients were: eradication, 64% versus 59%; persistence, 29% versus 21%; relapse, 0% versus 5%; and superinfection, 7% versus 15%, respectively. Gram-positive isolates were eradicated in 83% of P/T patients and 75% of IMP patients; Gram-negative pathogens were eradicated in 72% of P/T patients and 77% of IMP patients. Treatment groups had similar number of mean hospital days, readmission rates, and frequency of AEs. This study showed that P/T administered four times per day was as safe and efficacious as IMP in treating hospitalized patients with NP.     

The drumbeat of renal failure: symbiosis of prevention and renal replacement therapy

The global population of patients with end-stage renal disease is rising rapidly, especially in developing countries. The possibility and economic burden of renal replacement therapy will be greatly challenged in the next decade as the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension rises. The establishment of effective prevention and intervention measures creates a means by which the increasing burden of renal replacement therapy can be reduced.     

合并肾功能衰竭的肝移植患者接受肾脏替代治疗的价值

目的 回顾性分析合并急性肾功能衰竭的肝移植受体移植术前的危险因素,并探讨肾脏替代治疗(RRT)作为其移植前过渡治疗措施的价值. 方法收集2001年1月-2008年1月在卫生部移植医学工程技术研究中心由于急性肾功能衰竭而接受RRT的肝移植受体患者,依据不同预后对肝移植受体的临床特征进行分组对比分析;按接受不同RRT种类对肝移植受体的临床特征进行分组对比分析.用逻辑回归法分析能预测合并肾功能衰竭肝移植受体病死率的指标.对数据进行f检验、χ2检验、Logistic回归分析.结果 在接受RRT的患者中,有31.25%的患者因为肝移植而生存或者出院,68.75%的患者在等待移植期间死亡.死亡组患者与移植组相比,有更高的多器官功能障碍评分(4.98±2.32与4.45±2.02,P=0.008)、更低的平均动脉压[(56.5±7.1)mm Hg与(65.4±12.9)mm HgP=0.040;1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa].RRT的平均治疗天数在连续性肾脏替代治疗组和间歇血液透析组之间的差异没有统计学意义.与间歇血液透析组相比,连续性肾脏替代治疗组有更高的多器官功能障碍评分(4.82±2.12与3.45±1.91,P=0.040)、更低的平均动脉压[(56.0±14.2)mm Hg与(68.5±15.3)mm Hg,P=0.002]、更低的血清肌酐浓度[(320.12±185.15)μmol/L与(420.55±158.32)μmol/L,JP=0.008].肾功能衰竭受体术前平均动脉压越低,则死亡风险越高. 结论对患有急性肾功能衰竭的肝移植受体应用RRT是可取的.尽管病死率仍高,但可使部分患者得以肝移植而生存.     

Perceived safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies among US smokers and ex-smokers: relationship with use and compliance

AIM: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for smoking cessation, but most smokers try to quit without using it. We examined the impact of misperceptions of NRT safety and efficacy on its use. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3203 current and former US smokers completed a national mail-out survey of issues and attitudes related to smoking cessation. FINDINGS: Two-thirds (66%) of respondents either agreed that 'Stop-smoking products with nicotine are just as harmful as cigarettes' or were unsure whether the statement was true. These respondents were less likely to have used NRT in the past [30% versus 49%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.39-0.53] and less likely to consider using NRT during future quit attempts (40% versus 53%; OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.51-0.71). Additionally, of the respondents who had used nicotine gum in the past 12 months (n = 407), those who had concerns about the safety of NRT reported using fewer pieces of gum per day during treatment (six versus eight pieces/day; P < 0.05), and were less likely to report that they used the gum for greater than 4 weeks (28.5% versus 46.8%; OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27-0.76). A large proportion of the respondents also stated that they did not believe NRT to be efficacious. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that many smokers are misinformed about the health risks of NRT and that these misperceptions impede not only the adoption of NRT but also compliance during treatment. Misperception of NRT safety is one barrier to effective use of NRT and probably reduces success in quitting.     

Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of traditional and combined therapies of patients with sarcoidosis

Treatments were comparatively analyzed in two groups comprising 106 patients with respiratory sarcoidosis. One group of patients (n = 52) was treated with conventional therapy (corticosteroid hormones as tablets or aerosols, physiotherapy, SWF, plaquenil, antioxidants, the other (n = 54) received combined therapy (plasmapheresis, reduced hormone dosage, antioxidants. With both treatments, the early results of treatment were equally positive in 60-63% of patients, mainly in new cases of sarcoidosis. The late (3-year follow-up) ones were positive (no recrudescence) in 50 and 37% of patients treated with conventional and combined therapies, respectively. These outcomes are attributable to that combined therapy was used in more critical patients with disseminated and generalized processes and commonly at late stages of the disease.     

An effect of continuous and intermittent renal replacement therapy on antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients with sepsis - a practice-based perspective of vancomycin and gentamycin therapies

Sepsis and septic shock are common cause of hospitalisation in intensive care unit. Acute kidney injury is an accompanying manifestation of sepsis/septic shock leading to worsening of morbidity and also mortality and requiring use of intermittent or continual renal replacement therapy. Life saving effect is attributed to early and effective antibiotic therapy. Therapeutic drug monitoring and do-sage adjustment is important for successful treatment. Despite therapeutic drug monitoring of both antibiotic agents vankomycin and gentamicin the treatment still rises many questions about the convenient use in septic patients due to their nephrotoxicity.