碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及碳青霉烯酶基因型研究

目的 研究碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及碳青霉烯酶基因的携带情况.方法 连续收集2011年1月至2012年4月浙江省台州医院临床分离的碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌75株.应用Vitek 2 Compact微生物鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析,并通过Hodge试验筛选产碳青霉烯酶的菌株,PCR扩增分析碳青霉烯酶的基因型.结果 75株碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌均为多重耐药菌株,只对阿米卡星保持较高的敏感性,耐药率仅为13.3％ (10/75).其中,69株(92.0％)检测出OXA-23基因,67株(89.3％)检出OXA-51基因,未检出IMP、VIM和SIM酶基因.结论 产OXA酶是本组碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的主要耐药机制,其中OXA-23和OXA-51是主要基因型.     

基于全国血流感染耐药监测联盟的耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性菌对替加环素的蒙特卡洛模拟研究

目的:通过蒙特卡洛模拟评估不同剂量替加环素对碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)、碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)和碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)的疗效。方法:借助全国血流感染细菌耐药监测联盟平台收集2018年1月1日至2019年12月31日626株CRE及317株CRAB,CRE中包括517株CRKP。...     

烧伤病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及OXA基因型检测

目的:了解烧伤病房患者创面鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性和OXA碳青霉烯酶基因携带情况,为预防和控制多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染提供依据.方法:收集2013年1月—2015年12月皖南医学院第一附属医院烧伤整形外科收治2572例患者创面分泌物进行细菌培养;使用VITEK2 Compact型全自动微生物检测仪鉴定鲍曼不动杆菌,通过药敏实验检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性;应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测4种OXA碳青霉烯酶基因(OXA-23-like、OXA-24-like、OXA-51-like、OXA-58-like)的携带情况,并对其中10株进行OXA-23-like基因测序.结果:分离出44株鲍曼不动杆菌,对亚胺培南耐药率为79.55%(27株),对米诺环素及替加环素的耐药率较低,分别为20.45%(9株)和31.82%(14株),对庆大霉素耐药率高达100%,对其他抗菌药物也具有较高的耐药率(59.09%~97.73%).所有菌株OXA-51-like基因均为阳性,共有35株OXA-23-like基因阳性(阳性率79.55%),均未检测到OXA-24-like基因和OXA-58-like基因.结论:鲍曼不动杆菌呈多重耐药现象,对米诺环素耐药率最低,我院创面鲍曼不动杆菌主要耐药机制可能与OXA-23-like基因有关.     

泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌新疆分离株中发现C类β-内酰胺酶基因blaADC新的变异型

目的 对分离自新疆的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中β-内酰胺酶基因的存在和变异情况进行分析.方法 收集2012年1至6月中国人民解放军乌鲁木齐总医院住院患者样本中分离的泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共20株,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)的方法分析8种A类β-内酰胺酶基因,4种β类β-内酰胺酶基因,2种C类β-内酰胺酶基因,5种D类β-内酰胺酶基因,并检测常用抗菌药物对菌株的最小抑菌浓度.结果 本组20株泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌均同时携带了blaTEM、blaADC、blaOXA-2群、blaOXA-23群、blaOXA-51群等5种β-内酰胺酶基因,其中一株blaADC基因经测序后证明为blaADC新的变异型.20株菌株对头孢类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物均耐药,仅50％的菌株对阿米卡星敏感.结论 blaOXA-23和blaOXA-51是导致本组菌株对头孢类药物耐药的主要原因,blaADC检出新的变异型.     

清热解毒方对耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的抑菌作用

目的:探讨清热解毒方对临床分离的耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌的抑菌作用。方法:应用K-B法和MIC法对临床分离的487株革兰阴性杆菌进行抗生素药敏试验,鉴定出耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌;采用琼脂二倍稀释法,观察清热解毒方对代表性耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌株铜绿假单胞菌(Pa1、Pa2、Pa3、Pa4)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Ab1、Ab2、Ab3、Ab4)、肺炎克雷伯菌(Kp)、产酸克雷伯菌(Ko)、阴沟肠杆菌(Ecs)的体外抑菌效果。结果:487株革兰阴性杆菌鉴定出耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌20株、鲍曼不动杆菌43株、克雷伯杆菌33株、阴沟肠杆菌4株,其他菌株23株;多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌21株,多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌10株。在62 mg/m L浓度的清热解毒方提取液平皿上未见Pa1、Pa2、Pa3、Pa4及Ab1生长;在125 mg/m L浓度平皿上未见Ab2、Ab3、Ab4和Kp生长,在较高浓度中药平皿上(250和500 mg/m L)未见Ko和Ecs生长。结论:清热解毒方能抑制多种耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌,尤其对耐药鲍曼不动杆菌和耐药铜绿假单胞菌抑菌效果佳。这为临床常见耐碳青霉烯类革兰阴性杆菌感染的中药防治提供一定的理论基础。     

替加环素治疗肝移植术后鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的护理

目的总结应用替加环素治疗肝移植术后耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的护理经验。方法对15例肝移植术后鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者给予替加环素治疗,规范用药、观察用药作用和不良反应,给予预见性护理。结果患者均治愈出院,随访1年肝功能良好。结论替加环素用于肝移植术后耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的治疗过程中注重针对性护理,有利于防止相关不良反应,保障疗程的顺利实施。     

不同时间分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌β-内酰胺类耐药基因的研究

目的调查β-内酰胺类耐药基因在院内不同时间段分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中的存在情况。方法采用PCR法检测β-内酰胺类相关耐药基因,并对部分阳性基因进行测序。结果 2010年6月至2011年6月临床分离的46株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中,其中41株（89.1%）含OXA23组基因、17株（37.0%）含PER基因、6株（13.0%）含IMP基因,6株（13.0%）膜孔蛋白基因car O缺失。2012年12月至2013年1月本院临床分离的42株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中,41株（97.6%）含OXA23组基因,35株（83.3%）含TEM基因,42株（100%）含OXA64组基因和膜孔蛋白基因car O。经测序IMP阳性基因为IMP-4型金属酶基因,OXA23组阳性基因为OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因,OXA64组均为OXA-66型碳青霉烯酶基因,PER为PER-1型超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因、TEM为TEM-1型β-内酰胺酶基因。结论院内不同时间分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶基因和膜孔蛋白基因car O检出率一直很高,IMP、PER、TEM和OXA64组β-内酰胺类耐药基因不同时间段检出情况差异很大。     

肝移植围手术期腹腔与胸腔感染病原学分析

目的探究肝移植术后腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌分布及耐药情况。 方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肝胆外科2011年1月至2017年12月343例行同种异体原位肝移植术受者临床资料,分析围手术期腹腔和胸腔感染情况、常见病原菌及耐药情况。腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌分布比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果343例肝移植受者中,围手术期48例单独发生腹腔感染,61例单独发生胸腔感染,10例同时发生腹、胸腔感染,15例因感染导致死亡。发生腹腔感染的受者腹腔引流液共培养出106株病原菌,屎肠球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和溶血葡萄球菌为最常见的病原菌,分别占19.8%(21/106)、15.1%(16/106)和11.3%(12/106)。发生胸腔感染的受者胸腔引流液共培养出99株病原菌,鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为最常见的病原菌,分别占26.3%(26/99)、18.2%(18/99)和17.2%(17/99)。腹、胸腔感染常见病原菌(鲍曼不动杆菌、屎肠球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌)感染分布差距均有统计学意义(χ²＝3.92、135.62、162.14、11.09和6.81,P均<0.05)。药敏试验结果示鲍曼不动杆菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类抗生素均已耐药(>90%),仅对替加环素较为敏感(27%);铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类和替加环素耐药率最低(11%);肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和替加环素耐药率最低(6%);革兰阳性球菌(屎肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌)对替考拉宁、万古霉素和替加环素最为敏感;真菌对氟康唑最敏感。 结论肝移植术后围手术期腹、胸腔感染发生率均较高,且病原学分布各有特点,术后应积极反复进行相关病原学检查,并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素。     

烧伤创面多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌同源性和碳青霉烯酶基因型及整合子研究

目的 明确甘肃省人民医院烧伤病房多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性、同源性及与整合子的关系. 方法 31株多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌分离自该院烧伤住院患者创面分泌物标本.采用琼脂稀释法测定鲍氏不动杆菌对11种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析菌株的同源性:PCR扩增I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类整合酶及整合酶阳性菌株的整合子基因盒,进行序列分析;分析亚胺培南耐药菌株的碳青霉烯酶基因型. 结果 鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为45.2%、48.4%、48.4%、41.0%,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、氨曲南和哌拉西林的耐药率均在80.0%以上.所有菌株PFGE分型共分为A、B、C 3型,A克隆18株、B克隆7株、C克隆6株.20株细菌整合子扩增阳性,携带有aadA1、aadA5、aacA4、aac3、aacC1、aac(6')-Ib、catB8、drfA17和drf8基因,介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素、氯霉素、甲氧苄啶的耐药.14株亚胺培南耐药的菌株均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶. 结论 多重耐药鲍氏不动杆菌在该院烧伤病房播散,以A克隆为主;鲍氏不动杆菌整合子主要介导对氨基糖苷类抗生素及氯霉素的耐药性,碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药鲍氏不动杆菌均产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶.     

外排泵介导鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药及其治疗方案研究

目的探讨鲍曼不动杆菌(AB)多重耐药与外排泵相关性,及多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(MDRAB)感染的治疗方案。方法收集2011年6月至2012年6月武汉大学人民医院ICU分离鉴定出的AB共116株,进行体外药敏试验,采用PCR方法检测外排泵基因,肉汤倍比稀释法检测最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果所收集的116株AB,对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率较高,特别是头孢噻肟及哌拉西林,高达90%以上;对米诺环素及头胞哌酮舒巴坦耐药率较低,MDRAB检出率达84.48%(98/116);adeB基因总检出率为92.24%(107/116),abeM基因总检出率为88.79%(103/116),adeG基因总检出率为92.24%(107/116),tetB基因总检出率为61.21%(71/116),adeE基因总检出率为0.86%(1/116);MDRAB菌株中adeB、abeM、adeG及tetB外排基因检出率均高于non-MDRAB菌株;SCF、MH单用MIC与联合使用MIC比较,单用均显著高于联用,SCF、MH分别与碳酰氰基-对-氯苯腙(CCCP)联用MIC显著低于SCF与MH联用时的MIC。结论 AB耐药及多重耐药十分严重,外排泵基因adeB、abeM、adeG、tetB是介导AB多重耐药的机制之一,MH与SCF联合应用具有协同和相加作用,外排泵抑制剂与抗菌药物联合可降低抗菌药物的MIC及用量,恢复其敏感性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.