X线摄影、彩色多普勒超声和立体定位穿刺对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨X线摄影、彩色多普勒超声（简称彩超）和立体定位穿刺对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值,提高其诊断率。方法 55例早期乳腺癌和25例乳腺良性病变均行两侧X线摄影、彩超检查,再经立体定位穿刺,作病理学检查。结果 在55例早期乳腺癌中,X线钼靶摄影诊断早期乳腺癌45例,其敏感性和特异性分别为82．0％和88．0％;彩超诊断早期乳腺癌43例,其敏感性和特异性分别为78．2％和84．0％,准确性为80．0％;立体定位穿刺诊断早期乳腺癌53例,其敏感性和特异性分别为96．4％和92．0％,准确性为95．0％,无假阳性。综合影像诊断早期乳腺癌54例,其敏感性和特异性分别为98．2％和96．0％,准确性为97．5％。结论X线摄影、彩超和立体定位穿刺联合应用,可提高早期乳腺癌诊断的敏感性和准确性。     

妇女致密型乳腺癌筛查中高频B超的应用分析

目的：探讨妇女致密型乳腺发生的早期乳腺癌筛查中超声检查及定位的作用.方法：对我院乳腺科门诊就诊及体检中心健康检查筛查出乳腺肿块2000余例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果：在71例致密型乳腺的乳腺癌患者中,超声发现微小钙化23例,敏感性达71.8%,准确率为88.73%;钼靶发现钙化8例,敏感性60.32%,准确率为82.39%.钙化灶的检出率为44.37%.其中超声发现微小肿块55例,敏感性88.71%,准确率为90.14%;钼靶片发现50例,敏感性80.65%,准确率为83.10%.6例临床上未扪及肿块患者均在超声定位下准确地切除病灶.结论：高频超声检查在妇女致密型乳腺的乳腺癌筛查中检出小肿块及恶性钙化的敏感性以及准确率要高于钼靶片检查.可作为年青妇女、致密型乳腺以及扁平型乳腺早期乳腺癌筛查的有效方法之一,它不仅提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率也提高了保乳率,值得推广使用.     

立体定位穿刺活检诊断乳腺灶性病变的临床价值（附52例分析）

目的：评价乳腺立体定位穿刺活检对乳腺局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法：应用意大利IMS公司生产的钼靶乳腺机及配套的立体定位穿刺活检装置及日本富士公司生产的计算机X线影像处理系统对3200例病人行双乳轴、侧斜位数字化乳腺摄片检查,对检出的可疑病灶行立体定位穿刺活检,并与手术后病理检查结果对照。结果：对检出的52例乳腺局灶性病变行立体定位穿刺活检,检出乳腺癌33例（63．46％）,其中原位癌9例,良性病变19例（36．54％）。结论：乳腺立体定位穿刺活检是目前诊断早期乳腺癌的有效方法。     

数字钼靶X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块的诊断价值

目的：评价数字钼靶X线摄影、彩色多普勒超声成像及二者联合应用在乳腺肿块性病变中的定性诊断价值。方法：73例乳腺肿块性病变,其中良性24例,恶性49例。所有病例均行数字钼靶X线摄影和彩色多普勒超声检查,两者单独及联合诊断并与病理结果对照。结果：数字钼靶X线摄影诊断乳腺癌的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为89．80％、75．00％及84．93％,彩色多普勒超声为85．71％、83．33％及84．93％,二者联合检查为95．92％、91．67％及94．52％。彩色多普勒超声在诊断Ⅰ型及Ⅳ型乳腺病变上较钼靶具有明显的优势（P〈0．05）,钼靶在诊断Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的乳腺病变时准确度（62．50％）高于彩色多普勒超声（45．00％）,但两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：联合应用乳腺数字钼靶X线摄影检查和彩色多普勒超声成像可提高乳腺肿块性病变的定性诊断符合率。     

彩色超声与钼靶X线联合诊断乳腺小肿块的临床分析

目的 探讨彩色超声与钼靶X线及两者联合鉴别诊断乳腺小肿块的临床价值.方法 对52例乳腺肿块患者彩色超声与钼靶X线摄片及两者联合应用的诊断结果进行分析对比.结果 病理确诊36例为恶性,16例为良性.彩超确诊29例恶性,14例良性,诊断敏感性29/36=80.5％,特异性14/16=87.5％,诊断符合率为82.7％.钼靶X线确诊30例恶性,12例良性,诊断敏感性30/36=83.3％,特异性12/16=75.0％,诊断符合率为(30+12)/52=80.8％.两者联合确诊34例为恶性,15例为良性,诊断敏感性34/36=94.4％,特异性15/16=93.8％,诊断符合率为(34+15)/52=94.2％.结论 彩色超声与钼靶X线联合可早期检出乳腺癌,对早期乳腺癌的临床诊断意义重大.     

乳腺钼靶X线立体定位穿刺活检和手术

1992年7月～1993年9月间,对56例乳腺疾病患者进行钼靶摄片,发现56例57处病灶,对其中54例55处病灶进行了立体定位细针穿刺细胞学检查。结果显示其敏感性为92.5％,特异性为100％,诊断符合率为96.3％。若将细胞学检查结果与钼靶摄片相结合,联合敏感性与特异性均可达100％。上述病灶中有12处为临床所不能扪及的隐匿性病灶,6处在立体定位引导下完成了切除术。     

钼靶X线、红外线及B超检查在乳腺肿块诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨钼靶X线摄影、B超检查和红外线扫描在诊断乳腺肿块性病变中的应用价值，旨在提高对乳腺肿块的检出率和定性诊断准确率。方法：回顾性分析了50例均经三种影像学综合检查的乳腺疾病患者的资料及手术病理对照。结果：钼靶X线检查对乳腺肿块的检出率最高达92％，且定性诊断价值较大；B超检查可明确肿块是囊性还是实质性，并可准确地测出肿块的大小；红外线扫描对鉴别肿块的良恶性有较大的意义。结论：三种影像学检查敏感性各不相同，实用范围各有限制，但综合影像学检查可以取长补短，相互印证，大大提高了乳腺肿块性病变的诊断准确率。     

X线与超声双联合对乳腺病变诊断价值的探讨

目的：评价和比较乳腺x线摄影、超声成像以及二者联合在乳腺病变诊断中价值。资料与方法：2004年8月-2006年5月，对同时行乳腺X线检查和超声成像的198例患者222个病灶进行了病理检查。根据怀疑乳腺病变的恶性程度，将术前X线检查、超声成像、联合诊断的病变分别分为四级：Ⅰ级一良性；Ⅱ级一不能定性；Ⅲ级可能恶性；Ⅳ级一恶性。前瞻性记录三种方式的分级，并与病理诊断对照。结果：经病理检查诊断的222个乳腺病变中，良性病变158个，恶性病变64个。乳腺X线检查和超声成像的敏感性分别为87．5％和84．4％，特异性均为89．9％，诊断准确率分别为89．2％和88．3％。二者联合对乳腺病变诊断的敏感性95．3％，特异性为91．8％，诊断准确率为92．8％。二者联合的各项指标均优于单纯采用乳腺X线检查和超声成像。结论：联合应用乳腺X线摄影和乳腺超声成像可提高对乳腺病变的诊断准确率。     

乳腺肿块的钼靶X线及超声研究及其与病理的相关性分析

本文对比分析了81例乳腺肿块患者的术前彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）及钼靶x线检查的诊断结果．并与手术病理结果进行对照分析。旨在探讨超声、钼靶X线对乳腺肿块的诊断价值,以提高对乳腺肿块的早期诊断准确率。     

乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声声像图评价

目的：评价乳腺微小钙化灶在乳腺癌高频超声诊断中的价值，材料和方法：通过分析高频声像图上87例乳腺微小钙化灶(经钼靶X线片证实)的显示情况．以及局部乳腺回声特点与病理的对照研究，对乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声检出率及良、恶性病变的超声诊断正确率进行评价。结果：乳腺微小钙化灶的高频超声检出率为81．6％，其中在恶性病例中微小钙化灶的超声检出率达927％，而良性病例中的检出率为62．5％。超声列乳腺微小钙化灶病例良、恶性诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为80％和84.4％，尤其是对伴有肿块的乳腺微小钙化灶的诊断正确率明显高于无肿块组。结论：高频超声可以有效地检出并识别乳腺内的微小钙化灶，超声微小钙化灶征象(尤其是存在于肿块内的)对乳腺癌的诊断具有很大的价值，     

乳腺癌X线摄影与超声对比分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声影像表现,提高X线摄影和超声对乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的82位乳腺癌患者的病例资料,分析比较其X线摄影和超声的影像特征。结果:超声和X线摄影对病灶的检出率分别为100.00%、96.34%;对乳腺癌的诊断符合率分别为91.47%、89.02%,两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两者联合对乳腺癌的诊断符合率为93.90%,与单纯超声和单纯X线摄影比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:X线摄影和超声均能较准确检出并诊断乳腺癌,在乳腺癌临床诊断中起着重要作用。     

数字化乳腺摄影与普通钼靶摄影在小乳癌诊断中的对比分析

目的：探讨数字化乳腺摄影在小乳癌诊断中的优越性。方法：经手术病理证实的小乳癌57例，采用数字化乳腺摄影及普通钼靶摄影方法。结果：数字化乳腺摄影诊断51例，其敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为89．4％、95．O％、90.9％；普通钼靶摄影术前诊断46例，其敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为80．7％、85．O％、81．8％。结论：在小乳癌诊断中。数字化乳腺摄影在敏感性、特异性、准确性方面均优于普通钼靶摄影。     

Breast imaging devices for nuclear medicine

Breast cancer has long been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Mammography is the first-line imaging examination used to detect breast cancer; it has high sensitivity but only moderate specificity. The currently used secondary imaging modalities, sonography and MRI, cannot weed out all the false-positive lesions that mammography identifies as potentially malignant. Further, many patients do not image well on mammography, so there is a significant need for alternative imaging methods. Recently, technologies using small-field, pixelated detectors optimized for breast imaging have become available for both single-photon-emitting and positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. This article addresses the construction and functionality of several detector types and their application to imaging of the breast. Technical aspects of nuclear breast imaging will be discussed briefly. The article concludes with an assessment of the position of nuclear medicine imaging of the breast within the overall diagnostic scheme for breast cancer detection.     

FDG PET and other imaging modalities in the primary diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions

Mammography is the primary imaging modality for screening of breast cancer and evaluation of breast lesions (T staging). Ultrasonography is an adjunctive tool for mammographically suspicious lesions, in patients with mastopathy and as guidance for reliable histological diagnosis with percutaneous biopsy. Dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) has a high sensitivity for the detection of breast cancer, but also a high false positive diagnosis rate. In the literature, MRM is reported to have a sensitivity of 86-96%, a specificity of 64-91%, an accuracy of 79-93%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 77-92% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 75-94%. In unclarified cases, metabolic imaging using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) can be performed. In the literature, FDG PET is reported to have a sensitivity of 64-96%, a specificity of 73-100%, an accuracy of 70-97%, a PPV of 81-100% and an NPV of 52-89%. Furthermore, PET or PET/CT using FDG has an important role in the assessment of N and M staging of breast cancer, the prediction of tumour response in patients with locally advanced breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the differentiation of scar and cancer recurrence. Other functional radionuclide-based diagnostic tools, such as scintimammography with sestamibi, peptide scintigraphy or immunoscintigraphy, have a lower accuracy than FDG PET and, therefore, are appropriate only for exceptional indications.     

Role of ultrasonography in the detection of intraductal spread of breast cancer: correlation with pathologic findings,mammography and MR imaging

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of US in the detection of intraductal spread of breast cancer in comparison with mammography (MMG) and MRI. In 46 patients with breast cancer, US features of the intraductal component were classified as ductal type or distorted type. Histopathologically, 29 of 46 (63 %) cases had intraductal components, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates in detection of intraductal spread were 89, 76, and 85 %, respectively. Each US pattern demonstrated good correspondence to the histologic components, and the distorted type correlated well with comedo-type carcinoma. Mammography was performed in all cases, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rates in detection of intraductal spread were 55, 100, and 72 %, respectively. In comedo type, MMG could diagnose the extent of intraductal spread more accurately compared with US examination. Magnetic resonance imaging comparison was available in 25 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging depicted intraductal extension as an enhanced area during the early phase of a contrast enhancement study with a sensitivity of 93 %. Ultrasound and MRI were closely related in terms of morphologic characteristics: the ductal type of US image correlated well with linear enhancement on MRI, whereas the distorted type correlated with regional or segmental enhancement. Current US examination is useful in depicting the intraductal spread of breast cancer; however, US has a tendency to underestimate intraductal component of comedo type compared with MMG and MRI. Received: 2 August 1999; Revised: 3 April 2000; Accepted: 5 April 2000     

Sydney Breast Imaging Accuracy Study: Comparative sensitivity and specificity of mammography and sonography in young women with symptoms

OBJECTIVE: We examined the age-specific sensitivity and specificity of mammography and sonography in symptomatic women to determine the age below which sonography may be the more accurate imaging test, which may guide the choice of initial breast imaging examination based on the woman's age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four hundred eighty subjects were sampled from all women consecutively attending a symptomatic breast clinic between 1994 and 1996 and ranging in age from 25 to 55 years. We included all 240 women shown to have breast cancer (thus avoiding selection bias) and 240 age-matched women shown not to have cancer. Mammograms and sonograms were prospectively interpreted independently and without knowledge of age by two radiologists in a blinded manner, with a third radiologist arbitrating disagreements. Sensitivity and specificity of each imaging test in relation to age were examined using logistic regression modeling, and accuracy was compared using the chi-square test for paired proportions. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of each test were not linearly associated with age; however, the sensitivity of mammography increased substantially in women older than 50 years. Sonographic sensitivity of 81.7% was not significantly greater than mammographic sensitivity of 75.8% (chi(2)(1) = 2.06, p = 0.15). However, in women 45 years old or younger, the sensitivity of sonography was 13.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.1-24.3%) greater than that of mammography. The specificity of both tests was approximately 88.0%. CONCLUSION: These data show that sonography is the more accurate imaging test in women 45 years old or younger who present with breast symptoms and may be an appropriate initial imaging examination.     

Assessment of suspected breast cancer by MRI: a prospective clinical trial using a combined kinetic and morphologic analysis

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to assess the incremental value of contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis and treatment planning using both a three-time point kinetic and morphologic analysis in addition to mammography and sonography in patients thought to have early-stage breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced bilateral breast MRI was performed prospectively on 65 patients with highly suspicious imaging findings (BI-RADS category 4 or 5). All enrolled patients were believed to be candidates for breast conservation on the basis of clinical examination, mammography, and sonography. The primary index lesion's characteristics, size, and extent were assessed. Also, additional lesions detected by MRI that could represent potential malignancies in both the ipsilateral and contralateral breast were evaluated. Morphologic assessment and kinetic analysis were performed on each lesion using dedicated postprocessing and display software. The patients were reevaluated as to whether they were still candidates for breast-conservation therapy after the MRI examination and subsequent biopsies. RESULTS: There were 46 patients (71%) whose primary breast lesion (detected by mammography, sonography, or both) was found to be malignant (39 invasive breast cancers, five intraductal cancers, and two lymphomas). For the primary index lesions, the sensitivity for MRI was 100% (44/44) for predicting a breast malignancy and the specificity was 73.7% (14/19) for predicting benign lesions. MRI detected an additional 37 lesions, of which 23 were cancerous, beyond those suspected on mammography or sonography. One or more additional ipsilateral breast cancers were detected in 32% (14/44) of breast cancer patients and contralateral breast cancers in 9% (4/44) of the breast cancer patients. MRI also resulted in an incremental recommendation of mastectomy in 18% (8/44) of the pathologically confirmed breast cancer patients. MRI resulted in additional biopsy of only 14 benign lesions, six of which were shown to be atypical ductal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: When added to the standard evaluation of clinical examination, mammography, and sonography in patients thought to have early-stage breast cancer, contrast-enhanced MRI using both a kinetic and morphologic analysis will often result in changes in recommended patient management and better treatment planning and will result in no significant increase in biopsies of benign lesions. In addition, there is a significant detection rate of occult contralateral breast cancers.     

临床查体、乳腺超声及X线检查诊断中国人乳腺癌的评价

目的 评价临床查体、乳腺超声及X线检查在诊断中国人乳腺癌中的价值,并比较3种检查的灵敏度、特异度和准确度,分析其联合诊断的意义.方法 对同期乳腺普查和门诊发现的112例可疑乳腺癌的病例(普查组38例,门诊组74例)均进行乳腺查体、超声及X线检查,并作穿刺或手术取活检明确病理诊断.3种检查的结果与病理诊断对照,分别计算出各自的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及κ值.结果 112例可疑乳腺癌病例中有61例乳腺癌,1例良性病变.乳腺临床查体、超声、X线检查的灵敏度分别为68.85%、88.52%、72.13%;特异度分别为88.23%、21.57%、56.86%;准确度分别为77.68%、58.04%、65.18%.三者两两联合后,乳腺超声与X线检查的灵敏度最高,为98.36%(P＜0.05),但特异度差,仅为3.92%(P＜0.05),准确度为55.36%,而临床查体与X线联合检查的灵敏度虽然较低,为85.25%,但特异度和准确度均较高,分别为56.86%和70.27%.结论 临床查体、乳腺超声、X线检查诊断乳腺癌各有特点.其中乳腺超声的灵敏度最高(P＜0.05),临床查体的特异度最好(P＜0.05),线检查对癌前病变及0期乳腺癌的检出率最高(P＜0.05).若三者联合使用,可以互相补充,减少漏诊,提高早期乳腺癌的检出率,满足大规模乳腺癌普查的需要.     

Palpable breast thickening: role of mammography and US in cancer detection

PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of breast carcinoma and ascertain the diagnostic yield of mammography and breast ultrasonography (US) in the detection of breast carcinoma in women with palpable breast thickening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty-three consecutive cases of breast thickening (103 patients) during a 1-year period were reviewed. Experienced breast examiners prospectively identified patients with breast thickening. Results of diagnostic mammographic work-up, breast US, breast biopsy, and clinical follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Six (5%) of 123 cases had a diagnosis of breast carcinoma; five (83%) of the six had invasive carcinoma. Mammography was performed in all cases, US in 77 (63%) cases. Mammographic sensitivity for invasive cancer detection was 60% (three of five cases), specificity was 94% (102 of 108 cases), and negative predictive value was 97% (102 of 105 cases). Sensitivity of US alone was 100% (two of two cases), specificity was 96% (65 of 68 cases), and negative predictive value was 100% (65 of 65 cases). The combined negative predictive value of mammography and US was 100%. Patients with prior biopsies at the site of palpable thickening accounted for most false-negative mammograms. Median time to initiate follow-up of patients in whom biopsy was not performed was 14 months. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer was discovered in 5% of women with palpable breast thickening. Women with negative mammograms and US scans are at low risk for cancer but should, in our opinion, be followed up at short-term intervals with clinical examination and imaging if biopsy is not elected by their surgeon or clinician.