后牙缺失者髁突X线影象特征及其影响因素分析

目的 :探讨Schuller位片和侧位体层摄影片显示的髁突X线特征的临床意义。方法 :先对 2 5例颞颌关节紊乱症患者和 88例缺牙修复患者分别拍摄Schuller位片和双侧TMJ侧位体层摄影片 ,然后对 2组患者分别进行临床症状 (缺牙情况及咬合干扰情况 )的检查记录 ,对 2组患者的X线影像进行对称性、骨质变化情况的记录 ,再将 2片所显示的髁突影像情况和临床检查结果之间作相关性分析。结果 :髁突形态不对称比例及骨质变化比例 ,各组之间无明显的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;髁突形态异常者 ,成对缺牙数较多 ,与年龄无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;颞颌关节紊乱症症状与咬合紊乱症成正相关关系 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :TMJ形态及骨质变化与TMD临床症状和体征的关系并不密切 ,后牙缺失后久未修复所导致的各种咬合干扰与TMD有明显的相关关系     

Relationship between the TMJ disc and condyle position on MRI and occlusal contacts on lateral excursions in TMD patients

Confusion about the relationship between dental occlusion and the temporomandibular disorders (TMD) has been evident in the literature for many years. Previous studies have supported the concept of a multifactorial aetiology of TMD, the occlusal factor in general being of minor importance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between condyle and disc positions and occlusal contacts on lateral excursions of the mandible in patients with TMD. A total of 122 temporomandibular joints (TMJs) of 61 patients with TMD were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and occlusal analyses were made clinically. Non-working-side contacts were found to be statistically significant in TMJ anterior disc displacement. No significant statistical correlation was found between the severity of anterior disc displacement and non-working-side contacts in both canine guidance and group function occlusions. There was no correlation between non-working-side contacts and condyle positions in both occlusion types in the present study. It was concluded that non-working-side contacts had some effect on disc position in TMD, however the presence of these contacts in both canine guidance and group function occlusions did not correlate with anterior disc displacement in TMD statistically. Therefore, non-working-side contacts are not to be regarded as the prime cause of anterior disc displacement.     

Activator矫治安氏Ⅱ类错(牙合)前后髁突和关节盘位置改变的MRI研究

目的分析Activator功能矫治对髁突、关节盘的位置及盘髁关系的影响。方法选择20个AngleⅡ1错[牙合]患者,在斜矢状位闭口MRI影像上测量Activator功能矫治前后髁突和关节盘位置的改变。结果在无症状AngleⅡ1错[牙合]中有40％出现关节盘前移位,功能矫治前后其髁突和关节盘位置没有明显改变。结论Activator治疗不会改变髁突在关节窝中的位置,不会引起正常位置的关节盘前移位,也不会使已经存在的盘前移位复位。     

髁突特发性吸收的临床观察

目的 通过对髁突特发性吸收（idiopathic condylar resorption,ICR）患者临床资料的回顾性分析,总结ICR的临床特点和影像学特点,探讨ICR可能的发病因素,提高诊断水平。方法 收集2007年6月—2012年7月中山大学附属口腔医院颞下颌关节病诊治中心收治的ICR患者46例,对其进行随访观察。记录患者面型、颞下颌关节症状及咬合状况;借助全景片、头颅定位正侧位片、许勒位片检查,以了解患者下颌支高度、髁突骨质破坏情况、颅面结构特征等影像学变化,借助颞下颌关节锥形束CT（CBCT）检查及造影检查,了解髁突吸收与关节盘-突结构改变之间的关系。结果 46例患者中,男4例,女42例（91.30%）,以青少年为主。患者均呈安氏Ⅱ类面型,侧貌突,侧貌不美观,下颌骨后缩,下颌支高度降低,前牙开、后牙早接触、安氏Ⅱ类错。多伴关节区弹响、杂音。X线平片显示,髁突形态变小甚至消失;下颌支垂直距离变短;头影测量呈安氏Ⅱ类高角型特征;TMJ CBCT造影示关节盘-突关系改变,尤其以关节盘穿孔较为常见,穿孔位置多在关节盘后区。结论 ICR具有独特的发病机制和临床特征。TMJ关节盘移位与ICR可能存在相关性。     

The articular disc position relative to the mandibular condyle in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion on MRI

Objectives To investigate the status of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Methods The position of the articular disc of the TMJ in closed-and opened-mouth positions was investigated in 50 adult patients with untreated skeletal Class III malocclusion by means of proton-density weighted MR imaging. Results Of 100 joints of 50 patients, the lack of positional change of the articular disc relative to the mandibular condyle in both closed- and opened-mouth positions was observed in 62 joints. Conclusions Although the cause of the lack of positional change of the disc relative to the condyle was unclear, this peculiar relationship of the disc and the condyle might possibly be associated with the function of the temporomandibular joint in skeletal Class III malocclusion.     

垂直距离减小和下颌后移对颞下颌关节的创伤分析

目的 :咬合因素作为颞下颌关节紊乱 (TMD)发病的重要因素 ,目前其致病机理仍不是十分清楚。研究咬合因素对颞下颌关节的创伤过程 ,将有助于我们对其诊断和治疗。方法 :将临床上收集的 ,明确有不良咬合因素的颞下颌关节紊乱的病例共 49例 ,根据其不同的咬合因素归类并临床分期 ,然后作统计学分析 ,同时解剖测量分析 7具尸体颞颌关节盘和髁状突的前后斜面。结果 :病理性的垂直距离减小对TMD发病的影响最大 ,病理性的垂直距离减小和病理性下颌后移关系之间无显著性的差异。结论 :不良咬合关系通过改变颞颌关节正常的受力方式 ,使颞颌关节长期处于微创伤运动中 ,而产生关节结构间的紊乱 ,并反过来加重关节组织的损伤过程     

关节盘无移位的症状性颞下颌关节的核磁共振研究

目的：本研究的目的是应用核磁共振成像（MRI）诊断颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD），讨论在关节盘位置正常的TMD关节中的核磁共振影像发现，并探讨这些影像发现与临床症状间的关系。方法：本研究对2000－2002年期间在芬兰欧鲁大学牙学院颌面外科就诊的78名TMD患中，经MRI发现为关节盘位置正常的68侧关节作了影像及临床症状的对比分析。结果：在此68侧关节MRI中，发现了髁突运动异常：过度运动（61.8%）及运动受限（2.9%）；发现了怀疑为翼外肌上头和／或下头的肥大、萎缩及挛缩等病理改变（58.9%）。在关节盘形态方面，未发现明显的关节盘畸形，但发现了关节盘整体变厚的病理影像表现（22.1%），还到涉及关节囊上腔、下腔和／或双板区的炎性渗出（35.3%）。髁突过度运动及翼外肌病理改变与症状组有显性关系。结论：本研究的结果提示，髁突过度运动及可能发生的翼外肌病理改变，在引起关节盘位置正常的颞下颌关节的临床TMD症状中，扮有十分重要的角色。     

Physiological effects of anterior repositioning splint on temporomandibular joint disc displacement: a quantitative analysis

Anterior repositioning splints (ARS) are used primarily for the management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDwR). However, the exact physiological effects of ARS are still unclear. This study investigated the short and long‐term effects of ARS on disc and condyle angles/positions by metric analysis. Twenty‐two subjects diagnosed with ADDwR were recruited. Maxillary full‐coverage ARS were fabricated, and MRI of TMJs was obtained before splint treatment, immediate post‐insertion and 6 months after splint treatment. Disc–condyle relationship was determined by disc–condyle angle measurement. Disc and condyle positions were described as X‐Y coordinates with the summit of glenoid fossa as the origin of the coordinates. Thirty‐two TMJs were classified as ADDwR and 12 were normal. Upon ARS insertion, all TMJs with ADDwR got normal disc–condyle relationships. The condyles moved significantly forward and downward, while the discs moved significantly backward and upward. MRI at 6 months after treatment (without ARS insertion) indicated that only 40·6% (13/32) of the joints were maintained in the normal disc–condyle relationship. The majority of condyles returned to their pre‐treatment positions, while the discs generally moved anteriorly again. The use of ARS resulted in forward and downward condyle movement, and a concurrent backward movement of the disc resulting in ideal spatial disc–condyle relationship. The stability of this relationship, however, could not be maintained in the majority of TMJs upon ARS removal. Findings explain the good short‐term clinical outcomes with ARS and their relatively lower efficacy in the long term.     

安氏Ⅱ~1错儿童颞下颌关节结构变化与Helkimo指数分析

目的研究安氏Ⅱ1错儿童颞下颌关节(TMJ)髁突移位、关节盘移位等结构变化与临床症状、体征的特点及两者间的关系。方法120例尚未接受正畸治疗的安氏Ⅱ1错患者,进行TMJ的磁共振成像(MRI)检查后测定TMJ中髁突及关节盘位置,同时以Helkimo指数评价TMJ临床表现与功能状况;采用秩和检验(rank sum test)对临床功能检查结果与髁突移位与否、关节盘移位与否进行分析比较。结果120例患者中髁突前位为61例,发病率达50.8%;盘前位为40例,发病率达33.3%。主诉症状指数Ai100%为0,且大部分无临床功能障碍(髁突前位患者中67.2%,盘前位患者中70.0%Di=0)。秩和检验结果表明TMJ临床表现、功能状况在正常组、髁突移位组、关节盘移位组间分布差别无统计学意义。结论安氏Ⅱ1错儿童TMJ存在罹患颞下颌关节紊乱(TMD)风险但临床表现轻微多属无症状期。MRI能为TMD的早期诊断提供可靠依据。     

利用夹板治疗髁状突纵形骨折突、盘的组织学变化

目的：观察髁状突纵形骨折后及牙合夹板治疗时髁状突、关节盘的改变。探讨牙合夹板治疗机制。方法：实用小型猪１８头,随机分为髁状突纵形骨折后未治疗组,牙合夹板治疗组及对照组各６头。实验后３、６、１２周取材,光镜扫描电镜观察。结果：牙合板治疗髁状突纵形骨折１２周,骨折愈合,无盘突粘连。生发层细胞和表层纤维连续,其下是新生软骨细胞和大量软骨内化骨现象。未治疗组３周关节盘轻度变形,１２周关节盘与髁状突、颞下凹粘连,呈双髁突畸形。电镜下牙合夹板治疗组骨折侧髁突表面凝胶样物质尚存,细胶原纤维暴露。未治疗组骨折侧髁突表面凝胶状物质消失,有的部位胶原纤维粗大,有的部位细小。结论：髁状突纵形骨折未治疗后果为盘突粘连,双髁突畸形。牙合夹板具有防止盘突粘连,使髁状突恢复正常生长发育的作用。     

A magnetic resonance imaging study on the temporomandibular joint disc–condyle relationship in young asymptomatic adults

The aim of this study was to assess the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc–condyle relationship in asymptomatic young adults. Ninety-three volunteers aged 19–23 years without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms underwent TMJ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The condylar centre and apex methods were used to measure and analyse the position of the disc in the oblique sagittal plane, and the reliability of the two methods was compared by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Furthermore, 18 of the volunteers were randomly selected for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the TMJ structure and the disc–condyle relationship. The 3D TMJ structure was established by semi-automatic segmentation of the condyle and articular disc in ITK-SNAP software; the condylar apex method was then performed. It was found that only 33.3% of the posterior edge of the articular discs were located in the normal 12 o’clock position with respect to the condyle. Moreover, this study suggests that the condylar centre method lacks accuracy when compared to the condylar apex method in regard to the measurement of the TMJ disc–condyle relationship (0 < ICC_cen < ICC_apex < 1). The position of the articular disc (left and right) was more forward in young women when compared to young men. However, there was no significant difference in the TMJ disc–condyle position between the left and right sides in the same individual, although the two joint discs in the same individual were not completely symmetrical.     

A technique for evaluation of centric relation tooth contacts. Part II: Following use of an occlusal splint for treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TMJ dysfunction on the recording of centric relation. Centric relation was recorded using an anterior occlusal stop and by bimanual manipulation. Changes in occlusal contacts were recorded before and after occlusal splint therapy in six subjects with TMJ dysfunction. The pantographic reproducibility index and clinical signs and symptoms were used to determine the presence or absence of dysfunction. Use of the anterior occlusal stop resulted in a more posterior, superior initial tooth contact position when compared with bimanual manipulation. Occlusal contact positions were less consistent in TMJ dysfunction subjects than in control subjects. Initial occlusal contacts changed toward centric relation as the dysfunction disappeared. Final occlusal contact was found on the side where clinical signs and symptoms occurred. The condyle on the affected side appeared to be repositioned posteriorly and superiorly in most instances. Occlusal splint therapy was more effective when the splint was adjusted weekly. This study indicates the need to eliminate TMJ dysfunction before recording centric relation or adjusting the occlusion. Occlusal interferences found with TMJ dysfunction are not the same as occlusal interferences found when TMJ dysfunction is absent. Abnormal features on pantographic tracings may aid in indicating the presence of occlusal interferences. Occlusal adjustment in the presence of TMJ dysfunction would result in erroneous occlusal reduction.     

Evaluation of temporomandibular joint in patients with hemifacial microsomia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate positional relationships between temporomandibular joint (TMJ) components, including the articular discs, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with hemifacial microsomia (HFM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty TMJs in 10 patients with HFM were examined at closed- and open-mouth positions using an MRI scanner. The condyle-fossa and disc-condyle relationships, disc configuration at the closed-mouth position, and the reduction of the disc at the open-mouth position were evaluated. RESULTS: On the unaffected side, the condyle-fossa and disc-condyle relationships appeared fairly normal at the closed mouth position. The disc-condyle relationship at the open-mouth position was also normal. The TMJ disc showed normal biconcave configurations at both closed- and open-mouth positions. On the affected side, there was considerable variation in the state of the TMJ. At the closed-mouth position, 5 of the 10 patients revealed fairly normal disc-condyle relationships, one patient showed anterior displacement of the disc, and four patients had no disc. Two patients appeared biconcave, three patients appeared biplanar, and one patient was hemiconvex. At the open-mouth position, the condyle and disc moved in harmony in five patients with normal disc-condyle relationships, but the disc was reduced in a patients with anterior disc displacement. The degree of the TMJ disc dysplasia did not necessarily correspond with the degree of mandibular dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The present study contributes to an improved understanding of TMJ pathology in patients with HFM. The results suggest that, in HFM patients, the examination of the TMJ using MRI is helpful for determining treatment procedures in mandibular distraction osteogenesis.     

The effect of interocclusal appliances on temporomandibular joints as assessed by 3D reconstruction of MRI scans

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables simultaneous visualization of hard and soft tissues. The aims of the present study were to computer generate three-dimensional (3D) images, reconstructed from MRI scans of normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ), to assess the relative positions of the disc, condyle and articular surface of the temporal bone and to study the effect of two mandibular group function interocclusal appliances (IOAs). Bilateral MRI scans of 2 mm slice thickness were generated for the TMJs of 12 asymptomatic subjects with the image acquisition coils orientated in a corrected oblique sagittal plane. MRI scans were generated for all subjects with 3 mm interincisal distance IOAs, while a subgroup (n = 4) was also scanned with a 5 mm interincisal IOA in situ. An average of 10 slices through each TMJ were generated for the closed mouth and IOA positions. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed on a 486 IBM compatible computer using a suite of nine programs not commercially available. Three-dimensional images allowed visualization of composite images of joint relationships. Subjective assessment indicated that joint relations in 3D were more informative than multiple separate 2D MRI scans. With the 3 mm IOA in situ, the disc was positioned posteriorly and superiorly to the condyle in three of 12 cases. In four of 12 cases the condyle, and in two of 12 cases both the disc and condyle, were positioned anteriorly and inferiorly. With the 5 mm IOA changes in condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships were more variable. It was concluded that 3D images of TMJs enabled the assessment of the positional changes of the condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships as altered by IOAs. However, the role of IOAs on the internal arrangements within the TMJ remains variable and is deserving of further study.     

急性和慢性不可复性盘前移位临床对比研究

目的　探讨颞下颌关节紊乱病不可复性盘前移位急性和慢性分类对临床诊断、治疗和预后的指导意义。方法　分析连续接诊的 10 0例不可复性盘前移位病例 (急性 4 5例、慢性 5 5例 ) ,比较两组之间临床主诉、开口度、颞下颌关节功能、髁突和关节盘的影像学改变。结果　急性不可复性盘前移位主诉开口受限 ,下颌运动功能严重障碍 ,大部分病例髁突骨质正常 ,关节盘形态良好 ;慢性不可复性盘前移位主诉多为开口痛和 (或 )咀嚼痛 ,下颌运动受限 ,部分病例伴有咀嚼肌疼痛 ,相当一部分病例髁突骨质吸收破坏 ,关节盘变形、变性 ,关节盘附着松弛、撕裂 ,甚至关节盘穿孔。结论　对急性不可复性盘前移位应早期采取积极的治疗 ,恢复良好的盘 突关系 ,阻止关节盘和髁突的进一步损伤。     

口腔治疗中不同颌位与髁突位置

在口颌系统中,与颌位稳定相关的因素分别是、颞下颌关节和神经肌肉的稳定,其中髁突在关节窝中的位置与获得一个稳定的颌位密切相关。但口腔治疗中涉及到颌位的选择时,不同学者持不同的观点,对于髁突在关节窝中应处的位置也一直处于争议之中。本文对口腔修复和正畸治疗中颌位选择及“髁突前上位”、“髁突前下位”、“治疗性颌位”的适应证、理论基础及临床应用作一综述。文献复习结果提示,当关节无器质性改变或髁凹关系稳定时,髁突前上位即正中关系为传统建的理想颌位。当关节盘增生、变形、盘突关系紊乱无法寻找理想的髁突前上位时,可选择髁突前下位,缓解关节症状的同时促进骨质改建获得良好的稳定性;甚至对于部分安氏Ⅱ类高角或者轻度骨性错的病例,亦可以尝试利用髁突改建的潜力,前下定位髁突,通过掩饰性矫治简化正畸正颌手术方案;而“治疗性颌位”是针对颅下颌功能紊乱症导致的最大牙尖交错位异常或偏斜、肌肉症状和关节功能异常、颌位不稳定等,通过改变原有咬合或关节的异常引导,在有咬合支持和新的引导的基础上,建立并且稳定一个新的牙尖交错位。它摆脱了髁突定位的争论,但此颌位下髁突具体位置未见报道。不同颌位及髁突位置有不同的适用范围,临床选择时应根据患者关节是否有器质性改变及颌位的稳定性进行综合判断。但对于采用不同颌位和髁突位置进行口腔治疗的远期效果未来还需临床对照试验进一步验证。     

Surgical orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion with anterior disc displacement without reduction (ADNR): a case report

A female patient with skeletal problems and left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) derangement was treated with an occlusal splint, arthroscopic irrigation, and orthodontic surgery. The left side disc was displaced anteriorly without reduction; and mobility of the left condylar head was restricted. With arthroscopic irrigation, the jaw functions were recovered, but the disc position remained the same. After TMJ therapy, orthodontic and orthognatic surgery treatments were performed to correct the dentofacial deformity. Stable facial esthetics and occlusion devoid of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) symptoms were obtained and the patient's progress was monitored over a 5-year period.     

Relationship between systemic joint laxity, TMJ hypertranslation, and intra-articular disorders

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between general joint hypermobility, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypertranslation and signs and symptoms of TMJ intra-articular disorders. One hundred twenty individuals constituted the sample, divided into two groups: Group I (symptomatic) included 60 patients with complaints of joint noises, pain, or jaw locking, and Group II (nonsymptomatic) included 60 people with no TMD complaints. The Beighton's hypermobility score addressed the systemic laxity while lateral x-rays taken in both closed and full open mouth positions measured TMJ mobility (condyle hypertranslation). No association was found between intra-articular disorders and systemic hypermobility (p > 0.05). A significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between age and systemic hypermobility, while no correlation was detected between systemic and TMJ hypermobility (condyle hypertranslation).     

Condylar erosion and disc displacement: detection with high-resolution ultrasonography.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to determine the feasibility of high-resolution sonography for the detection of condylar erosion and associated disc displacement at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight consecutive patients (96 joints) with TMJ disorders were investigated prospectively using a 12.5-MHz array transducer. Images were assessed for condylar erosion and disc displacements. Sonographic findings were correlated with those of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: At MRI, 18 osseous changes were diagnosed with condylar erosion. Sonographically, 15 of the 18 condylar erosions were diagnosed correctly. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of sonography in the depiction of condylar erosion were 83%, 63%, and 67%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 34%, and the negative predictive value was 94%. Disc displacement without reduction (43 of 96) and disc displacement without reduction concomitant with condylar erosion (16 of 96) were detected with an accuracy of 93% and 80%. CONCLUSION: Sonography is an insufficient imaging technique for the detection of condylar erosion. Assessment of disc displacement without reduction may be reliably made with sonography.     

牙列重度磨耗伴颞下颌关节紊乱病咬合重建序列治疗临床疗效观察

目的 观察分析牙列重度磨耗伴颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）患者咬合重建序列治疗的疗效。方法 选取牙列重度磨耗伴TMD患者11例,检查记录TMD及其相关症状,然后进行咬合重建序列治疗,治疗完成3个月、6个月及12个月后,将治疗后的TMD及其相关症状与治疗前相比较,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果 治疗后11例患者均感满意且咀嚼有力,关节弹响、关节疼痛及咬合干扰治疗前后的比较存在统计学意义( P< 0.05) 。结论 咬合重建后,患者满意度较高,其TMD症状有明显改善,髁突位置在短期内无明显改善。