Early remodelling of left ventricle and improvement of myocardial performance in patients after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) reduces left ventricular outflow (LVOT) gradient in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and leads to symptomatic improvement. Effects of PTSMA on left ventricular performance are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the left ventricular performance using Doppler index of myocardial performance (sum of isovolumic contractile and relaxation times divided by left ventricular ejection time) and left ventricular remodelling after PTSMA for HOCM. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with symptomatic HOCM underwent echocardiography-guided PTSMA procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline and 3 months after PTSMA. RESULTS: PTSMA procedures were uneventful, in one patient (4%), pacemaker implantation was needed for sustained complete heart block after the procedure. At 3-month follow-up, the maximal LVOT gradient decreased from 68+/-39 to 18.6+/-12 mmHg (P<0.001), the provoked maximal LVOT gradient decreased from 128.8+/-59 to 25+/-21.4 mmHg (P<0.001), and basal septal thickness decreased from 21.7+/-4 to 15.2+/-3 mm (P<0.001). The improvement of the index of myocardial performance (from 0.65+/-7 to 0.56+/-11; P<0.001) was associated with neither significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction nor left ventricular ejection time. There was no significant difference in the left ventricular dimension at baseline and at follow-up. All patients reported a significant improvement in symptoms at follow-up, the mean NYHA class decreased from 2.6+/-0.7 to 1.4+/-0.7 (P<0.001), and the number of patients suffering from episodes of syncope or attacks of dizziness decreased from 13 to two during the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is a safe, effective and reproducible method in the treatment of highly symptomatic patients with HOCM. This procedure results in a significant relief of symptoms associated with decrease in LVOT gradient and thickness of basal interventricular septum. Positive changes in Doppler IMP suggest possible improvement of left ventricular function.     

经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病

目的评价室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病在急性期的效果。方法对52例确诊肥厚梗阻型心肌病患者进行经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗,并于术前、术后急性期进行超声心动观察。结果41例患者介入治疗成功,成功率为78.8%。术前超声观察室间隔平均厚度(22.96±5.15)mm,左室流出道压力阶差(LVOTPG)(92.64±38.69)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa),术后急性期(4.8±3.2)d,室间隔平均厚度(21.27±4.64)mm,较术前比变薄,P<0.05;LVOTPG(51.79±38.99)mm Hg,较术前明显降低,P<0.001。结论经皮室间隔化学消融术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病,在急性期可使室间隔平均厚度降低,收缩期左室流出道压力阶差显著下降。     

Outcome of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation and septal myectomy surgery

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate follow-up results in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who underwent either percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) or septal myectomy. BACKGROUND: Controversy exists with regard to these two forms of treatment for patients with HOCM. METHODS: Of 51 patients with HOCM treated, 25 were treated by PTSMA and 26 patients via myectomy. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were performed before both procedures, immediately afterwards and at a three-month follow-up. The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was obtained before the procedures and at follow-up. RESULTS: Interventricular septal thickness was significantly reduced at follow-up in both groups (2.3 +/- 0.4 cm vs. 1.9 +/- 0.4 cm for septal ablation and 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm vs. 1.7 +/- 0.2 cm for myectomy, both p < 0.001). Estimated by continuous-wave Doppler, the resting pressure gradient (PG) across the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) significantly decreased immediately after the procedures in both groups (64 +/- 39 mm Hg vs. 28 +/- 29 mm Hg for PTSMA, 62 +/- 43 mm Hg vs. 7 +/- 7 mm Hg for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). At three-month follow-up, the resting PG remained lower in the PTSMA and myectomy groups (24 +/- 19 mm Hg and 11 +/- 6 mm Hg, respectively, vs. those before procedures, both p < 0.0001). The NYHA functional class was also significantly improved in both groups (3.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7 for PTSMA, 3.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 for myectomy, both p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both myectomy and PTSMA reduce LVOT obstruction and significantly improve NYHA functional class in patients with HOCM. However, there are benefits and drawbacks for each therapeutic method that must be counterbalanced when deciding on treatment for LVOT obstruction.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; The Chinese experience in 119 patients from a single center

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) has been introduced as an alternative treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). We report on the acute, short- and long-term results of our experiences in 119 patients from a single center in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: PTSMA was performed in 119 patients with symptomatic HOCM (mean age 35.4+/-14.8 years, male 80, female 39). All patients had echocardiography performed prior to the procedure, 2-week post-PTSMA, and 6-month post-PTSMA, and 65 patients had echocardiography repeated at 2-year follow-up. The average left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient was 67.3+/-7.8 mm Hg before the procedure, and 15.9+/-6.8 mm Hg after the procedure (p<0.05). The thickness of interventricular septum (IVS) was 23.3+/-5.6 mm before the procedure, 18.6+/-4.8 mm 2-week post-PTSMA (p<0.05), and 16.8+/-3.4 mm 6-month post-PTSMA in all of the patients, and 15.6+/-3.1 mm 2-year post-PTSMA in 65 patients. The mean width of LVOT was 6.7+/-2.0 mm before the procedure, 8.2+/-3.4 mm 2-week post-PTSMA (p<0.05), 13.7+/-6.3 mm 6-month post-PTSMA and 15.1+/-2.4 mm 2-year post-PTSMA. The incidence of right bundle branch block development post-PTSMA was 52.9%, and three patients (2.5%) had complete heart block. There was no death. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is a promising non-surgical procedure for symptomatic patients with HOCM because of its low risk and its significant hemodynamic, echocardiographic and clinical improvement. The significant therapeutic remodeling period was up to 6 months rather than 2 years following the procedure.     

经股动脉左心室起搏预测梗阻性肥厚型心肌病化学消蚀术即刻疗效

目的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病（HOCM）猝死率高，经皮室间隔化学消蚀术（PTSMA）和左室心内膜起搏的关系至今未见报道。本文拟探讨左心室心内膜起搏预测HOCM化学消蚀术疗效的价值。方法对静息左心室流出道压力阶差（LVOTG）≥30mmHg和／或激发LVOTG≥50mmHg的HOCM患者进行左心室心内膜起搏，20min后行PTSMA，通过Swan—Ganz导管连续记录有创血流动力学参数及LVOTG，术后临床及超声随访1个月。结果15例患者PTSMA术前室间隔平均厚度为22．07±7．85mm，术后1个月减为17．39±5．79mm（P〈0．01）；术前静息LVOTG为56．02±32．86mmHg，术后1个月降为15．23±6．67mmHg（P〈0．001），术前激发LVOTG为74．87±32．52mmHg，术后1个月降为20．53±12．28mmHg（P〈0．001）。左心室起搏前静息LVOTG为50．40±39．41mmHg，起搏10min后显著减少至26．69±26．30mmHg，P〈0．05；左心室起搏前激发LVOTG为122．53±52．52mmHg，左室起搏10min后降为56．60±43．87mmHg，P〈0．05；经洗脱期行PTSMA后静息LVOTG则减少至13．73±12．45mmHg，与术前比P〈0．05；PTSMA后激发LVOTG为32．80±18．42mmHg，与术前比P〈0．01。其中，左室起搏治疗有效10例，无效5例；PTSMA治疗有效12例，无效3例。统计分析显示两种方法疗效显著相关（相关系数Kappa值=0．842，P=0．001）。结论左室心内膜起搏和PTSMA治疗HOCM疗效密切相关，提示PTSMA术前行左室心内膜起搏可预测其疗效。     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) is a new therapeutic option for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). In the present study, the acute and follow-up results of PTSMA were evaluated. From August 1997 to March 2003 27 medically refractory patients (New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class 2.9+/-0.6) with HOCM underwent PTSMA. The target septal branch was determined by probationary ballooning in 3 and by myocardial contrast echocardiography in 24 patients. The mean resting left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient (PG) was reduced from 70+/-44 to 24+/-22 mmHg (p<0.0001); the peak concentration of creatine kinase was 1545+/-686 IU/L. Although transient trifascicular block was observed in 14 patients, permanent pacemaker implantation was not required. There were no major adverse cardiac events during the hospital stay; the mean clinical follow-up was 2.2+/-1.7 years. Repeated PTSMA was needed in 1 patient; however, symptomatic improvement had been well preserved in all patients (NYHA class 1.2+/-0.4). Follow-up echocardiographic examination showed sustained improvement in PG, septal and left ventricular posterior wall thicknesses, and the grade of systolic anterior movement and regurgitation of the mitral valve. In conclusion, PTSMA is a safe and effective therapeutic option for medically refractory patients with HOCM.     

Effects of alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy on Doppler Tei index: a midterm follow-up

Alcohol septal ablation (PTSMA) improves outflow gradient, left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and symptoms in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Tei index (TI) is a Doppler parameter reflecting both systolic and diastolic LV function. Midterm changes of TI after PTSMA have not been determined up to now. Twenty-seven consecutive patients (mean age 53 +/- 13 years) with symptomatic HOCM underwent PTSMA procedure. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months after PTSMA. TI decreased from 0.67 +/- 0.11 to 0.55 +/- 0.06, isovolumic contractile time (ICT) decreased from 74 +/- 20 to 48 +/- 11 ms, isovolumic relaxation time decreased from 146 +/- 25 to 117 +/- 9 ms, and LV ejection time decreased from 330 +/- 42 to 298 +/- 13 ms. LV remodeling was determined by LV dimension increase from 46 +/- 6 to 48 +/- 6 mm and basal septum thickness reduction from 22 +/- 4 to 15 +/- 3 mm. LV ejection fraction decreased from 78 +/- 7 to 73 +/- 6% and maximal outflow gradient decreased from 69 +/- 44 to 15 +/- 11 mmHg. All changes were statistically significant (P <0.01). Symptomatic improvement was characterized by relief of dyspnea (2.5 +/- 0.7 versus 1.4 +/- 0.6 NYHA class; P <0.01) and angina pectoris (2.6 +/- 0.9 versus 0.7 +/- 0.7 CCS class; P <0.01). PTSMA is an effective method of therapy for HOCM. Shortening of TI suggests the improvement of LV myocardial performance in the midterm follow-up.     

经皮室间隔化学消融术对梗阻性肥厚型心肌病二尖瓣反流的影响

目的 评价经皮室间隔化学？肖融术对梗阻性肥厚型心肌病二尖瓣反流的影响。方法选择2007年3月至2012年2月在广东省人民医院诊断为梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的患者41例为研究对象,年龄（51．1±2．2）岁,其中男20例,女21例。利用Sigward法行经皮室间隔化学消融术,浓度99％的无水酒精注入冠状动脉间隔支内,记录术前、术后左心室流出道压力阶差的变化,消融术前及术后第一天通过超声心动图测量左心室流出道压差及二尖瓣反流面积变化。结果导管法术前、术后左心室流出道压力阶差分别为（101．9±33．9）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）和（54．3±34．7）mmHg,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。术前、术后二尖瓣反流面积分别为（7．2±2．1）cm。和（4．0±3．0）m2,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。线性柏关回归分析显示,术前、术后二尖瓣反流面积的变化与左心室流出道压力阶差变化相关（r=0．589,P〈0．01）。结论经皮室间隔化学消融术可以降低梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者左心室流出道压力阶差,使二尖瓣收缩期前向运动减轻,二尖瓣反流减少：二尖瓣反流的减少可以作为评价经皮冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术疗效的指标之一。     

Comparison of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation versus septal myectomy for the treatment of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy--a meta analysis

BACKGROUND: The effects of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) with septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are not thoroughly compared. METHODS: Three articles comparing the effects of PTSMA and septal myectomy treatment for HOCM were identified from a search in Pubmed, and a meta analysis was conducted. RESULTS: 177 patients (86 underwent PTSMA and 91 underwent septal myectomy) were included. Interventricular septum thickness was decreased from 22.1 to 15.1 mm (p<0.05) in PTSMA group and from 22.0 to 13.9 mm (p<0.05) in septal myectomy group; left ventricular end-diastolic dimension was increased from 41.8 to 45.2 mm (p<0.05) in PTSMA group and from 41.8 to 43.9 mm (p<0.05) in septal myectomy group; NYHA class was improved from 3.17 to 1.47 (p<0.05) in PTSMA group and from 2.97 to 1.36 (p<0.05) in septal myectomy group; there were no differences in the two groups. However, left ventricular outflow tract gradient was decreased from 76.0 to 15.7 mm Hg (p<0.05) in PTSMA group and from 74.7 to 9.4 mm Hg (p<0.05) in septal myectomy group and the effect of septal myectomy was better than PTSMA (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The effects of septal myectomy treatment for HOCM are better with regard to relief of LVOT gradient, and lower risk of pacemaker requirement, compared to PTSMA. Large randomized clinical trials further comparing the two treatments are suggested.     

Effect of successful alcohol septal ablation on microvascular function in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

We hypothesized that relief of obstruction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) by percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) improves microvascular dysfunction by relief of extravascular compression. Microvascular dysfunction in obstructive HC is related to extravascular compression by increased left ventricular (LV) mass and LV end-diastolic pressure. The study included 14 patients with obstructive HC (mean age 55+/-12 years, 11 men) who underwent successful PTSMA and 14 healthy volunteers (mean age 31+/-4 years, 11 men). LV hemodynamics (by Doppler echocardiography) and intramyocardial flow dynamics (by adenosine myocardial contrast echocardiography) were evaluated in healthy volunteers and before and 6 months after PTSMA in patients with HC. LV end-diastolic pressure was estimated from the ratio of transmitral early LV filling velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity. PTSMA reduced the invasively measured LV outflow tract gradient (119+/-35 vs 17+/-16 mm Hg, p<0.0001) and LV end-diastolic pressure (23+/-3 vs 16+/-2 mm Hg, p<0.001). Six months after PTSMA, myocardial flow reserve improved (2.73+/-0.56 vs 3.21+/-0.49, p<0.001), but did not normalize compared with healthy controls (vs 3.95+/-0.77, p<0.001). Also, septal hyperemic endo-to-epi myocardial blood flow ratio improved (0.70+/-0.11 vs 0.92+/-0.07, p<0.001). Changes in LV end-diastolic pressure, LV mass index, and LV outflow tract peak systolic gradient correlated well with changes in hyperemic perfusion (all p<0.05). In conclusion, microvascular dysfunction improves after PTSMA due to relief of extravascular compression forces.     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Acute results and three-year noninvasive follow-up in 18 patients

OBJECTIVES: To study the acute results and long-term clinical course after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). METHODS: In 18 patients (seven women, 11 men; average age 53+/-15 years) with symptomatic and medically refractory HOCM, 1.3+/-0.4 septal branches were occluded with an injection of 3.6+/-1.2 mL of 95% alcohol to ablate the hypertrophied interventricular septum. After three years, noninvasive follow-up results of clinical course, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings were determined. RESULTS: The invasively measured left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients were reduced in all patients, with a mean decrease from 79+/-21 mmHg to 11+/-8 mmHg at rest (P<0.01) and from 136+/-41 mmHg to 49+/-21 mmHg after extrasystole. All patients had angina pectoris for 8 h to 24 h. Eleven patients (61.1%) developed a trifascicular block for 3 min to four days requiring temporary (n=10 [56%]) or permanent dual chamber pacemaker implantation (n=1 [6%]). All patients were discharged after 5.9+/-2.3 days. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic follow-up was achieved in all patients after three years (3.1+/-0.5 years). No cardiac complications occurred. Thirteen patients (72%) showed clinical improvement, with a New York Heart Association functional class of 1.5+/-0.8. A further reduction in LVOT gradient was shown in eight patients (44%). CONCLUSIONS: The LVOT gradient was greatly reduced in patients with HOCM undergoing a PTSMA procedure and their symptoms were greatly improved without cardiac complications during three-year follow-up. Possible complications include different degrees of heart block, such as trifascicular blocks, requiring temporary pacemaker implantation. PTSMA is a promising nonsurgical method for the treatment of symptomatic patients with HOCM. Clinical long-term follow-up of a larger series of patients is required to determine the therapeutic significance conclusively.     

Effects of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function assessed by pressure-volume loops

The aim of the present study was to determine the long-term effects of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) on systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) functions in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). Ten consecutive patients with symptomatic HC despite optimal medical treatment were referred for PTSMA at our center. LV systolic and diastolic functions were assessed by online LV pressure-volume loops obtained by conductance catheter at baseline and at 6 months after the procedure. At follow-up, the mean gradients at rest and after extrasystole were significantly decreased compared with baseline (88 +/- 29 to 21 +/- 11 mm Hg and 130 +/- 50 to 35 +/- 22 mm Hg, respectively, p <0.01 for the 2 comparisons). End-systolic and end-diastolic pressures significantly decreased (p <0.01), whereas end-systolic and end-diastolic LV volumes significantly increased (p <0.01 for the 2 comparisons). Cardiac output and stroke volume were unchanged, as were ejection fraction (p = 0.25) and maximum dP/dt (p = 0.13). The slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation was not decreased, indicating a preserved contractility. The relaxation constant time, end-diastolic stiffness, projected volume of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation at 30 mm Hg, and diastolic stiffness constant showed a significant improvement of active and passive myocardial diastolic properties. In conclusion, PTSMA is an effective method in the treatment of symptomatic patients with HC. At 6-month follow-up, the LV-aortic gradient was decreased and active and passive LV diastolic properties were increased. Myocardial contractility was not decreased and general hemodynamics was maintained.     

经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的临床分析

目的　探讨经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年肥厚型梗阻性心肌病 (HOCM)的可行性 ,安全性和近期效果。方法　对 6 0岁以上的 6例老年HOCM患者施行心肌声学造影指导下的经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗。结果　 6例患者的经皮室间隔心肌消融术均获成功 ,未出现严重的心脏并发症 ,术后即刻应用心导管测左室流出道压差由术前(10 4.33± 19.6 1)mmHg降至 (35± 2 5 .88)mmHg(P <0 .0 0 1)。术后对 6例患者进行了 1～ 18个月的随访 ,经超声心动图测左室流出道压差由术前 (91.83± 2 7.17)mmHg降至 (36 .0 8± 33.6 3)mmHg(P <0 .0 5 ) ,室间隔厚度由术前(2 1.83± 2 .79)mm降至 (16 .0 2± 3.86 )mm (P <0 .0 5 )。术后心功能由术前的 3.4± 0 .5级改善为 1.1± 0 .3级 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　经皮室间隔心肌消融术治疗老年HOCM患者的即刻和近期效果良好 ,并发症少 ,安全性高。     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病经皮化学消蚀术后长期随访研究

目的　研究经皮化学消蚀术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的长期随访结果。方法　 13例不合并高血压的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病患者 ,左心室流出道压力阶差均 >40mmHg ,且长期药物治疗无效。其中 2例肥厚部位同时包括左心室侧壁和右心室。术后每月门诊记录临床症状变化及心电图 1次 ;术后 2 4h及每月行经胸超声检查 1次 ,测定室间隔厚度 (IVST)、心室腔直径 (LVDD)、左心室流出道压力阶差 (LVOTG)及左心室射血分数 (LVEF)。平均随访时间 2 0 (14～ 2 2 )个月。结果　 13例患者术前收缩期二尖瓣前向移动 (SAM)现象平均 3 6级 ;平均酒精注射量为 3 86ml;术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差平均下降到 31mmHg ,术后 1个月室间隔厚度降低程度最大平均 (3 0± 0 4)mm ;术后 1个月时SAM分级平均下降到 1 4级 (平均下降 2 2级 ) ;无一例需要再次另外一支间隔支消蚀的 ;2例患者出现进行性左心室扩大 ,但是均于术后 3个月后停止 ;全部患者的临床症状均得到显著改善 ,1例患者于术后 3个月时出现活动后胸闷 ,心脏超声与导管复查左心室流出道压力阶差回升到 >36mmHg ;3例患者术中出现一过性完全性房室传导阻滞 ,2例术后 1h内恢复到正常窦性心律 ;1例完全性房室传导阻滞于术后第 3天消失 ,因此无 1例需要安装永久起搏器。 4例 (2 2 %     

Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: long term follow up of the first series of 25 patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, single centre study. PATIENTS: 25 patients (13 women, 12 men, mean (SD) age 54.7 (15.0) years) with drug treatment resistant New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 2.8 (0. 6) symptoms attributed to a high left ventricular outflow gradient (LVOTG) and a coronary artery anatomy suitable for intervention. INTERVENTION: PTSMA by injection of 4.1 (2.6) ml of alcohol (96%) into 1.4 (0.6) septal perforator arteries to ablate the hypertrophied interventricular septum. OUTCOME MEASURES: During in-hospital follow up, enzyme rise, the frequency of atrioventricular conduction lesions requiring permanent DDD pacing, and in-hospital mortality were assessed. Long term follow up (30 (4) months, range 24-36 months) included symptoms, echocardiographic measurements of left atrial and left ventricular dimensions and function, and LVOTG. RESULTS: Mean postinterventional creatine kinase rise was 780 (436) U/l. During PTSMA 13 patents developed total heart block, permanent pacing being necessary in five of them. One 86 year old patient died from ventricular fibrillation associated with intensive treatment (beta mimetic and theophylline) for coexistent severe obstructive airway disease. After three months, three patients underwent re-PTSMA because of a dissatisfactory primary result, leading to LVOTG elimination in all of them. During long term follow up, LVOTG showed sustained reduction (3 (6) mm Hg at rest and 12 (19) mm Hg with provocation) associated with stable symptomatic improvement (NYHA class 1.2 (1.0)) and without significant global left ventricular dilatation. CONCLUSIONS: PTSMA is an effective non-surgical technique for reduction of symptoms and LVOTG in HOCM. Prospective, long term observations of larger populations are necessary in order to determine the definitive significance of the procedure.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病经皮室间隔消融后的左室逆重构

目的 观察经皮室间隔心肌化学消融（PTSMA）治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（HOCM）的术后即刻和动态随访左心室结构和功能的变化.方法 应用心脏超声评估14 例HOCM 患者行 PTSMA 手术术前,术后即刻,术后 1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月左心室大小、各左室壁厚度和心脏功能.结果 消融前患者室间隔厚度平均为（21.53±4.00）mm,左室后壁平均为（11.0±2.2）mm,左室流出道平均压力为（83.0±27.7）mm Hg.消融后即刻患者心室结构无明显变化,但流出道压力减至（28.2±24.7）mm Hg.1个月后复查心脏彩超,室间隔厚度减少至（14.3±3.7）mm,左室后壁平均为（11.6±6.3）mm,左心室舒张末期内径从术前的（42.1±4.9）mm增加至术后的（47.3±6.8）mm,左心室收缩末期内径从术前的（26.4±3.4）mm增加至术后的（32.4±8.8）mm,后随访至1年无继续增大.左心室射血分数在随访3个月时较术前下降,但仍在正常心功能范围.结论 PTSMA手术能有效降低 HOCM患者左室流出道压力阶差,并能引起左心室发生良性逆重构.     

肥厚梗阻型心肌病介入治疗方法的新改进

目的 探讨经皮“室间隔心肌隧道化学消融术（percutaneous transluminal septal tunnel myocardial ablation,PTSTMA）”治疗传统技术不适合的肥厚梗阻型心肌病（hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM）的方法及疗效.方法 选择2005年6月至2011年6月期间住院的HOCM患者中的26例为研究对象.观察经PTSTMA治疗的26例HOCM患者术后即刻左心室流出道压力阶差（left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient,LVOTPG）变化,术后24 h磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶、心电学改变,术后3个月心脏超声指标变化以及随访临床症状的转归.结果 3例通过单支血管消融,17例通过2支血管消融,6例通过3支血管消融.LVOTG由术前（75.6±22.4）mm Hg（1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa）降至（21.4±5.84）mm Hg,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.术后24 h磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶为（1 86±84）μ/L,2例发生Ⅲ＆#176;房-室传导阻滞,均于1周后恢复正常传导,10例发生室性心律失常,12例发生右束支传导阻滞.消融后室间隔厚度减少[（16.8±4.2）mm vs.（22.8±5.8）mm,P＜0.01]、左心房内径减少[（42.0±8.6）mmvs.（48.0±7.0）mm,P＜0.05],差异均有统计学意义.随访时间为（39.8±8.6）个月.与消融前比较,随访中胸痛、呼吸困难症状明显减少,纽约心脏协会心功能分级明显改善,室性心律失常明显减少,黑蒙症状也有一定改善.结论 冠状动脉造影证实冠状动脉室间隔支解剖形态不适合做传统室间隔心肌化学消融术的HOCM患者,PTSTMA能显著降低LVOTPG,改善临床症状.PTSTMA可作为HOCM心肌化学消融术的一种补充方法,其近、中期安全有效.     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术后疗效观察

目的 探讨化学消融治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)的方法及疗效.方法 15例HOCM患者,经超声心动图及导管测压证实存在左室流出道压力阶差.选择靶间隔支注入无水乙醇消融后记录左室流出道压力阶差变化,出院时、出院后1个月及出院后3个月复查超声心动图.结果 15例中消融第一间隔支11例,消融第二间隔支2例,同时消融第一、二间隔支2例.1例术后4 h死亡,其余14例度过围术期并出院随访(其中1例术后5 d置入永久双腔起搏器).术后即刻导管测量左室流出道压差较术前明显下降[(55.90±31.08)mm Hg比(92.62±43.75)mm Hg,P＜0.01],出院时与术前相比,LVOTG和二尖瓣收缩期前移(SAM)幅度较术前明显改善[(45.83±27.92)mm Hg 比(84.02±35.59)mm Hg,(2.3±1.28)mm 比(4.2±1.35)mm,P＜0.01];出院后1个月、3个月超声测量LVOTG、左室流出道内径、室间隔厚度和SAM幅度较术前及出院时明显改善(P＜0.01).结论化学消融是治疗HOCM的有效方法,但属于破坏性手术,需严格进行手术风险控制,防止"过犹不及".     

Pressure-guided nonsurgical myocardial reduction induced by small septal infarctions in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the safety and efficacy of pressure-guided nonsurgical myocardial reduction (NSMR) with the induction of small septal infarctions in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). BACKGROUND: Nonsurgical myocardial reduction has been shown to decrease left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and to improve symptoms in patients with HOCM. Infarct sizes differ considerably among studies published so far. METHODS: In 50 patients, the LVOT gradient was invasively determined at the time of the intervention, four to six months (n = 49) and 12 to 18 months (n = 25) after NSMR. New York Heart Association functional class and quality of life were assessed by using a standard questionnaire. Exercise capacity was tested by spiro-ergometry. Left ventricular (LV) mass was determined by electron beam computed tomography. RESULTS: Small septal infarctions (mean creatine kinase value 413 +/- 193 U/l) resulted in a sustained decrease in LVOT gradients, from 80 +/- 33 to 18 +/- 17 mm Hg after four to six months (p < 0.001, n = 49) and to 17 +/- 15 mm Hg (p < 0.001, n = 25) after 12 to 18 months. Nonsurgical myocardial reduction was followed by a decrease in LV hypertrophy, which was associated with a sustained increase in exercise capacity, as well as improvement in quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure-guided NSMR inducing small septal infarctions was sufficient to result in a sustained decrease in LVOT obstruction and to improve symptoms. The incidence of complications, such as complete heart block with necessary permanent pacemaker implantation (<10%), seems to be diminished by minimizing the infarct size.     

经皮经冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的近期疗效观察

目的评价经皮经冠状动脉室间隔化学消融术（PTSMA）治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病（HOCM）的近期疗效。方法自1998年8月～1999年11月收治HOCM34例,入选行PTSMA26例。利用Sigwart法行PTSMA,注入96%～99%无水酒精消融间隔支前后记录左室流出道压力阶差变化、心电图变化。在消融前及术后2周通过超声心动图测量室间隔（IVS）厚度及左室流出道宽度。结果术前平均静息左室流出道压力阶差为（72.8±24.6）mmHg（1mmHg=0.133kPa）,术中球囊加压后为（30.6±18.5）mmHg,术后为（24.3±17.6）mmHg,差异有显著性（P<0.001）。术前室间隔平均厚度为（23.00±6.03）mm,术后2周为（20.55±5.38）mm。术前左室流出道宽度为（6.54±2.36）mm,术后2周为（11.36±3.37）mm（P<0.01）。术前心功能（NYHA分级）为3.4±0.6,术后2周为1.6±0.8。术后CPK与CPK-Mb峰值分别为（1050±514）U/L与（131±78）U/L。术中及术后可见短阵室速、结性逸搏心律、三度房室传导阻滞及束支传导阻滞。1例发生永久性三度房室传导阻滞,安装永久性双腔起搏器。出现下壁及前壁心肌梗死心电图表现者各1例。结论PTSMA能显著降低左室流出道压力阶差,治疗HOCM的近期疗效可靠,但尚需进一步完善方法,以减少严重并发症发生,并需继续随访其中、远期疗效。