鼻罩通气在低氧血症型呼吸衰竭中的应用

低氧血症型呼吸衰竭是外科手术后的常见并发症。鼻(面)罩通气作为一种无创通气技术在临床治疗中日益应用广泛[1,2]。本文探讨其在低氧血症型呼吸衰竭中的治疗作用、方法、适应证和禁忌证。资料和方法外科监护室(SICU)病人10例,男6例,女4例,年龄45～79岁。原发病各不相同,病史回顾无慢性呼吸系统疾病,皆在收入SICU治疗后,出现低氧血症型急性呼吸衰竭,主要表现为胸闷、呼吸窘迫和严重的低氧血症。以开放式面罩吸入高浓度氧(氧流量5～8L/min)后血气改善不显著。在病人意识清醒,循环稳定,排痰能力尚可,且愿意配合的情况下,用鼻罩进行机械通…     

小儿喉罩通气时压力控制通气和容量控制通气的比较

目的　比较小儿喉罩通气时压力控制通气(PCV)和容量控制通气(VCV)对气道压力 和喉罩漏气的影响。方法　34例全麻下择期手术的小儿,年龄3～12岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。静脉麻醉 诱导后置入喉罩。患儿按随机顺序接受VCV和PCV两种通气方式,通气期间保持相同的呼气末二 氧化碳分压(PETCO2)。结果　PCV时气道峰压和漏气率明显低于VCV(P<0.01)。PCV时2例患 儿气道峰压>20cmH2O,而VCV时有9例患儿气道峰压>20cmH2O(P<0.05)。PETCO2和循环 参数无显著性差异。结论　小儿全麻喉罩通气期间,PCV能在较低的气道压力下提供有效的肺通气 效果。     

慢性阻塞性肺病病人上腹部手术后鼻罩通气的应用

目的 探讨鼻罩通气在上腹部手术后的呼吸支持作用。方法 ５０例择其行上腹部手术病人,术前肺功能检查证实存在轻度中度阻塞性呼吸功能障碍,术后随机分成两组。（１）对照组：术后常规鼻导管吸氧;（２）鼻罩组：术后即开始以鼻罩行压力支持通气。观察两组病人术后通气功能及血气变化。结果 术后早期给予鼻罩通气,病人的氧合优于对照组,ＰａＣＯ２低于对照组,ＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１．０％及ＭＭＦ均明显高于对照组。结论 慢性阻塞肺     

喉罩食管导管通气全麻用于腹部手术的临床观察

目的探讨喉罩食管导管通气全麻用于腹部手术的临床效果。方法将98例行腹部手术的患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各49例。观察组患者采用喉罩食管导管通气全麻,对照组采用喉镜下气管插管通气全麻。对两组患者通气前、后的血流动力学变化进行观察和比较。结果观察组患者在行喉罩前后血压和心率变化比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而对照组患者在拔除气管插管前后血压和心率变化比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论喉罩食管导管通气全麻用于腹部手术效果良好,建议推广使用。     

NCPAP早产儿鼻塞与鼻罩交替间隔时间的研究

目的 探讨鼻塞与鼻罩2 h和4 h交替降低经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)早产儿鼻部压力性损伤的效果，为预防早产儿器械相关压力性损伤提供参考。方法 将73例早产儿按随机数字表法分为鼻塞与鼻罩2 h交替组(37例)和4 h交替组(36例),比较两组NCPAP使用时间、用氧浓度、鼻部压力性损伤情况，以及护士工作量。结果 两组鼻部压力性损伤发生率、NCPAP使用时间、用氧浓度比较，差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),鼻塞与鼻罩4 h交替组的护士工作量显著低于2 h交替组(P<0.05)。结论 NCPAP使用期间鼻塞与鼻罩4 h交替在改善患儿鼻部压力性损伤的结局，提高患儿舒适度与安全性的同时，可减轻护理人员工作量。     

硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对单肺通气期间气体交换的影响

目的 观察胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对单肺通气期间气体交换的影响.方法 随机选择ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期开胸手术病人80例,将病人随机分为两组,全麻复合硬膜外麻醉组(A组)和全麻组(B组),每组40例.两组病人在开胸前双肺通气20 min(T1)时及开胸后单肺通气(OLV)30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)、120 min(T4)时,分别采动脉血及混合静脉血,观察病人动静脉血气情况并计算肺内分流率(Qs/Qt)值、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)和无效腔量/潮气量(Vd/Vt)值.结果 与T1相比,两组T2-4时Paw均升高(P<0.01),T2-4时Qs/Qt均增加(P<0.01),A-aDO2增加(P<0.01),PaO2降低(P<0.01),而Vd/Vt,血压、心率变化无统计学差异(P>0.05);与B组相比,A组T2-4时的Qs/Qt增加(P<0.01),A-aDO2增加(P<0.01),PaO2,降低(P<0.01),而Vd/Vt,血压、心率变化无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 单肺通气期间硬膜外阻滞复合全麻对肺换气功能有影响,使Qs/Qt增加,PaO2下降,A-aDO2增大;对肺泡通气功能指标Vd/Vt影响甚微.     

BiPAP压力支持通气在肺心病呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

本文报告一种新的通气模式：使用ＢｉＰＡＰ压力支持通气治疗２０例肺心病合并ＩＩ呼吸衰竭病人，并以同期同样标准的１０例病人作为对照，治疗前后均做血气分析，结果显示ＢｉＰＡＰ压力支持通气有明显改善通气，提高ＰａＯ２，降低ＰａＣＯ２效果，鉴于它的无创性，有利于临床广应用。本文并对压力支持通气的原理、指征、优缺点、注意事项等进行了讨论。     

硬膜外麻醉上腹部手术围手术期膈肌功能研究

目的 :观察硬膜外麻醉上腹部手术 (UAS)病人围手术期膈肌功能变化。方法 :在连续硬膜外麻醉下行上腹部手术病人 12例 ,麻醉前置入胃管 ,同步监测胃内压 (Pga)与呼出气CO2 分压曲线 ,记录术前、术后 1、4、8小时平静呼吸时胃内压变化 (ΔPga)、RR、VT。吸气时Pga降低 (记为ΔPga =- 1)为腹部反常呼吸运动 ,吸气时Pga上升 (记为ΔPga =+1)。结果 :所有病人术前ΔPga均为 +1,于术后 1小时出现ΔPga =- 1(P <0 0 0 1) ,并且持续至术后 8小时。RR加快 (从术前 15 2± 2 1至术后 1、4、8小时分别为 2 0 2± 2 5、2 2 6± 2 8、2 1 8± 2 2P <0 0 0 1)、VT 减少 (由术前2 98± 16ml/m2 至术后 1、4、8小时分别为 2 2 5± 2 7、197± 2 5、2 19± 2 2ml/m2 P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :与全麻下UAS类似 ,硬膜外麻醉下UAS亦引起术后膈肌功能障碍     

Pressure-controlled Ventilation Does Not Improve Gas Exchange in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery

Background

Morbid obesity results in marked respiratory pathophysiologic changes that may lead to impaired intraoperative gas exchange. The decelerating inspiratory flow and constant inspiratory airway pressure resulting from pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) may be more adapted to these changes and improve gas exchanges compared with volume-controlled ventilation (VCV).

Methods

Forty morbidly obese patients scheduled for gastric bypass were included in this study. Total intravenous anesthesia was given using the target-controlled infusion technique. During the first intraoperative hour, VCV was used and the tidal volume was adjusted to keep end-tidal PCO₂ around 35 mmHg. After 1 h, patients were randomly allocated to 30-min VCV followed by 30-min PCV or the opposite sequence using a Siemens® Servo 300. FiO₂ was 0.6. During PCV, airway pressure was adjusted to provide the same tidal volume as during VCV. Arterial blood was sampled for gas analysis every 15 min. Ventilatory parameters were also recorded.

Results

Peak inspiratory airway pressures were significantly lower during PCV than during VCV (P? <?0.0001). The other ventilatory parameters were similar during the two periods of ventilation. PaO₂ and PaCO₂ were not significantly different during PCV and VCV.

Conclusion

PCV does not improve gas exchange in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass compared to VCV.

     

右美托咪啶与芬太尼联合对ICU 腹部外科术后机械通气患者镇静镇痛的效果比较

目的:探讨右美托咪啶与芬太尼联合在ICU腹部外科术后机械通气患者中的应用效果及对镇静、镇痛作用的影响。方法:选择2018年5月—2019年6月ICU腹部外科术后机械通气患者62例,随机分为对照组(n=31例)和观察组(n=31例)。两组均采用芬太尼持续静脉泵入,对照组采用咪达唑仑镇静镇痛,观察组采用右美托咪啶镇静镇痛,比较两组镇痛镇静效果、镇静剂使用剂量、苏醒及达到镇静所需时间、血流动力学水平及安全性。结果:两组T2、T3时间点VAS评分分别为(2.40±0.31 vs 2.43±0.32和2.01±0.12 vs 2.05±0.15)、Ramsay量表评分分别(3.21±0.35 vs 3.20±0.33和3.01±0.25vs 3.00±0.24)均低于T1时间点(VAS评分2.94±0.69 vs 2.96±0.71;Ramsay量表评分3.57±0.61 vs 3.58±0.62)(P0.05);观察组右美托咪啶联合芬太尼镇痛镇静达到镇静所需时间(34.29±3.56) min长于对照组(23.63±3.21)(t=5.535,P=0.043);观察组镇静剂使用剂量(220.59±15.25)μg、苏醒时间(3.29±0.69)min均少(短)于对照组镇静剂使用剂量(386.44±18.92)μg、苏醒时间(7.56±1.21)min(t=6.294、6.092,P=0.023、0.025);两组T1、T2时间点心率[观察组T1(88.47±9.76)次/min、T2(86.41±9.43)次/min;对照组T1(89.53±10.41)次/min、T2(87.46±9.58)次/min]均高于T0时间点[观察组(78.78±4.35)次/min、对照组(79.12±4.41)次/min](P0.05);观察组T1、T2时间点MVP(79.58±5.71、87.53±6.76)mmHg高于对照组(74.12±4.69、75.26±5.61)mmHg(t=9.613、7.223,P=0.011、0.016);观察组的不良反应发生率为6.45%,与对照组的12.90%差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.214, P=0.643)。结论:将右美托咪啶联合芬太尼用于ICU腹部外科术后机械通气患者中能获得良好的镇痛、镇静效果,缩短苏醒及达到镇静所需时间,血流动力学相对稳定,药物安全性较高,值得推广应用。     

硬膜外布比卡因镇痛减轻上腹部手术病人术后肺功能抑制

目的：研究术后硬膜外镇痛对上腹部手术病人呼吸功能的保护作用。方法：３０例硬膜外麻醉下行胆囊切除术病人分为两组：镇痛组１５例，术后保留硬膜外导管４８ｈ，每４～６ｈ注入０．２％布比卡因５ｍｌ镇痛；对照组１５例，用生理盐水代替布比卡因作对照。围手术期监测肺功能、ＳｐＯ２和血气。结果：两组病人术后早期肺功能均明显抑制。但镇痛组的呼吸抑制远比对照组为轻，术后１２ｈ的Ｖｃ、ＩＲＶ、ＥＲＶ、ＦＥＶ１．０、ＦＶＣ、ＭＭＦ和ＰＦＲ分别达术前值的７０．２１％、６２．３８％、６５．９４％、６１．９２％、６４．７４％、５７．５７％和５９．４０％，术后４８～７２ｈ的肺功能恢复至术前水平的７０％～８０％；术后第７天达９０％左右；ＰａＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２变化不大。结论：术后硬膜外注入０．２％布比卡因镇痛能有效地减轻上腹部手术病人术后肺功能抑制。     

Sigh Improves Gas Exchange and Lung Volume in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Undergoing Pressure Support Ventilation

Background: The aim of our study was to assess the effect of periodic hyperinflations (sighs) during pressure support ventilation (PSV) on lung volume, gas exchange, and respiratory pattern in patients with early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods: Thirteen patients undergoing PSV were enrolled. The study comprised 3 steps: baseline 1, sigh, and baseline 2, of 1 h each. During baseline 1 and baseline 2, patients underwent PSV. Sighs were administered once per minute by adding to baseline PSV a 3- to 5-s continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) period, set at a level 20% higher than the peak airway pressure of the PSV breaths or at least 35 cm H2O. Mean airway pressure was kept constant by reducing the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during the sigh period as required. At the end of each study period, arterial blood gas tensions, air flow and pressures traces, end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), compliance of respiratory system (Crs), and ventilatory parameters were recorded.

Results: Pao2 improved (P < 0.001) from baseline 1 (91.4 +/- 27.4 mmHg) to sigh (133 +/- 42.5 mmHg), without changes of Paco2. EELV increased (P < 0.01) from baseline 1 (1,242 +/- 507 ml) to sigh (1,377 +/- 484 ml). Crs improved (P < 0.01) from baseline 1 (40.2 +/- 12.5 ml/cm H2O) to sigh (45.1 +/- 15.3 ml/cm H2O). Tidal volume of pressure-supported breaths and the airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) decreased (P < 0.01) during the sigh period. There were no significant differences between baselines 1 and 2 for all parameters.     

硬膜外阻滞与静脉复合麻醉对上腹部手术病人血浆去甲肾上腺素含量的影响

１６例择期手术病人随机分成硬膜外阻滞（ＥＢ）组和静脉普鲁卡因复合麻醉（ＩＰＢＡ）组。血浆去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）含量的测定采用高效液相电化学法。结果：麻醉前５ｍｉｎ和切皮前５ｍｉｎＥＢ组的ＮＥ水平均显著高于ＩＰＢＡｆｆｉ（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明硬膜外穿刺和病人对手术的焦虑与ＮＥ水平的升高有关。切皮后６０ｍｉｎ，两组ＮＥ水平均升高至最高点，约为各自麻醉前值的２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），提示两种方法均不能有效地防止手术应激的发生。术后６０ｍｉｎ，两组ＮＥ值均比各自术中值明显下降了４０～５０％（ｐ＜０．０１），提示手术刺激是上腹部手术病人应激反应的主要启动因素。     

Impact of Interface Type on Noninvasive Ventilation Efficacy in Patients With Neuromuscular Disease: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

Background and objectiveAround 25% of patients with neuro-muscular diseases (NMD) are treated by home noninvasive ventilation (NIV) through an oronasal mask. However, there is growing evidence that nasal masks require lower NIV pressures and result in fewer residual obstructive events. We hypothesized that nasal masks would improve efficacy and reduce side effects compared to oronasal masks in this population.Methodsopen label, cross-over, randomized, study in 2 tertiary care hospitals. Patients with NMD treated by home NIV were randomized for one-week periods to nasal and oronasal interfaces respectively (cross-over). At the end of each period, nocturnal polygraphy (monitoring mouth opening) under NIV, synchronized with transcutaneous partial pressure in CO₂ (tcCO₂) was performed. Data were collected from the NIV built-in software and NIV side-effects were collected. Intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses were performed. The primary outcome was mean nocturnal SpO₂. The secondary outcomes were: percentage of sleep with SpO₂ < 90%, oxygen desaturation index (ODI), mean tcCO₂, mean duration of mouth opening during sleep, level of non-intentional leaks and side-effects.ResultsThirty patients with NMD were included. There were no between-group differences for either the primary or secondary outcomes. Post hoc comparisons showed that changing between interfaces reduced NIV efficacy: mean nocturnal SpO₂ (p = 0.04), ODI (p = 0.01), mean tcCO2 (p = 0.048), side-effects (p = 0.008).ConclusionNasal masks did not improve NIV efficacy or reduce side effects compared to oronasal masks in patients with NMD treated by home NIV. The efficacy of NIV is reduced during the transition to another interface, requiring close monitoring.Registration number: NCT03458507.     

老年病人硬膜外麻醉下腹部手术血中超氧化物歧化酶活性和脂质过氧化物酶的改变

观测１０例６０岁以上的老年腹部手术患者麻醉前后、手术前后ＳＯＤ活性、ＬＰＯ的变化。结果表明，老年病人的ＳＯＤ活性、ＬＰＯ等术前与常人无明显差异，对于创伤不大，麻醉药物单纯、术中心血管功能稳定、手术时间不长的情况下术前、麻醉后、术毕测试结果显示亦无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。作者认为老年病人围术期应尽量维持机体内稳态稳定，减小手术创伤，尽量避免用抑制ＳＯＤ活性的药物、亦应积极清除体内产生的ＬＰＯ物质，从而确保术后机体的修复及减少各种并发症的发生。     

Narcotrend监测下硬膜外阻滞复合全麻在老年病人腹部手术中的应用

目的比较Narcotrend监测下硬膜外阻滞复合全麻和单纯全麻用于老年病人腹部手术的临床效果,探讨老年腹部手术病人更安全合理的麻醉方式。方法 40例ASAⅡ～Ⅲ择期行腹部手术的老年病人,随机分为硬膜外阻滞复合全麻组(EGA)和单纯全麻组(GA),每组20例。两组全麻诱导用药为舒芬太尼0.4μg/kg、顺苯磺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg,气管插管后微泵持续输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼及间断静注顺苯磺阿曲库铵维持麻醉,术中行Narcotrend监测并使Narcotrend分级(NTS)维持在D0～D2之间。EGA组全麻诱导前先行硬膜外穿刺置管,注入试验剂量1.3%利多卡因3 ml,气管插管后硬膜外追加1.3%利多卡因6～8 ml,再以0.375%罗哌卡因5～8 ml/次维持硬膜外阻滞。术中监测血流动力学变化,术毕记录两组病人全麻维持用药量和病人睁眼时间、拔管时间及定位功能恢复时间等。结果 EGA组术中收缩压低于GA组(P<0.05);术中麻醉用药比较,EGA组丙泊酚及顺苯磺阿曲库铵用量少于GA组(P<0.05),EGA组瑞芬太尼用量明显少于GA组(P<0.01);恢复时间比较,EGA组病人睁眼时间、拔管时间、定位功能恢复时间均明显短于GA组(P<0.01);两组病人均无术中知晓发生。结论硬膜外阻滞复合全麻用于老年病人腹部手术血流动力学稳定,全麻药用量减少,病人恢复较快,是一种安全可行的麻醉方法,同时进行麻醉深度监测,有利于预防术中知晓。     

硬膜外阻滞联合全麻对老年腹部手术应激反应的影响

目的：探讨高容量0.125%罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞联合全麻对老年胃癌根治术患者术中抑制应激反应及稳定血液动力学的作用。方法：45例患者随机A组、B组和C组,3组患者经T8-9椎间隙穿刺硬膜外腔置管,然后分别注入0.125%罗哌卡因、0.375%罗哌卡因和0.9%氯化钠0.085mL/cm身高,A、B组要求阻滞范围上至T4～T5、,下至T12～L1,全麻后机械通气。手术开始后以微量注射泵持续行硬膜外腔注射,每小时为首剂量1/3,定时检测血浆肾上腺素、皮质醇与血糖等浓度。结果：与C组相比,A组和B组血浆肾上腺素、皮质醇和血糖浓度在T4和T5时点明显降低（P〈0.05）,A组与B组之间血浆肾上腺素和血糖浓度在各时点均无明显差异（P〉0.05）。C组芬太尼用量与其余两组比较明显增加（P〈0.05）;B组输液量比其余两组明显增加（P〈0.05）。结论：全麻联合高容量0.125%罗哌卡因行硬膜外阻滞能有效抑制全麻下老年患者行胃癌根治术时的应激反应,且血流动力学平稳。