脑室造影确诊CT平扫难诊性单纯性四脑室猪囊虫6例报告

脑室造影确诊ＣＴ平扫难诊性单纯性四脑室猪囊虫６例报告空军张家口医院王志明，刘志，陈永珊，韩树生报道目前，脑囊虫病依据头颅ＣＴ、临床表现及脑脊液囊虫免疫学检查已易于诊断，但是，单纯的第四脑室囊虫仅靠ＣＴ平扫作为定位诊断就十分困难。我们遇到６例，均为颅高...     

脑囊虫病颅内高压与免疫异常间的关系

观察107例脑囊虫病患者，42例有颅内压增高症状和体征。根据患者头颅CT扫描分为3型。①脑室型(7例)：囊虫在脑室系统内完全或不完全梗阻CSF循环通路引起颅内压增高，脑室系统对称性扩大。②脑实质型(7例)：脑实质内有散在或较密集的囊虫病灶。③脑水肿型(28例)：脑实质内单个或散在囊虫病灶，病灶周围明显水肿，脑室系统对称性缩小。患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及血清免疫球蛋白检测，T3、T4及IgG均明显低于无颅内压增高的脑囊虫病患者，表明脑囊虫病产生高颅压的主要原因为变态反应引起脑水肿。     

Binswanger病14例临床分析

本文分析１４例Ｂｉｎｓｗａｎｇｅｒ病（ＢＤ），ＢＤ的发病形式缓慢，病因多为高血压病，病灶及局限大脑白质，临床特点为渐进性痴呆，二便失禁，步态异常，ＣＴ或ＭＲ为脑室周围白质密度降低，基底节多发腔隙梗塞及脑萎缩，提出影像学改变先天症状出现。     

第四脑室的囊虫的MRI诊断及外科治疗

临床资料1 一般资料 :男 8例 ,女 2例。年龄 2 3岁～64岁 ,平均 4 9 1岁。病程 15天～ 2年。单纯第四脑室内囊虫 4例 ,混合型 6例。食痘猪肉史 3例 ,发现皮下结节 3例 ,便绦虫史 2例。临床表现主要为头痛、呕吐、眩晕、Ｂｒｕｎｓ征 5例 ,癫病发作及视力下降等。体征为视乳头水肿、眼球震颤、共济失调等。2 免疫学检查及脑脊液检查 :全部病例经血清及脑脊液猪囊虫酶联免疫吸附试验及补体结合试验检查 ,均为阳性。3 放射学检查 :全部病例经头颅ＣＴ检查 ,均显示脑室扩张、明显的脑积水 ,2例显示第四室内低密度囊性病灶 ,增强扫描后 ,囊壁无…     

脑室造影CT扫描对脑室内囊虫的诊断价值

脑室造影ＣＴ扫描对脑室内囊虫的诊断价值史锡文，张永福，楚功仁，王喜红，程文兰本组男１２例，女７例，年龄１１～５０岁，平均３２岁。临床表现均为高颅压症状而缺乏局灶体征。ＣＴ平扫表现为不同程度的脑积水，５例行增强扫描，未见强化。全组病例均于术前一天行右侧...     

CT及MR对脑转移瘤与脑囊虫病的鉴别

脑转移瘤与脑囊虫病均为颅内多发性占位疾病，有时在ＣＴ及ＭＲ图像上表现很相似，容易造成误诊，但二者在治疗及预后上有明显差异，因此，进行鉴别有重要意义。现将我们所见３例误诊病例分析如下，提出它们的鉴别要点，以供参考。临床资料脑转移瘤３例，原发灶均为肺癌。男２例，女１例。年龄为４８、５０、５６岁。病程２～６月。３例在ＣＴ增强扫描及ＭＲＴ２加权像上均表现为双侧大脑半球内广泛多发性环形结节影，均误诊为脑囊虫病。误诊时间达２～６月。在重新读片时发现３例结节数分别为１５、９、８个，共３２个。直径６～１５ｍｍ，…     

脑囊虫病诊断方法的探讨

为进一步探讨脑囊虫病的诊断方法,对４３例具有中枢神经系统症状和体征的病人进行了脑部ＣＴ、血清和ＣＳＦ囊虫抗体检查（ＥＬＩＳＡ）,３２例ＣＴ无典型脑囊虫病改变的患者做了脑ＭＲＩ检查。结果１１例（２５．６％）ＣＴ表现为多发圆形低密度灶,部分间有点状钙化,为脑囊虫病的典型改变,余３２例改变不典型或无异改变。血清囊虫抗体阳性３７例（８６．０％）,ＣＳＦ囊虫抗体阳性３２例（７４．０％）。２７例（８４．４％）     

脑干海绵状血管瘤影像学

目的：结合临床表现特点，对４８例有组织学结果的脑干海绵状血管瘤的影像学表现进行分析。方法：４８例依发作方式分为两种类型。一类表现为突然发作的颅神经及传导束症状，部分为反复类似发作；另一种为静止性发作。所有病人均进行了ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ检查。并通过手术得到病理证实。结果：所有病例ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ均表现出海绵状血管瘤的特点。在非增强ＣＴ扫描表现为等或稍高密度，在增强ＣＴ扫描，病灶表现为轻至中度强化，水肿及占位效应均不明显。ＭＲＩ扫描表现为高信号或混杂信号，代表不同时相的出血及胶质样变。部分病例可见典型的桑椹样或网络样结构。除１８例病灶位于延髓或中脑外，大多病灶位于桥脑。３例在梯度回波扫描可见多发病灶。有１例组织学可见海绵状血管瘤的血管腔内存在弹性纤维；４例可见引流静脉及供血动脉。结论：桥脑是脑干海绵状血管瘤最常见部位；影像学特别是ＭＲＩ表现与病程及病变构成有关；部分组织病理学具有与其它血管畸形重叠的特点。手术彻底切除病灶对防止复发非常重要。     

烟雾病的影像学征象(附27例报告)

目的　分析２７例烟雾病脑血管造影、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ表现。方法　脑血管造影２３例,ＣＴ检查２３例,ＭＲＩ检查１２例,ＭＲＡ检查６例。结果　（１） 出现颈内动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞及颅底异常血管网伴脑膜侧支循环分别为６３％ 、６６．７％ 、９６．３％ 、１００％ ;脑梗死、脑出血、脑萎缩及脑室扩大分别为７０．４％ 、１４．８％ 、１４．８％ 、１８．５％ 。（２） 脑血管造影、ＣＴ平扫、ＭＲＩ及ＭＲＡ对烟雾病的诊断率分别为１００％ 、０％ 、５０％ 、１００％ 。结果　ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ主要用于显示烟雾病的脑实质改变,而脑血管造影和ＭＲＡ用于显示该病的脑血管改变。ＭＲＡ是怀疑此病后首选检查方法,若患者准备手术,则需作脑血管造影进一步检查     

脑室猪囊虫病

脑室猪囊虫病齐兰平，薜义，郭卓平脑囊虫病目前归为四型：脑实质型、脑室型，脑膜型和混合型。本文报告脑室内猪囊虫病３０例。全部经手术及病理检验证实。资料本组男２０例，女１０例，年龄６～５１岁，平均２２．１岁。少年儿童１６例，青年１０例。病程１个月～２年，...     

Morphological brain abnormalities in schizophrenia determined by computed tomography: a problem of measurement?

The size of the cerebral ventricles was estimated from computed tomographic (CT) scans of 14 young patients with schizophrenia and 12 medical controls. The subjects were a representative subsample from a larger sample studied by Boronow et al. (1985). Although no CT abnormalities were detected in the psychiatric patients using traditional measures (mechanical planimetry for the lateral ventricles and a linear measure for the third ventricle), a volumetric analysis of the same 26 scans revealed enlargement of the lateral and third ventricles in the schizophrenics. The effect revealed by volumetric measures of the lateral ventricles was 58% greater than that obtained with digital planimetry and 96% greater than the effect found using mechanical planimetry. No differences were found between volumetric and digital planimetric measures of the third ventricle, but the effect revealed by the latter measure was 114% greater than that obtained by a linear index. It is suggested that volumetric measures of lateral ventricles based on information from several CT slices may be more sensitive to group differences in ventricular size than planimetry. Likewise, area measures of the third ventricle may be more sensitive to group differences than linear measures.     

脑血管病变与阿尔茨海默病关系的病例对照研究

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病与经头部CT证实的脑血管病变、白质病变的可能关系。方法选择60例阿尔茨海默病患者及84例年龄、性别与之相匹配的认知功能正常老年人,采用盲法分析临床诊断前3～5年的头部CT资料,调查头部CT显示的各种脑血管病变;对白质病变进行分区评分(评分等级为0～3分),并将双侧额区、顶枕区、颞区及幕下共8个区域的总和作为白质病变总评分;测量钩间距、双侧侧裂宽度、第三脑室宽度、哈氏值、脑室指数和侧脑室体部指数,以反映脑萎缩和脑室扩大的程度。结果CT资料显示,阿尔茨海默病组患者存在明显的脑血管病变、白质病变、脑萎缩和脑室系统扩大;正常对照组有脑血管病变者15例(17.86%),阿尔茨海默病组33例(55.00%),单因素分析组间差异有高度统计学意义(P=0.0001)。两组白质病变均以双侧额区和顶枕区评分居高,双侧颞区和幕下评分较低;白质病变总评分、双侧额区及左侧顶枕区白质病变评分,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组钩间距、双侧侧裂宽度、第三脑室宽度及侧脑室体部指数,组间差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05);但哈氏值、脑室指数,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素分析显示,考虑白质病变总评分时,脑血管病变、第三脑室宽度和钩间距与阿尔茨海默病有关(OR=3.222,1.507,1.271;95%CI:1.199～8.689,1.197～1.897和1.093～1.476);考虑不同部位白质病变评分时,脑血管病变、左侧额区白质病变评分、第三脑室宽度和钩间距与阿尔茨海默病有关(OR=2.876,1.744,1.548和1.268;95%CI:1.048～7.895,1.021～2.978,1.221～1.962和1.091～1.473);其中第三脑室宽度和钩间距OR值变化不明显。双侧侧裂宽度和侧脑室体部指数与阿尔茨海默病无关。剔除年龄和脑萎缩等影响因素后,多因素分析显示脑血管病变、左侧额区白质病变评分与阿尔茨海默病显著相关。结论阿尔茨海默病患者的脑血管病变和白质病变均可能促进阿尔茨海默病的发生和发展。控制脑血管疾病,减轻白质病变程度,将有助于阿尔茨海默病的防治。     

立体定向内窥镜下三脑室底部造瘘术

目的：从三脑室底部造瘘术的经验总结,提高梗阻性脑积水的疗效。方法：１９９６年１月至１９９９年１２月,我科共实施立体定向三脑室底部造瘘术治疗梗阻性脑积水１９例。术前均作ＭＲＩ检查,鞍背与脑干之间距离大于５ｍｍ,梗阻原因为导水管狭窄１４例,松果体区肿瘤３例,三脑室后部肿瘤２例。全部病例均在Ｌｅｋｓｅｌｌ－Ｇ型定向仪辅助下,ＭＲＩ导向,应用德国生产的Ｓｔｏｒｚ硬质神经内窥镜,由右额钻孔右侧侧脑室入路。根据术中内窥镜下脑室内解剖结构,参考立体定向靶点坐标及轨迹,选择造瘘口位置。造瘘口一般位于鞍背后方,两个乳头体前方,用单极电凝器电凝后,穿通之,再用球囊导管扩大造瘘口,直径在６、～８ｍｍ之间。结果：全组病人造瘘成功,造瘘口未见出血。术后高颅压症状缓解明显。术后１周颅脑ＣＴ复查显示脑室系统缩小不明显,一个月后可见明显缩小,     

Computerized Tomographic Study on the Brain of Patients with Alcohol Dependence

Abstract: One hundred ten patients with alcohol dependence and 56 psychiatric patients with either senile dementia, amphetamine psychosis, epilepsy or chronic schizophrenia were investigated with a CT scan of the brain. The maximum width of the 3rd ventricle was measured, and the presence/absence of enlargement of the lateral ventricle and of atrophy of the frontal lobe was determined independently by 3 physicians. The width of the 3rd ventricle in alcoholic and the other patients examined was gradually enlarged with aging, and the width in these patients was significantly larger than that in the age-matched control patients who were selected from the patients with amphetamine psychosis, epilepsy or schizophrenia. The enlargement of the lateral ventricles observed in the alcoholic patients always accompanied the enlargement of the 3rd ventricle, but not vice versa. The alcoholic patients with frontal lobe atrophy showed a higher incidence of withdrawal delirium than the patients without atrophy. These findings suggest that the chronic intake of alcohol might affect primarily the area around the 3rd ventricle, resulting in enlargement of this ventricle and consequential enlargement of the lateral ventricles and also that the alcoholic patients with frontal lobe atrophy could have a high risk for a manifestation of alcoholic withdrawal delirium.     

Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Relationship between cerebral ventricular size and neuropsychological impairment

Forty-seven patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis were examined to assess the possible relationship between cerebral atrophy (by computed tomography [CT] ) and performance on neuropsychological tests of memory and verbal intelligence. Nineteen patients were found to have mildly dilated ventricles and another nine patients had moderate to severe ventricular enlargement. Performance on memory and intelligence testing was related to the degree of ventriculomegaly. Three linear CT measurements were also recorded. Using this method, the width of the third ventricle proved to be the best indicator of intellectual and memory dysfunction. Measures of cognition and ventricular size did not correlate with length of illness or overall disability as rated by the Kurtzke Disability Status Score.     

Enlargement of the third ventricle and hyponatraemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Hyponatraemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is associated with an increased risk of cerebral infarction. Whether the development of hyponatraemia was related to enlargement of the third ventricle on the admission CT scan was investigated in a consecutive series of 133 patients who were seen within 72 hours of aneurysmal haemorrhage. Hyponatraemia occurred significantly more often in patients with enlargement of the third ventricle (with or without dilatation of the lateral ventricles) than in patients with a normal ventricular system (20/41 versus 24/92, p = 0.016). After ventricular drainage, the sodium levels returned to normal in two patients in whom the size of the third ventricle decreased and not in four patients with persistent enlargement of the third ventricle. The significant relationship between enlargement of the third ventricle and hyponatraemia remained after adjustment for the amount of cisternal blood, but not after adjustment for the amount of intraventricular blood. These results suggest that the size of the third ventricle is an important but not the only factor in the relationship between acute hydrocephalus and hyponatraemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.     

A computed tomography study of myotonic dystrophy

Mental symptom is one of the characteristic features in myotonic dystrophy, but documentation of mental signs including pathological changes of the brain has been imprecise. An attempt to show the involvement of the central nervous system by CT scan and EEG has been done in our department. The material consists of 14 patients 10 males and 4 females, from 15 to 50 years of age. CT scan of the 14 patients showed diffuse enlargement of lateral and third ventricles without definite atrophy of cerebral cortex and brainstem. Measurements of various parts of the ventricles showed a difference and an increase with age of values compared with that obtained from 49 neurologically normal persons (P less than 0.01). Main findings of EEG taken from 7 patients were slowing and low voltage of background activity, and 4 patients showed monotonous alpha waves. Both asymmetry and paroxysmal waves were not found. There was no significant correlation between the degree of ventricular enlargement and the frequency of the alpha activity (P greater than 0.05). Our study reveals that the ventricular enlargement is more correlated with aging than the severity of muscle involvement or the degree of mental deterioration. This fact possibly reflects a progressive nature of the pathology of the brain, especially the white matter.     

Clinical correlates of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia. Further evidence for frontal lobe disease.

Numerous studies have shown evidence of cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia and its relationship to severity of clinical symptoms and psychosocial dysfunction. In this large prospective study, 88 noninstitutionalized DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients were administered a CT scan and rated for positive and negative symptomatology and premorbid adjustment. The CT scans from 14 healthy controls were used for comparison of cerebral ventricular measures. Patients had an enlarged ventricle to brain ratio of the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles, the frontal horns, compared with controls. Patients with larger frontal horns had more severe negative symptoms and poorer premorbid childhood adjustment. The area of the main body of the cerebral lateral ventricles, though not elevated in patients, was correlated with the total number of prior hospitalizations. These results support the hypothesis of a structural and functional "frontal" deficit in schizophrenia.     

QUANTITATIVE DEVELOPMENT of CHOROID PLEXUSES IN CHICK EMBRYO CEREBRAL VENTRICLES

Quantitative development of choroid plexuses in cerebral ventricles of chick embryos was investigated by means of the planary projection of the choroid plexuses from the time the plexuses reached a consistent flattened structure. Choroid plexuses in the lateral cerbral ventricles were studied from day 6, the plexus in the third cerebral ventricle from day 8, and the plexus in the fourth cerebral ventricle from day 11 of incubation. Regardless of the microscopic origin of these choroid plexuses, their development reached a growth maximum on day 15 of incubation, after which there was a slight regression. The regression was gradual in the plexus of the third cerebral ventricle but a transient enlargement of plexuses in the laternal and in the fourth cerebral ventricle was observed between days 18 and 19. The enlargement of choroid plexuses in the lateral cerebral ventricles was caused by a flattening of the villi, whereas that of the plexus in the fourth cerebral ventricle was caused by thinning and yawning of the villi. The area of choroid plexuses in the lateral cerebral ventricles was six or seven times larger than the sum of the areas of the remaining choroid plexuses.     

Computerized tomography in patients with neurocysticercosis with intracranial hypertension due to obstructive hydrocephalus: comparison with Dimer-X ventriculography

The authors reviewed the alterations observed on computerized tomography (CT) examinations of 16 patients with increased intracranial pressure and obstructive hydrocephalus due to cerebral cysticercosis. Plain radiograms of the skull were available in all cases and Dimer-X ventriculography in 12 cases. In 7 cases there were radiologic signs of increased intracranial pressure. CT scan showed normal cerebral parenchyma in 9 cases and low density areas, with various size, with or without surround contrast enhancement, and/or small calcifications in the parenchyma. Hydrocephalus was the only alteration observed in the ventricular system in the case that the examination was done before ventricular drainage. Ventriculography was analyzed in other paper and permitted to situate the obstruction, determine its morphological characteristics and identify occuping space lesions within the ventricles. Comparison between ventriculography and CT scan made in the same period evidence that the former gives best information about the ventricular system and that tomography gives additional information about the cerebral parenchyma. In conclusion, CT scan and ventriculography are investigations that complete each the other for evaluation and diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis.