Calcium requirements in man: a critical review.

Many official bodies give advice on desirable intakes of calcium but no clear evidence of a calcium deficiency disease in otherwise normal people has ever been given. In Western countries the usual calcium intake is of the order of 800-1000 mg/day; in many developing countries figures of 300-500 mg/day are found. There is no evidence that people with such a low intake have any problems with bones or teeth. It seems likely that normal people can adapt to have a normal calcium balance on calcium intakes as low as 150-200 mg/day and that this adaptation is sufficient even in pregnancy and lactation. Inappropriate concern about calcium intake may divert attention and resources from more important nutritional problems.     

Prevention and management of osteoporosis: consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 4. Calcium nutrition and osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE: To recommend appropriate levels of calcium intake in light of the most recent studies. OPTIONS: Dietary calcium intake, calcium supplementation, calcium and vitamin D supplementation; ovarian hormone therapy in postmenopausal women. OUTCOMES: Fracture and loss of bone mineral density in osteoporosis; increased bone mass, prevention of fractures and improved quality of life associated with osteoporosis prevention. EVIDENCE: Relevant clinical studies and reports were examined, in particular those published since the 1988 Osteoporosis Society of Canada position paper on calcium nutrition. Only studies in humans were considered, including controlled, randomized trials and prospective studies, using bone mass and fractures as end-points. Studies in early and later phases of skeletal growth were noted. The analysis was designed to eliminate menopause as a confounding variable. VALUES: Preventing osteoporosis and maximizing quality of life were given a high value. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Adequate calcium nutrition increases bone mineral density during skeletal growth and prevents bone loss and osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. Risks associated with high dietary calcium intake are low, and a recent study extends this conclusion to the risk of kidney stones. Lactase-deficient patients may substitute yogurt and lactase-treated milk for cow's milk. True milk allergy is probably rare; its promotion of diabetes mellitus in susceptible people is being studied. RECOMMENDATIONS: Current recommended intakes of calcium are too low. Revised intake guidelines designed to reduce bone loss and protect against osteoporotic fractures are suggested. Canadians should attempt to meet their calcium requirements principally through food sources. Pharmaceutical calcium supplements and a dietician's advice should be considered where dietary preferences or lactase deficiency restrict consumption of dairy foods. Further research is necessary before recommending the general use of calcium supplements by adolescents. Calcium supplementation cannot substitute for hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss and fractures. Adequate amounts of vitamin D are necessary for optimal calcium absorption and bone health. Elderly people and those who use heavy sun screens should have a dietary intake of 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D per day.     

泰安市100户城乡居民营养状况评价

泰安市城乡居民营养状况调查表明,营养状况基本合理,但蛋白质、钙、视黄醇和VB_2摄入不足,尤以乡村居民显著。17.8％居民存在缺铁性贫血。本市城乡居民应从以上几个方面改进膳食,达到平衡膳食及合理营养。     

远洋船员航海期膳食分析及其改善建议

①目的了解远洋船员航海期的膳食结构，发现问题，提出合理建议，以提高远洋船员的营养水平。②方法采用称量法，对５艘远洋货轮共１５３名船员进行不同航海期的膳食调查。③结果船员摄入的蛋白质、热量、粗纤维、铁、硫胺素、尼克酸均达到或略超过国家推荐供给量；碳水化合物、维生素Ａ，Ｂ２，钙显示不同程度不足；脂肪摄入量偏高，维生素Ｃ呈阶段性缺乏。随出海时间延长，维生素Ａ，Ｂ２和Ｃ不足程度逐渐加重。④结论远洋船员航海期的膳食结构不够合理，本文对如何改善进行了探讨     

南京市女子职业中专学生营养状况调查

为了解女中学生的营养状况，我们对２４０名女学生用５日称重法作膳食调查，对其身高、体重及皮褶厚度进行测量评价，并检查有关营养缺乏病体征。结果显示：（１）其膳食以粮谷类和蔬菜类食品为主，动物性食品偏少，仅占整个膳食的１１％。（２）蛋白质、硫胺素、核黄素、钙及多种营养素摄入严重不足。（３）豆制品及动物性食品提供的蛋白质占整个膳食蛋白的２３％。（４）膳食中６０％脂肪来源于植物性食品。（５）３餐能量分布不够合理，早餐供能偏低。（６）有１２０人出现不同程度的维生素缺乏病体征。     

广西城乡学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入状况调查

目的了解广西城乡6岁以下学龄前儿童膳食营养素摄入状况，为指导儿童营养提供依据。方法采用《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》（DRIs）评价标准，分析2002年“中国居民营养与健康状况调查”广西250名城乡6岁以下儿童的膳食与营养状况。结果城市儿童钙、锌等摄入水平分别为RNI的38．1％、64．7％，三大营养素和其它微量营养素摄入量均达到RNI或AI水平；农村儿童食物能量摄入基本达到标准要求，蛋白质为RNI的71．5％，而维生素B2、维生素C和钙、钾、铁、锌等微量营养素的摄入明显不足，其中，钙仅为RNI的21．93％。结论广西城乡儿童膳食结构不尽合理，尤其是农村儿童营养问题突出，导致多种营养素缺乏，应引起全社会的高度重视。     

A clinical approach to common electrolyte problems: 4. Hypomagnesemia.

Magnesium plays a critical role in many cell functions. Hypomagnesemia may occur because of decreased intake or absorption, internal redistribution or increased loss of this element through either renal or nonrenal routes. Manifestations of magnesium deficiency include alterations in calcium, phosphate and potassium homeostasis along with cardiac disorders such as malignant ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional therapy, enhanced sensitivity to digoxin and, possibly, coronary artery vasospasm and sudden death. Other features of magnesium deficiency include a host of neuromuscular and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review we detail mechanisms that may lead to magnesium deficiency, summarize the clinical features of the deficiency and provide a clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of this electrolyte disorder.     

杜氏肌营养不良（DMD）患儿营养状况与膳食营养摄入情况的横断面研究

目的 调查杜氏肌营养不良症（Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD）患儿营养状况及膳食摄入情况,初步探索两者的相关关系,为制定DMD患儿合理营养治疗提供理论依据。方法 选择2017年7月–2021年4月于四川大学华西第二医院就诊并经基因检测法诊断为DMD的共223名2～14岁患儿作为研究对象,采用3天24小时膳食回顾法进行膳食调查,采用化学发光法测定血清维生素D水平。结果 营养状况正常DMD患儿仅占33.2%,生长迟缓、低体质量、超重、肥胖发生率分别为13.5%、14.4%、14.3%、8.1%,血清维生素D缺乏和不足患儿分别占9.0%和89.7%;膳食调查DMD患儿每日碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪供能比分别为（47.40±6.64）%、（14.46±2.22）%和（38.17±5.30）%;每日膳食钙和维生素D摄入量分别为（433.32±164.39） mg/d、（155.73±89.30） IU/d;生长迟缓DMD患儿蛋白质摄入量/蛋白质平均需要量的比值（P=0.003）和能量摄入量/能量需要量的比值（P=0.007）低于营养状况正常DMD患儿。结论 DMD患...     

Diet and calcium stones.

OBJECTIVE: To review the current literature on the dietary modification of urinary risk factors as a means of reducing the likelihood of recurrent stone formation and to develop practical dietary recommendations that might be useful to this end. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE was searched for English-language articles published from 1983 to 1990. Additional references were selected from the bibliographies of identified articles. STUDY SELECTION: Nonrandomized trials and retrospective reviews were included because of a paucity of randomized controlled trials. DATA SYNTHESIS: Information on the dietary intake of calcium, oxalate, protein, sodium and fibre and on alcohol and fluid intake was used to develop practical guidelines on dietary modification. CONCLUSION: Dietary modification plays an important role in the reduction of urinary risk factors in patients with calcium stone disease of the urinary tract. As an initial form of prevention attention should be directed toward moderating the intake of calcium, oxalate, protein, sodium and alcohol and increasing the intake of fibre and water. Future research should include an assessment of the long-term reduction of dietary and urinary risk factors and the rates of recurrence of calcium stones.     

学龄前儿童微量元素及营养摄入对身高体重的影响

目的 探讨学龄前儿童微量元素及营养摄入对身高体重的影响。 方法 选取2013年9月-2014年9月期间入学衢江区300例不同幼儿园的学龄前儿童作为研究对象,并指导学校老师及家长记录每个学生连续3 d的膳食摄入情况,按儿童食欲及主食摄入量分为过量组、良好组、中等组及低下组,各75例。随访儿童12个月间的饮食状况,比较各组间生长发育情况,并分析身高体重与营养物质及微量元素的相关性。 结果 各组完成随访并符合最终入组研究的儿童例数分别为48例、56例、57例及47例。良好组儿童12个月后身高及身高增量均高于其他各组(P<0.05),过量组与中等组儿童身高增量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但均高于低下组(P<0.05)。而过量组12个月后体重及体重增量均高于其他各组(P<0.05),良好组及中等组的体重增量均高于低下组(P<0.05)。身高、体重与蛋白质、热能、钙、铁、锌的摄入量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且钙、铁、锌等摄入量与蛋白质及热量的摄入呈正相关(P<0.05)。 结论 学龄前儿童的微量元素及营养的合理摄入对其自身的生长发育有着积极的作用,营养摄入不足或过剩均对其身高增长有着负面影响,应针对不同儿童的营养缺乏情况制定个体化方案进行干预。      

膳食营养因素与脑卒中患病率相互关系的流行病学研究

目的:研究膳食中营养因素与脑卒中患病率的关系。方法：采用简单相关和逐步回归方法分析全国143个调查点居民1984-1986年各种食物营养因素摄入与1986年脑卒中患病率的关系。结果：蛋白质、糖类、钙与患病率呈负相关,维生素A、锌、铁与之呈正相关。结论：膳食营养结构对脑卒中患病有一定影响,高蛋白和高钙摄入是脑卒中的保护因素,而维生素A可能是脑卒中的危险因素。     

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency is common and may contribute to osteopenia, osteoporosis and falls risk in the elderly. Screening for vitamin D deficiency is important in high-risk patients, especially for patients who suffered minimal trauma fractures. Vitamin D deficiency should be treated according to the severity of the deficiency. In high-risk adults, follow-up serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration should be measured 3–4 months after initiating maintenance therapy to confirm that the target level has been achieved. All patients should maintain a calcium intake of at least 1,000 mg for women aged ≤ 50 years and men ≤ 70 years, and 1,300 mg for women > 50 years and men > 70 years.     

Osteoporosis: the role of calcium intake and supplementation

The role of calcium in age-related bone loss still is controversial. However, evidence is accumulating to support the hypothesis that an adequate calcium intake early in life, because of its relationship to peak bone mass, may be of greater importance than is the calcium intake in later life. Calcium intake would appear to be declining with age due to the changing food habits that are associated with social and technological change. This is explained partly by the increasing concern about obesity in Western society, with the trend for women to restrict their energy intake, rather than to increase their energy expenditure, to control weight. Thus, low energy intakes and the avoidance of dairy foods have contributed to the declining intakes of calcium and other minerals. Health educational programmes, which are designed to prevent osteoporosis and which identify women who are most at risk of the disease, should provide sensible nutritional advice on an adequate calcium intake and regular weight-bearing exercise among other life-style changes.     

中国人和日本人营养现状的比较分析

本文就1982年我国第二次全国营养调查资料和日本1983年的全国营养调查资料进行了初步的整理和分析。由于我国人民传统的饮食生活习惯和其它一些原因,使我国人民目前的膳食结构不尽合理。主要表现在优质蛋白质、钙、维生素 B_的摄入量低下,碳水化合物与钠的摄入量偏高。维生素 A、B_1、C、尼克酸和铁等营养素摄入量与机体实际吸收利用量不相符,因此营养缺乏病患病率偏高。在每日的膳食结构中,以植物性食物为主要食物。而日本人的膳食结构较我国合理。除钙的摄入量稍显不足外,其余营养素均较充裕。但由于其饮食生活的西欧化,同时也代来了营养过剩等问题。     

浙江省海岛边缘地区3岁以下儿童微量元素水平的调查

目的探讨浙江省海岛边缘地区3岁以下儿童缺铁、锌、钙、铜、镁微量元素的原因,针对这些原因提出预防措施。方法在浙江省海岛边缘地区选取健康儿童525例,以不同年龄将其分为两组,分别测量两组儿童的微量元素含量并进行比较。结果与1～3岁比较,0～1岁的锌、钙缺乏率比较低,铁缺乏率比较高,两组间比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。0～1岁组婴幼儿的锌、钙、铜的微量元素水平值明显较高,但两组间的锌、钙水平间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而铁、镁的微量元素水平均明显较低,但是镁的含量在两组间比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论该地区的儿童具有较低水平的铁、锌、钙、铜、镁微量元素含量,所以应该加强营养相关知识的宣传力度,指导家长制定营养合理的食谱,以保证婴幼儿所摄入的物质营养合理均衡。     

天津市残疾儿童营养状况的综合评价

本文对１２８名残疾儿童进行了营养状况的综合评价，结果表明残童的食物结构不合理，１～６岁残童食物摄人种类少，数量低，质量差；７～１６岁残童，动物性食品、有色蔬莱供给少，从而导致残童热量、蛋白质、钙、铁、维生素Ａ、Ｂ２、Ｃ等多种营养素摄入严重不足，生长发育等多项指标与同龄健康儿童比较多为下等与中下等，维生素Ａ、Ｂ２缺乏症及缺铁性贫血的检出率较高。     

Urolithiasis in adults. Clinical and biochemical aspects

Urolithiasis is a multifactorial recurrent disease of world-wide distribution in rural, urban, industrial and non-industrial regions. Changes in urinary pH is a risk factor especially with hyperuricosuria, hypercalciuria or hyperoxaluria. With recurrence, hypercalcuria and higher urinary oxalate levels are more frequent. Hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria showed correlation with family history of stones. The ionic relations between various stone forming salts in urine of patients are opposite to that in controls and are well represented in stone composition. Obesity is a risk factor in both genders. Over eating a diet rich in all nutrients was associated with hyperuricosuria while a diet high only in fat was associated with other urinary disturbances. High protein and fat intake are risk factors. High or low calcium diet was associated with urolithiasis and supplemental calcium is not a risk factor. Potassium and magnesium citrate are potent in inhibiting the growth of stone fragments after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Whether in patients or normal subjects, drinking hard water should be avoided; tap water or low calcium content water is preferable. Seasonal variations in temperature affected urinary volume, pH and relative saturation of uric acid. To prevent recurrence, patients should maintain high fluid intake achieving a urine volume of 2 liters per day.     

不同妊娠期血清微量元素监测比较及干预探讨

目的：探讨不同妊娠期血清微量元素监测比较及干预。方法：选择在我院进行孕前、孕中检查并分娩的孕妇共5219例,分为4组,孕前期组、孕早期组、孕中期组、孕晚期组,并以孕前期组作为对照组监测血清微量元素含量,比较实验组及对照组血清中微量元素的缺乏状况。结果：随着孕周增加,孕妇体内微量元素铁、钙、锌的缺乏比率显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）,其中钙和锌缺乏与妊娠时期呈正相关。铁和锌在孕早期缺乏即较明显,钙在孕中期缺乏比例增高。铁孕中期缺乏最剧,而钙和锌则孕后期缺乏最剧。孕妇体内铜、镁的缺乏状况与非妊娠期妇女比较无显著性差异。结论：微量元素在妊娠发展和胎儿发育中起着重要的作用,铁、钙、锌缺乏会导致不良妊娠结局。孕妇孕期应注重富含铁、钙、锌等微量元素的各类食物的摄入。必要时孕中期进行补充,保证各种微量元素的均衡摄入。     

早产儿母乳主要成分的矿质物动态分析

The content of protein, fat, lactose, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, iron, zinc in preterm human milk was determined from the longitudinal samples during the first 8 weeks of lactation. Changes in content, over time were tested by analysis of variance. Protein, potassium, sodium, copper, iron, zinc content decreased significantly as lactation progressed. Based upon these data, a preterm infant fed 200 ml per kg per day of its own mother's milk would receive an excess of all substrates except calcium, phosphorus and iron over the estimated intrauterine accretion rates. Within 4 weeks the first in the postpartum period, the average intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and copper was lower than the recommended intake. Iron intake is not adequate. After 4 weeks, the average intake of protein, sodium and zinc was lower than the recommended intake. The results may offer a basic datum for establishing premature infant feeding and formulation of human milk fortifiers (HMF).