淫羊藿苷对去卵巢大鼠骨和下丘脑不同核团ERβ mRNA表达的影响

目的观察淫羊藿苷对去卵巢大鼠骨和下丘脑不同核团ERβmRNA表达的影响,探讨其治疗绝经后骨质疏松的作用机制。方法将10～11月龄SD♀大鼠60只,随机分为假手术组、去卵巢模型组、淫羊藿苷小、中、大剂量组(每组12只)。以双侧卵巢切除法建立大鼠骨质疏松模型。分别用淫羊藿苷小、中、大剂量给药4个月,采用RT-PCR法,观察各组大鼠骨和下丘脑室旁核、视上核、弓状核ERβmRNA表达的变化。结果大鼠卵巢切除后,血清E2水平、椎骨骨密度、子宫湿重、胫骨和下丘脑弓状核ERβmRNA表达明显降低(P<0.01),下丘脑室旁核、视上核ERβmRNA表达均明显升高(P<0.01)。与去卵巢模型组比较,淫羊藿苷50.0和100.0 mg.kg-1组治疗后,血清E2水平、椎骨骨密度、胫骨和下丘脑弓状核ERβmRNA表达明显升高(P<0.01),下丘脑室旁核、视上核ERβmRNA表达均明显降低(P<0.01),子宫湿重无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论淫羊藿苷可以改善切除卵巢所致的骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度,对子宫无不良反应。其机制可能与其选择性调节去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠下丘脑不同核团ERβmRNA表达水平有关,调节下丘脑功能活动是其途径之一。     

P物质对哮喘大鼠神经内分泌功能的调节

目的探讨哮喘大鼠脑内P物质在哮喘发作中的作用。方法以大鼠腹腔注射含百日咳和氢氧化铝的卵蛋白溶液制备哮喘动物模型,免疫组织化学方法(SABC)检测哮喘大鼠脑内c-fos蛋白,放射免疫法检测下丘脑室旁核(para-ventricular nucleus,PVN)内P物质(substance P,SP)的含量及正中隆起(ME)中促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(cortico-tropin-releasing hormone,CRH)和外周血中促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、皮质酮(corticoster-one,CORT)含量,PVN内分别微量注射外源性SP、SP受体拮抗剂S0145,观察其对哮喘大鼠肺功能与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质功能轴(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA轴)活动的影响。结果哮喘大鼠发作时PVN内SP含量升高;正中隆起CRH与外周血中ACTH、CORT含量均降低(P<0.05),呼/吸时程比和气道阻力增加,膈肌放电积分、肺顺应性减小(P<0.01)。PVN内微量注射SP后哮喘大鼠的肺通气功能进一步下降,CORT、ACTH、CRH含量进一步降低(P<0.01)。SP受体阻断剂S0145则可逆转哮喘发生时大鼠肺功能与HPA轴的改变。结论哮喘大鼠下丘脑室旁核内SP可影响HPA轴的功能,参与哮喘发作。     

纳洛酮对敌敌畏中毒家兔血浆β-内啡肽含量的影响

目的 研究纳洛酮对敌敌畏中毒家兔血浆β-内啡肽含量的影响.方法 将家免分为两组,均采用敌敌畏灌胃法使其中毒,常规治疗组予硫酸阿托品和碘解磷定治疗,纳洛酮预防组在中毒前予纳洛酮,中毒后予硫酸阿托品和碘解磷定治疗,分别测定两组动物敌敌畏中毒前和中毒治疗后不同时间血浆β-内啡肽含量.结果 与正常动物相比,常规治疗组血浆β-内啡肽水平在中毒治疗后1～20 h均显著升高(P<0.001);与常规治疗组相比,纳洛酮预防组血浆β-内啡肽水平在中毒治疗后1～20 h均显著降低(P<0.01).结论 家兔急性敌敌畏中毒可引起血浆β-内啡肤水平急剧升高,纳洛酮预防性应用则可明显降低中毒家兔血浆β-内啡肽水平.     

下丘脑室旁核Epac蛋白在大鼠炎性痛调节过程中的作用及其机制研究

目的探讨下丘脑室旁核Epac在大鼠炎症性疼痛发展过程中的作用及其机制。方法健康成年♂SD大鼠,通过左侧后肢足底中心皮下注射完全弗氏佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)建立炎症性疼痛模型,Western blot检测Epac蛋白的表达变化;室旁核给予Epac激动剂8p-CPT(8p-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP)后,测定大鼠热缩足潜伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL),观察痛行为变化,并在药效发挥最大作用时,取出大鼠下丘脑室旁核,用Western blot检测Epac下游p-MEK1/2蛋白表达情况。结果与生理盐水对照组相比,CFA组大鼠炎症侧后足d 1、3、5、7、9、11的TWL明显降低(P<0.01),d 13的TWL基本恢复至正常水平;d6、8、10、12、14的机械缩足反射阈值(paw mechanical withdraw threshold,PMWT)明显降低(P<0.05)。与生理盐水对照组相比,CFA组大鼠室旁核Epac1蛋白表达在d 3开始明显降低,且在d 3和d 9均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而Epac2蛋白表达则没有明显变化,p-MEK1/2蛋白表达在d 3开始降低(P<0.05)。与室旁核微量注射生理盐水组相比,8pCPT组大鼠于给药后20 min和1 h热痛敏均明显减轻,TWL明显升高(P<0.05);室旁核p-MEK1/2蛋白在给药后30min表达明显升高(P<0.05),2 h后恢复至给药前水平。结论下丘脑室旁核Epac1-MEK1/2信号通路可能参与了CFA所致的慢性炎症性疼痛的发展过程。     

盐酸帕罗西汀对卒中后抑郁大鼠行为和下丘脑室旁核fos蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨抗抑郁药治疗卒中后抑郁的分子作用机制。方法:应用线栓法致大脑中动脉闭塞制备脑卒中模型结合束缚应激和孤养法复制了卒中后抑郁症(poststroke depression,PSD)大鼠模型。观察PSD大鼠模型行为学改变和下丘脑室旁核c-fos表达,及盐酸帕罗西汀对PSD的干预作用。结果:PSD模型大鼠蔗糖水消耗量降低、Open-Field测定直立评分和水平评分减少,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);药物组糖水消耗量增加、Open-Field测定水平得分和直立得分增加,与PSD组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。PSD组下丘脑室旁核c-fos蛋白的表达较卒中组或抑郁组有所增加,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与PSD组比较药物组下丘脑室旁核c-fos蛋白的表达减少,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:盐酸帕罗西汀可以改善PSD大鼠抑郁行为,其抗抑郁作用可能与下调下丘脑室旁核c-fos基因表达有关。     

孕酮对大鼠吗啡位置偏爱相关脑区中β-内啡肽水平的影响

目的:观察孕酮对吗啡所致奖赏效应及相关脑区中β-内啡肽(β-EP)水平的影响.方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照(NS)组、吗啡组、孕酮组和孕酮+吗啡组,上午NS组和孕酮组皮下给予环糊精和孕酮15 mg/kg,10 min后腹腔给予生理盐水5 mg/kg,吗啡组和孕酮+吗啡组皮下给予环糊精和孕酮15 mg/kg,10 min后腹腔给予吗啡5 mg/kg,放入白室训练.下午各组动物均皮下和腹腔给予等量的环糊精和生理盐水,放入黑室训练.建立吗啡条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型,采用放射免疫法测定大鼠不同脑区中β-EP含量.结果:与NS组比较,吗啡组产生稳定的CPP效应(P<0.01),孕酮和孕酮+吗啡组均未产生CPP效应.与NS组比较,CPP形成时,吗啡组大鼠下丘脑、海马和额叶皮质中β-EP水平显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.05).与吗啡组比较,孕酮+吗啡组大鼠下丘脑中β-EP水平显著升高(P<0.01),而其他脑区内无明显变化(P>0.05).结论:孕酮可有效抑制吗啡CPP效应,其机制可能与逆转吗啡诱导的下丘脑中β-EP水平有关.     

NVP-BEZ235抑制低氧诱导的大鼠肺部炎症反应

目的评价PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂NVP-BEZ235对低氧诱导的大鼠肺部炎症及血清炎性因子的作用。方法将18只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和NVP-BEZ235干预组(均n=6),低氧组和干预组置于低压低氧(0.5大气压、吸入氧浓度约10%)环境饲养,干预组于实验第1日起给予NVPBEZ235(35 mg·kg~(-1))隔日灌胃给药,对照组匹配常氧饲养,21 d后全部动物以5%戊巴比妥钠麻醉后取材。肺组织固定后石蜡包埋并行HE染色及Masson染色并进行病理评分;ELISA方法检测各组大鼠血清中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、转化生长因子(TGF)-β水平。结果低氧组大鼠肺泡炎症评分及肺纤维化评分显著高于对照组(P<0.01),NVP-BEZ235干预组炎症评分及肺纤维化评分显著低于低氧组(P<0.01)。低氧组大鼠血清IL-1β、TNF-α、TGF-β较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),干预组IL-1β、TNF-α较低氧组降低(P<0.01),而TGF-β水平增高(P<0.05)。结论 NVP-BEZ235可以抑制低氧诱导的肺动脉高压大鼠的肺部炎症及纤维化水平,抑制血清IL-1β和TNF-α水平升高,提高血清TGF-β的表达水平。     

海人酸致痫大鼠血浆β-内啡肽、IL-2含量及纳络酮的干预作用研究

目的 探讨β-EP、IL-2在癫痫发病中的机制以及纳络酮的干预作用.方法 大鼠腹腔内注射海人酸(KA)诱发癫痫发作,分为惊厥组及纳洛酮组,纳洛酮组同时给予腹腔注射1 mg/ kg 纳洛酮(NLX),观察两组大鼠癫痫行为,比较两组大鼠血浆β-内啡肽(β-EP)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量,及采用原位末端脱氧核苷酸生物素标记(TUNEL) 法分别测定大鼠海马神经元凋亡情况.结果 比较惊厥对照组与纳洛酮治疗组大鼠癫痫行为结果 显示:惊厥潜伏期差异无显著性(t=0.676,P>0.05),惊厥持续时间(t=5.520,P<0.01) 和惊厥级别评分(t=8.339,P<0.01) 差异有显著性.惊厥组及纳洛酮组血浆β-EP、IL-2含量均显著升高,纳洛酮组较惊厥组血浆中β-EP、IL-2含量下降,但差异无显著性(P>0.05).纳洛酮组海马凋亡细胞数(43.6±5.1)较惊厥组(63.4±7.7)减少,两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 β-EP、IL-2均参与了癫痫的发生、发展过程,NLX在一定程度上具有抗惊厥性脑损伤的作用效果.     

痛啡肽抑制电场刺激引起的大鼠气道胆碱能收缩反应(英文)

目的:研究痛啡肽(nociceptin)对大鼠离体气管/支气管的胆碱能神经兴奋所致收缩的抑制作用.方法:记录电场刺激引起胆碱能神经兴奋所致的标本收缩张力,了解nociceptin的作用.结果:Nociceptin0.001-0.1μmol/L可抑制标本的胆碱能收缩,其IC_(50)(95％的可信限)分别是0.06(0.04-0.08)μmol/L和0.07(0.05-0.1)μmol/L.在气管和支气管上,nociceptin 0.01μmol/L的抑制率分别是:(58±32)％和(60±26)％;预用纳洛酮0.1μmol/L后,nociceptin的抑制率为:(60±19)％和(54±20)％(P>0.05).Nociceptin 0.01μmol/L不影响外源性乙酰胆碱引起的气道标本收缩.κ阿片受体激动剂U-50488H 0.01—1 μmol/L不影响电场刺激引起的大鼠气道胆碱能收缩.结论:痛啡肽抑制电刺激引起的大鼠气道胆碱能收缩反应,且不受纳洛酮影响.     

孕酮对大鼠吗啡位置偏爱相关脑区中β-内啡肽水平的影响

目的:观察孕酮对吗啡所致奖赏效应及相关脑区中β-内啡肽(β-EP)水平的影响。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为生理盐水对照(NS)组、吗啡组、孕酮组和孕酮 吗啡组,上午NS组和孕酮组皮下给予环糊精和孕酮15mg/kg,10min后腹腔给予生理盐水5mg/kg,吗啡组和孕酮 吗啡组皮下给予环糊精和孕酮15mg/kg,10min后腹腔给予吗啡5mg/kg,放入白室训练。下午各组动物均皮下和腹腔给予等量的环糊精和生理盐水,放入黑室训练。建立吗啡条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型,采用放射免疫法测定大鼠不同脑区中β-EP含量。结果:与NS组比较,吗啡组产生稳定的CPP效应(P<0.01),孕酮和孕酮 吗啡组均未产生CPP效应。与NS组比较,CPP形成时,吗啡组大鼠下丘脑、海马和额叶皮质中β-EP水平显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01和P<0.05)。与吗啡组比较,孕酮 吗啡组大鼠下丘脑中β-EP水平显著升高(P<0.01),而其他脑区内无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:孕酮可有效抑制吗啡CPP效应,其机制可能与逆转吗啡诱导的下丘脑中β-EP水平有关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.