雄激素受体在雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌的表达

目的探讨雄激素受体(AR)在国人雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌(AIPC)的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化两步法,检测AR在15例AIPC和20例雄激素依赖性前列腺癌(ADPC)组织标本的表达水平。结果1例AIPC无AR表达,其余14例AIPC及全部ADPC均有AR高表达,AIPC染色的光密值为0.31±0.04较ADPC0.28±0.03升高。结论大多数国人AIPC均高表达AR,AR的异常表达可能在前列腺癌的进展中发挥重要的作用。     

白细胞介素1β对肾小管上皮细胞过氧化物酶体增殖蛋白激活性受体γ及辅调节因子表达的影响

目的 探讨白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）介导的炎性反应中过氧化物酶体增殖蛋白激活性受体γ（PPARγ）及其辅调节因子的表达变化,分析其相互作用机制。 方法 体外培养人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）,应用IL-1β作用于HK-2细胞,收集细胞总mRNA、胞核蛋白和细胞培养上清液。应用实时定量PCR、Western印迹法、ELISA法、凝胶电泳迁移率实验（EMSA）法分别从mRNA水平、蛋白质水平、DNA结合活性水平检测PPARγ及其辅调节因子（包括辅激活因子和辅抑制因子）和单核细胞趋化蛋白1（MCP-1）的表达变化。 结果 不同浓度的IL-1β（0~20 μg/L）刺激24 h后,PPARγ、辅激活因子SRC-1、SRC-2和PGC-1 mRNA表达水平均呈总体下调趋势（P < 0.05）,同时辅抑制因子NCoR呈显著上调趋势（P < 0.05）。以10 μg/L作为IL-1β最佳刺激浓度,SRC-2和PGC-1的mRNA水平在刺激1 h后就分别显著下调了57％（P < 0.01）和48％（P < 0.01）;SRC-1的mRNA水平在刺激2 h后显著下调了43％（P < 0.05）,而PPARγ在刺激4 h时下调了55％（P < 0.01）;NCoR在刺激8 h后出现显著上调（为对照组的2.17倍,P < 0.05）,之后又缓慢下降,至24 h仍高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。Western印迹结果显示,PPARγ的蛋白表达在IL-1β（10 μg/L）刺激4 h后出现显著下降。ELISA结果显示MCP-1的分泌水平呈持续增高,8 h后达到最高值[（160.56 ± 2.8） ng/L,P < 0.01],至24 h仍为（50.82± 1.25） ng/L（P < 0.01）。EMSA结果显示PPARγ的DNA结合活性呈总体减弱趋势,至24 h达到最低值,而NF-κB的DNA结合活性均呈总体增强趋势,至24 h达到高峰。 结论 在肾脏炎性反应进程中,IL-1β诱导的NF-κB炎性通路激活可引起PPARγ及辅激活因子的表达下调,MCP-1和辅抑制因子的表达上调。不仅PPARγ,其辅调节因子也积极参与肾脏炎性反应。     

前列腺癌雄激素依赖转化后细胞内雄激素受体表达变化的研究

目的：探讨雄激素受体（AR）在前列腺癌雄激素依赖特性转化过程中的作用。方法：对33例晚期前列腺癌患者进行雄激素阻断治疗并作长时间随访,其间有18例发生了雄激素依赖转化．15例未发生雄激素依赖转化。采用免疫组织化学及RT—PCR法测定18例患者雄激素依赖转化前后及15例患者雄激素阻断治疗前后癌细胞内AR蛋白及AR基因的表达情况。结果：18例患者雄激素依赖转化前后AR蛋白及AR基因的表达分别为（1．33±0．97VS3．11±0．76）和（28．41±3．38Ct vs 36．73±1．81Ct）,两者之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;15例患者雄激素阻断治疗前后AR蛋白及AR基因的表达分别为（1．47±0．83 vs 1．40±0．99）和（29．50±3．08Ct vs29．14±3．23Ct）,两者之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：AR基因及AR蛋白表达增强是前列腺癌雄激素依赖转化的原因之一。     

锤头型核酶特异性阻断雄激素受体表达对前列腺癌细胞生长的影响

目的：探讨核酶阻断雄激素受体（AR）基因表达治疗前列腺癌的可能性。方法：在脂质体介导下，锤头型抗雄激素受体核酶表达载体转染前列腺癌细胞，采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR）检测ARmRNA，四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测细胞增殖活性，流式细胞仪（FCM）检测细胞周期时相，原位末端转移酶标记法检测细胞凋亡。结果：核酶表达载体转染1－5d后，前列腺癌细胞AR mRNA水平降低32．6％－40．7％（P＜0．05），细胞生长抑制率18．28％－35．34％（P＜0．05），细胞周期阻滞于G2／M期，诱导细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡比率增加20．70％（P＜0．01）。结论：应用核酶特异性切割ARmRNA，能有效阻断AR基因的表达，诱导前列腺癌细胞凋亡，有可能成为前列腺癌基因治疗的有效方法之一。     

血小板反应素-1在前列腺癌患者中的表达及意义

摘要：目的探讨血小板反应素1（TsP一1）在前列腺癌患者癌组织及其外周血中的表达及其意义。方法应用免疫组化技术检测TSP-1在前列腺癌组织（前列腺癌组）中的表达;以半定量RTPCR技术检测TSP-lmRNA在患者外周血中的表达,并与前列腺增生患者（前列腺增生组）进行比较。结果前列腺癌组TSP-1阴性表达6例,弱阳性表达16例,阳性表达4例,增生组TSP-1弱阳性表达12例,阳性表达16例,无阴性表达,前列腺癌组TSP-1表达强度较增生组显著降低（P〈O．01）;TSP-1mRNA在前列腺癌组织中较前列腺增生组织中表达明显下调（P〈0．01）。TSPlmRNA在前列腺癌组外周血中的表达较增生组明显下调（P〈o．01）。结论TSP-1基因及蛋白表达水平在前列腺癌组织中明显下调,在前列腺癌患者外周血中表达水平明显下调。     

前列腺癌组织中雄激素受体的表达

目的 研究雄激素受体(AR)在前列腺癌(PCa)组织中的表达，探讨AR与PCa的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学SP法检测60例PCa标本和40例正常前列腺组织AR的表达。结果 PCa组AR表达明显低于正常前列腺对照组(p＝0．001)；正常对照组前列腺腺上皮的AR表达明显高于间质（P＝0．0001)，阳性染色颗粒主要分布在前列腺的腺上皮的细胞核中。早期前列腺癌AR阳性表达率高于晚期(P＝0．0227)。高、中分化癌的AR阳性表达率高于低分化癌(P＝0．0403)。结论 PCa组织中的AR阳性表达率低于正常前列腺组织。AR的表达与肿瘤的分期、分级相关。     

TRPC6在人良性与恶性前列腺组织中的表达

观察瞬时受体电位通道C6（TRPC6）在人良性与恶性前列腺组织及前列腺癌细胞系中的表达,进一步探讨TRPC6的表达与前列腺癌分期、分级及激素依赖性的关系。利用免疫组织化学技术,检测发现45．0％的前列腺增生和86．6％的前列腺癌病例表达TRPC6,两者比较有显著性差异沪〈0．01）。TRPC6的表达与前列腺癌分级和前列腺外转移有关（P〈0．01）。前列腺癌分期增高,TRPC6表达增多,但在T2、T3和DT4期肿瘤病例中,TRPC6表达无显著差异。此外TRPC6在激素依赖性前列腺癌与激素非依赖性前列腺癌中的表达也无显著差异。应用RT-PCR及Westernblot,检测到TRPC6在前列腺癌细胞系中的表达。本研究发现,TRPC6在良性与恶性前列腺组织及前列腺癌细胞系中表达。TRPC6的表达与前列腺癌的组织分级、Gleason评分及前列腺外转移有关。     

熊果酸对前列腺癌细胞雄激素非依赖性的逆转作用

目的 探讨中药成分熊果酸对雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌(AIPC)的治疗作用及其机制.方法 应用熊果酸处理体外培养的人雄激素依赖性前列腺癌(ADPC)细胞株LNCaP和AIPC细胞株DU145,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞活性及对人工合成雄激素R1881的反应性,免疫细胞化学检测熊果酸对雄激素受体(AR)、糖皮质激素受体(GR)、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及成活因子HSP90和白细胞介素(IL)-6表达的影响,逆转录.聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测熊果酸对DU145细胞AR mRNA表达的影响.结果 熊果酸对不同浓度雄激素下的LNCaP细胞均呈浓度和时间依赖性生长抑制,20 mg/L的熊果酸作用96 h对LNCaP细胞的抑制率近50%.0.1 nmoL/L的R1881为最适生长浓度,熊果酸作用后,LNCaP细胞生长的最适雄激素浓度上升了10倍;熊果酸对DU145细胞的生长有浓度和时间依赖性抑制效应,DU145细胞对AR阻断剂羟氟他胺缺乏反应,熊果酸作用同时再应用氟他胺比单纯熊果酸的作用更明显,对细胞抑制率明显上升.熊果酸作用后,LNCaP和DUl45细胞IL-6、HSF90表达均明显下降(P＜0.05),DU145细胞GR表达明显降低(P＜0.01),AR和PSA蛋白及AR mRNA出现再表达.结论 熊果酸能改善前列腺癌细胞对雄激素的反应性,使LNCaP细胞对雄激素的依赖性加强,并诱发了DU145细胞对雄激素的反应性,其部分机制是降低了GR、HSP90、IL-6的表达并促进AR再表达.     

人肝细胞性肝癌性激素受体的表达

目的：研究人肝细胞性肝癌组织、癌旁组织和正常肝组织中雄激素受体（AR）和雌激素受体（ER）的表达水平及分布规律。方法：应用单克隆抗体免疫组化法检测50例肝细胞性肝癌标本的肿瘤组织、癌旁组织和10例肝内胆管结石的肝组织中AR和ER的表达情况。结果：在肝癌组织、癌旁组织和肝内胆管结石的肝组织中，AR的阳性表达率分别为30％、8％和0％，除癌组织显著高于癌旁组织外（P＜0．01），其它各组无显著性差异（P＞0．05）；ER的阳性表达率分别为12％、10％和20％，在三组中均无显著性差异（P＞0．05），在所有阳性片中，AR和ER的标记指数（LI）均＜25。结论：AR和ER在肝细胞性肝癌组织中的表达率很低。     

瘦素及瘦素受体在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨瘦素及其受体mRNA及蛋白的表达在乳腺癌发生、发展中的意义。方法 采用巢式逆转录-聚合酶链反应〈RT-PCR）和免疫组织化学方法检测39例乳腺癌及其周围正常乳腺组织瘦素及其受体的mRNA及蛋白表达，分析乳腺癌组织瘦素与瘦素受体表达的相关性及其与临床病理之间的关系。结果 瘦素mRNA及蛋白在正常乳腺及乳腺癌组织阳性表达率均为100．00％；瘦素受体mRNA和蛋白在乳腺癌组织阳性表达率为74．40％。正常乳腺组织mRNA阳性表达率7．69％；瘦素及其受体在乳腺癌组织的表达量高于正常组织。差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；瘦素受体的表达与瘦素表达明显相关（P〈0．01）。瘦素及瘦素受体高表达与乳腺癌的转移及浸润明显相关（P〈0．01）。结论 瘦素在乳腺癌的发生发展中可能起着促进作用，瘦素及其受体表达情况可以作为乳腺癌诊断或预后的指标。     

Co-assessment of cytoplasmic and nuclear androgen receptor location in prostate specimens: potential implications for prostate cancer development and prognosis

OBJECTIVE

To address, by co‐assessing cytoplasmic and nuclear androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate tissues, the contribution of the AR throughout the stages of prostate cancer (PC) and its value as a marker for predicting biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Archival prostate specimens from patients who were cancer‐free (43), with hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC, 62), and with androgen‐independent prostate cancer (AIPC, 30) were used to construct tissue microarrays (total 135). Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and non‐neoplastic tissues (NA) found adjacent to HSPC were also included. Nuclear and cytoplasmic AR expression was scored by two observers using a composite scale, after immunohistochemical detection of the AR. The nuclear/cytoplasmic AR expression ratio was also calculated. Univariate Kaplan‐Meier plots, and multivariate Cox and survival‐tree analyses, were then used to assess the ability of the AR to predict BCR in the patients with HSPC.

RESULTS

There was markedly greater nuclear AR staining intensity in NA than in normal prostate tissues from cancer‐free patients. Cytoplasmic AR expression was highest in AIPC and markedly more than in HSPC. The nuclear/cytoplasmic AR expression ratio was highest in NA and PIN. In univariate analyses, a low nuclear AR, low cytoplasmic AR, and a high nuclear/cytoplasmic AR expression ratio were associated with BCR. Although cytoplasmic AR was an independent predictor of BCR in a Cox multivariate model (hazard ratio 2.736, 95% confidence interval 1.228–6.091, P = 0.014), survival‐tree analyses suggested a complex relationship between AR expression and clinicopathological features.

CONCLUSION

We propose that increased nuclear AR expression might be a precursor to PC and that cytoplasmic AR could contribute to the AIPC phenotype. The predictive ability of the AR might be closely linked to clinicopathological features.     

Protein kinase A (PKA) pathway is functionally linked to androgen receptor (AR) in the progression of prostate cancer

ObjectivesIn the present study, we investigated whether the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-activated protein kinase A (PKA) pathway may regulate the expression of AR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and whether there is a correlation between the expression of cAMP/PKA-associated genes and androgen receptor (AR) in patients with prostate cancer (CaP).Materials and methodsThe functional studies were performed in LNCaP and PC3 cell lines. Data on the mRNA expression of sets of genes in human clinical samples, including prostate tissues from organ donors, prostate primary cancer, and metastatic cancer, were extracted from the National Center for Biotechnology Informations Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Statistical tests were applied.ResultsWe showed that elevated levels of cAMP/PKA pathways induced an increased expression of AR and PSA proteins in LNCaP cells in the absence of androgen. A cAMP-associated phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, rolipram induced an up-regulation in AR expression, whereas a cAMP enhancer, forskolin increased PSA level without affecting AR expression. Forskolin treatment increased the level of PKA R1α in LNCaP cells, but remarkably inhibited R1α expression in aggressive PC3 cells. In patients with CaP, we found that the expression of genes encoding R1α and phosphodiesterase-4B was statistically significantly lower in the metastatic specimens than that in the primary CaP specimens or in the normal prostate tissues (P<0.01) and was reversely correlated with AR expression. Conversely, AR and PRKAR2B mRNA expressions were significantly higher in metastatic lesions than those in the primary CaP specimens or in the normal prostate tissues (P<0.01).ConclusionOur study revealed a novel mechanism to precisely define the functional and clinical interrelationship between the cAMP/PKA pathway and AR signaling in the development of androgen-independent growth of CaPs and metastasis progression.     

PDCD5蛋白与雄激素受体在人类前列腺癌组织中表达的相关性研究

目的:探讨PDCD5蛋白与雄激素受体(AR)在人类前列腺癌(PCa)组织中表达的相关性。方法:用EnVision法对29例PCa组织切片进行PDCD5及AR免疫组化染色,对其在PCa组织中表达的相关性进行统计学分析。结果:依据定性分析结果对PDCD5在AR(+)及AR(-)两组间PCa组织中的表达进行统计学分析显示两者间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但PDCD5免疫组化染色定量分析提示PDCD5在PCa AR(+)组中表达明显强于AR(-)组(P<0.01)。结论:PDCD5在PCa AR(-)组中的表达要弱于AR(+)组,提示AR缺失可能导致或伴随PCa细胞凋亡的进一步下调,进而引起AIPC/HRPC的发生。     

基于文献挖掘的雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌特异表达基因的生物信息学分析

目的:比较雄激素依赖型与非依赖型前列腺癌的基因表达差异,加深对雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌形成的分子机制的认识,为前列腺癌防治找到新的有效手段。方法:通过FACTA工具从PubMed找出前列腺癌的相关基因进行分类,利用GATHER、PANTHER、STRING和ToppGene等在线工具对雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌特异表达基因进行生物信息学分析。结果:筛选雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌特异基因128个,这些特异表达基因在细胞信号转导、凋亡、肿瘤生成、细胞粘附、细胞增殖和分化等生物学过程起着重要作用。结论:通过生物信息学对雄激素非依赖型前列腺癌特异表达基因的挖掘发现,MMP9、EGFR、MMP2、ADM、MIF、IGFBP3、IL2、MET、BAD、RHOA、SPP1、EP300、SMAD3、RAF1、PTK2、TGFB2等基因在雄激素依赖型转变成非依赖型前列腺癌中可能起着重要作用。     

Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in recurrent prostate cancer

PURPOSE: The androgen receptor (AR) is highly expressed in androgen dependent and recurrent prostate cancer, suggesting that it has a role in tumor growth and progression after androgen deprivation. AR amplification may contribute to androgen receptor activation in relative androgen absence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin fixed and frozen specimens of recurrent prostate cancer were obtained by transurethral resection from men with increasing serum level of prostate specific antigen in whom urinary retention developed. AR amplification and X-chromosome number were determined by 2-color fluorescence in situ hybridization, and AR protein expression was determined by automated image analysis. We compared clinical characteristics and survival of patients with recurrent prostate cancer whose tumors did or did not exhibit AR amplification and X-chromosome polysomy. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of the 24 recurrent prostate cancer specimens 8 (33%) showed AR amplification. AR was more intensely immunostained in tumors with amplified (AMP) AR (mean optical density 0.36 +/- 0.07) than in tumors lacking amplification (NO AMP) (mean optical density 0.24 +/- 0.09). No differences were found between the 2 groups when comparing serum levels of prostate specific antigen (AMP 11.9, 14.8; NO AMP 26.0, 60.3), Gleason sum (AMP 9.0, 0.5; NO AMP 9.0, 1.0), clinical TNM stage (AMP 4 cases M0, M1 4; NO AMP 8 M0, 8 M1), race (AMP 6 white and 2 black men, NO AMP white and 7 black men) or survival in months (AMP 47.5, 28.5; NO AMP 33.5, 72.0). Three of the recurrent prostate cancer specimens (13%) demonstrated X-chromosome copy number 2 or greater and no differences were found when comparing clinical characteristics between these groups. CONCLUSIONS: AR amplification in recurrent prostate cancer results in higher levels of AR protein expression but does not affect survival.     

Expression and somatic mutation on androgen receptor gene in prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Lack of androgen receptor (AR) expression or mutation on the AR gene creates the tendency for androgen independence and progression of prostate cancer. However, the association between the progression and AR expression or mutations is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of AR expression and mutations in prostate cancers. METHODS: Forty-two prostate adenocarcinomas and three lymph node metastatic lesions sampled prior to hormonal therapy were included in this study; AR expression was analyzed immunohistochemically using an antibody against AR and the result was scored as the percentage of AR-positive tumor cells in the total tumor cells. Polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing were used to detect AR mutations. RESULTS: Our study revealed the average AR expression in the prostate adenocarcinoma was 52.2 +/- 27.1%, which was significantly lower than that in the adjacent non-tumorous prostate tissue (68.3 +/- 18.3% in average) (P < 0.001). A significant correlation was obtained between progression-free survival and AR expression (P < 0.01). By SSCP analysis, three silent mutations (T649T, E709E and E711E) were detected in three separate prostate carcinomas. CONCLUSION: : We conclude that AR expression is a useful prognostic indicator for tumor progression. Androgen receptor mutation may be an uncommon molecular event in untreated prostate cancer in Japanese men.     

Involvement of arginine methyltransferase CARM1 in androgen receptor function and prostate cancer cell viability

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptor (AR) may play a role in prostate cancer progression. Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase (CARM1) catalyzes methylation of histone H3 at Arg-17. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry of CARM1 was performed on primary prostate cancer specimens. CARM1 recruitment and histone methylation was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The effect of CARM1 overexpression or CARM1 knockdown was assessed on reporter assays, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and endogenous androgen target gene expression. RESULTS: CARM1 expression was increased in the nucleus of castration-resistant, but not androgen-stimulated prostate cancer. Androgen stimulation led to CARM1 recruitment and methylation of histone H3 at androgen responsive enhancers. Overexpression of CARM1 stimulated and CARM1 knockdown inhibited AR reporter activity. CARM1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. CARM1 knockdown inhibited androgen-dependent prostate specific antigen (PSA) and hK2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: CARM1 is essential for AR function and may play a role in prostate cancer progression. CARM1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in prostate cancer.