432例糖耐量减低患者二年的演变

对1986年诊断的432例糖耐量减低(IGT)者,于1988年进行复查,IGT每年约7.7％发展为糖尿病(DM)。原空腹及服糖后1、2小时血糖较高的IGT者易发展为DM,可能为长期胰岛素抵抗,胰岛对持续高血糖刺激分泌胰岛素的功能失代偿所致。原血糖较低及控制体重的IGT者易恢复正常,并显示胰岛素抵抗减轻及胰岛素分泌功能改善。IGT者转为DM及正常组后血压降低,可能与血浆胰岛素水平降低有关。     

糖耐量减低人群胰岛β细胞功能的变化

131例正常糖耐量,120例糖耐量减低和107例2型糖尿病患者的研究显示,胰岛素原(PI)呈递增,而胰岛素敏感指数、HOMA-β和△I30/△G30呈递减倾向。肥胖组HOMAβ-,胰岛素、C肽和胰岛素原的曲线下面积均高于非肥胖组。     

NGT进展为IGT过程中IR与β细胞功能演变

对148例正常个体进行2年随访，其中14例进展为IGT，110例仍NGT，12例为IFG，8例进展为DM,4例进展为IGT＋IFG，总共124例作为研究对象。结果：（1）与NGT组比，IGT组OGTT30min血糖、EINS及HOMA—IR明显升高（P〈0．05），而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数（P〈0．05）、胰岛素敏感指数降低（P〈0．05）。（2）与IGT基线资料相比，BMI、OGTT2小时血糖、半小时血糖、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及HOMA—IR升高（P〈0．05），而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数（P〈0．05）、胰岛素敏感性指数降低（P〈0．05）。结论：从NGT向IGT进展过程中，存在胰岛素抵抗程度增加和早期胰岛素分泌功能减退。     

阿卡波糖对糖耐量减低患者胰岛素敏感性和胰岛细胞功能的影响和评价

1 糖耐量减低的概况和发病机制 糖耐量减低(IGT)是临床最常见的糖调节异常(IGR)之一，是2型糖尿病发病的重要中间     

糖耐量减低患者胰岛β细胞早期分泌相的变化

对２６例糖耐量减低（ＩＧＴ）患者和３２例健康者的胰岛β细胞早期分泌相变化进行了观察。结果：①ＩＧＴ组空腹胰岛素（ＩＮＳ）和Ｃ－肽（Ｃ－Ｐ）明显高于对照组，左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＡＲＧ）兴奋后峰值ＩＮＳ、Ｃ－Ｐ和胰高血糖素（ＧＣ）也明显高于对照组；②△ΣＩＮＳ（Ｌ－ＡＲＧ兴奋后２、４、６分钟ＩＮＳ比空腹增加值之和）与舒张压、体重身高指数（ＢＭＩ）进行相关分析的相关系数分别为０．４８、０．５７。提示ＩＧＴ患     

182例糖耐量减低患者三年演变

糖耐量减低 (IGT)是 2型糖尿病 (T2 DM)发病的中间阶段 ,为了解糖耐量减低患者的演变及其影响因素。我们于2 0 0 0年对 1997年郑州市中老年 DM普查中以 WHO标准诊断的 182例 IGT患者进行复查。　　一、对象与方法1.对象 :1997年我们以卫生部老年卫生工作领导小组办公室制订的《我国 T2 DM流行病学研究操作方法》为准则 ,采取分层、多级、整群抽样的方法 ,市区以居委会、郊区以自然村为基本抽样群 ,逐户逐人登记 ,凡年龄≥ 4 0岁 ,在本地居住满 1年以上者均为调查对象 ,分 5个年龄组 ,各年龄组调查的性别和人数比例均按当地 1990年全…     

社区老年正常糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能研究

入选老年正常糖耐量(NGT)者2 929名、糖耐量受损(IGT)者448例和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者1143例.NGT者根据空腹血糖(FBG)四分位数和十分位数分别分为4个亚组和10个亚组.结果显示,中国老年NGT人群随着血糖升高,空腹胰岛素和稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)逐渐升高.以HOMA-IR的75％位点2.15为切割点,≥2.15者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;超重或肥胖、高血压和高甘油三酯组HOMA-IR≥2.15比例明显升高;相反,中国老年NGT人群中随着血糖升高,稳态模型评估的胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)逐渐下降,以HOMA-β 25％位点41.79为切割点,＜41.79者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;非肥胖、正常血压和正常甘油三酯血症患者HOMA-β＜41.79的比例明显升高.logistic回归分析显示年龄和处置指数是影响老年2型糖尿病独立的危险因素.     

沈阳地区糖耐量受损者胰岛β细胞功能和胰岛素抵抗

2003年美国糖尿病学会（ADA）糖尿病诊断和分型专家委员会提出将空腹血糖受损（IFG）的空腹血糖（FPG）切点由6．1mmol／L下调至5．6mmol／L。按新标准划分的中国的糖代谢异常者是否存在着糖尿病前期阶段的代谢特征？本研究运用能精确测定胰岛素抵抗程度的正血糖高胰岛素钳夹技术和能反映胰岛素早期分泌缺陷的静脉葡萄糖耐量试验（IVGTT），来研究比较新旧切点下不同糖耐量的胰岛素抵抗程度和β细胞分泌功能的异同。     

NGT进展为IGT过程中IR与β细胞功能演变

对148例正常个体进行2年随访,其中14例进展为IGT,110例仍NGT,12例为IFG,8例进展为DM,4例进展为IGT IFG,总共124例作为研究对象.结果(1)与NGT组比,IGT组OGTT 30min血糖、EINS及HOMA-IR明显升高(P＜0.05),而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数(P＜0.05)、胰岛素敏感指数降低(P＜0.05).(2)与IGT基线资料相比,BMI、OGTT 2小时血糖、半小时血糖、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及HOMA-IR升高(P＜0.05),而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数(P＜0.05)、胰岛素敏感性指数降低(P＜0.05).结论从NGT向IGT进展过程中,存在胰岛素抵抗程度增加和早期胰岛素分泌功能减退.     

Distinguishing between persistent and transient impaired glucose tolerance using a prediction model.

Screening for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes was carried out in 777 people and those with high blood glucose levels completed three 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). Blood lipid levels, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, body mass index, and blood pressure were also measured and family history of Type 2 diabetes recorded. Fifty people were identified with IGT and of these 21 were found to have persistent IGT and 29 transient IGT. A model including the variables body mass index, fasting and 2-h insulin levels, fasting triglycerides and family history of Type 2 diabetes was developed using the Speigelhalter-Knill-Jones weighting method to predict subjects with persistent IGT. This model could be useful in identifying people with persistent IGT and therefore eliminate the need for repeat OGTTs which are time consuming and expensive.     

Platelet activation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a prediabetic state, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Mean platelet volume (MPV), a determinant of platelet activation, is a newly emerging risk factor for atherothrombosis. This study was designed to answer the following questions: (i) Do MPV levels change in IGT? (ii) Is there any relation between MPV levels and 2 h plasma glucose levels after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. We selected 48 subjects with IGT, and 48 healthy subjects with normal glucose tolerance matched for age, gender, and body mass index. MPV was significantly higher in IGT group than in control group (9.06 +/- 1.5 fl vs. 8.28 +/- 0.8 fl, p = 0.002). Also, MPV was positively correlated with 2 h plasma glucose concentration in IGT group (r = 0.39, p = 0.006). In conclusion, our results suggest that subjects with IGT tend to have increased platelet activation. Increased platelet activity could contribute to increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in IGT.     

Platelet activation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), a prediabetic state, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Mean platelet volume (MPV), a determinant of platelet activation, is a newly emerging risk factor for atherothrombosis. This study was designed to answer the following questions: (i) Do MPV levels change in IGT? (ii) Is there any relation between MPV levels and 2 h plasma glucose levels after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. We selected 48 subjects with IGT, and 48 healthy subjects with normal glucose tolerance matched for age, gender, and body mass index. MPV was significantly higher in IGT group than in control group (9.06 ± 1.5 fl vs. 8.28 ± 0.8 fl, p = 0.002). Also, MPV was positively correlated with 2 h plasma glucose concentration in IGT group (r = 0.39, p = 0.006). In conclusion, our results suggest that subjects with IGT tend to have increased platelet activation. Increased platelet activity could contribute to increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in IGT.     

Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone (ROS) on insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and glycaemic response to glucose challenge and meal in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: Thirty patients with IGT (ages between 30 and 75 years and BMI (body mass index) < or = 27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (n = 15) or ROS (4 mg/day) (n = 15). All participants underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), meal test, and frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) before and after the 12-week treatment. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of ROS treatment, there were significant increases in total cholesterol (TC) (4.25 +/- 0.22 vs 4.80 +/- 0.17 mmol/l, P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (1.25 +/- 0.07 vs 1.43 +/- 0.06 mmol/l, P < 0.05), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (2.70 +/- 0.15 vs 3.37 +/- 0.17 mmol/l, P < 0.05) without changes in triglyceride concentration, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. Although the acute insulin response (AIR) to intravenous glucose and disposition index (measured as the ability of pancreatic beta-cell compensation in the presence of insulin resistance) remained unchanged, the insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) were remarkably elevated (0.38 +/- 0.06 vs 0.54 +/- 0.09 x 10(-5) min(-1)/pmol, P < 0.05; 0.017 +/- 0.002 vs 0.021 +/- 0.001 min(-1), P < 0.05, respectively) in the ROS group. The glucose, insulin, and c-peptide areas under curve (AUC) in response to OGTT and the glucose and insulin AUC during meal were significantly ameliorated in the ROS group. Five out of 15 (33%) and two out of 15 (13%) subjects treated with ROS and placebo, respectively, reversed to normal response during OGTT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rosiglitazone treatment significantly improved insulin resistance and reduced postchallenge glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with impaired glucose tolerance without remarkable effects on beta-cell secretory function.     

Development of diabetes in Japanese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: A seven year follow-up study

Summary Five hundred and seven subjects with postprandial glycosuria underwent a 50 g oral glucose tolerance test in an epidemiological survey of diabetes mellitus carried out in 1964–1965 in the town of Osaka, Japan. The oral glucose tolerance test was repeated 7 years later in 207 (40.8%) of the subjects. The results of the initial and the follow-up test were classified into three categories according to the new WHO criteria: normal, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Most of the diabetic subjects (84.8%) remained unchanged between the initial and follow-up test. Of the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance at the time of the initial test, 38.5% showed diabetes in the follow-up test, while another 38.5% returned to normal. On the other hand, 13.5% of the normal subjects in the initial test developed impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes in the follow-up test. The rate of worsening to diabetes was related closely to the 2-h blood glucose value at the initial test. In addition, the rate of worsening was higher in males and obese subjects than in females and non-obese subjects. A multiple logistic analysis indicated that the fasting and 2-h glucose values were significantly predictive of worsening to diabetes.     

Efficacy of acarbose in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

This multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy of acarbose in Chinese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (determined using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test). Subjects were randomised to either placebo or acarbose 50 mg t.i.d. for a period of 16 weeks. Primary efficacy variables were the maximum postprandial plasma glucose value (C(max)) and the serum insulin profile. Secondary efficacy parameters included postprandial glucose profile, maximum postprandial insulin concentration (C(max)), changes in lipid profile and blood pressure and HbA(1c) and body weight and conversion to Type 2 diabetes. In the intention-to-treat analysis, acarbose treatment resulted in significantly higher reductions in postprandial glucose and serum insulin concentrations compared to placebo. Triglyceride concentration was the only lipid parameter to be significantly reduced in acarbose subjects. Loss of body weight was also significantly greater for acarbose than placebo subjects. Some 19 individuals converted to Type 2 diabetes (seven acarbose, 12 placebo), but this difference was not significant. Acarbose is efficacious in improving the metabolic state of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance indicating a potential benefit for the delay or prevention of onset of Type 2 diabetes in Chinese subjects.     

Polymorphisms of the gene encoding adiponectin and glycaemic outcome of Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: a 5-year follow-up study

Aims/hypothesis Polymorphisms of the gene encoding adiponectin (ADIPOQ) have previously been associated with type 2 diabetes in Europid and Japanese subjects, but not in Pima Indians. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution made by ADIPOQ gene variants to glycaemic status in southern Chinese individuals.Subjects and methods Sixty unrelated subjects were screened for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ADIPOQ gene by direct sequencing. The association of tagging SNPs with the outcome of glycaemic status in 262 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was examined in a 5-year prospective study.Results We identified 15 polymorphisms in the ADIPOQ gene, ten of them constituting the tagging SNPs. At 5 years, 39.7% of the subjects with IGT had regressed to NGT, 41.2% had persistent IGT or impaired fasting glucose and 19.1% had developed diabetes. Only the T45G polymorphism was associated with persistent hyperglycaemia at 5 years (p=0.001). Haplotypes formed by the addition of other SNPs, as haplotype blocks or pairs, did not confer greater association than T45G alone. On logistic regression analysis, T45G independently predicted persistent hyperglycaemia at 5 years (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.29–3.95, G carriers vs TT; p=0.005). It also predicted persistent hyperglycaemia in a nested case–control study involving 158 sex- and age-matched controls with persistent NGT (p=0.012, adjusted for BMI), and that of diabetes or glycaemia progression (p<0.05) in a meta-analysis that also included two published studies in Europid subjects.Conclusions/interpretation Our findings support a significant role of this common ADIPOQ gene polymorphism in predicting glycaemic status in southern Chinese people.     

Haemostatic effects of simvastatin in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

Background: Very little is known about extra‐lipid effects of statins in prediabetic subjects. Aim: Our study has assessed the effect of simvastatin on coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), comparing this effect with that exhibited by simvastatin in isolated hypercholesterolaemia. Methods: Lipid profile, fasting and 2‐h post‐glucose challenge plasma glucose levels, the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) ratio, glycated haemoglobin, the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time, plasma fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), von Willebrand factor (vWF), factor X levels and factor VII coagulant activity were assessed at baseline, and after 30 and 90 days of simvastatin treatment (20 mg daily) in 28 patients with IGT and 28 subjects with primary isolated hypercholesterolaemia. The control group included 26 age‐, sex‐ and weight‐matched dyslipidaemia‐free individuals with normal glucose tolerance. The experiments comply with the current law of Poland. Results: Compared to the control subjects, hypercholesterolaemic and IGT patients exhibited increased baseline plasma levels of fibrinogen, PAI‐1 and vWF, and increased factor VII activity, with no difference between the two groups of patients. All these haemostatic abnormalities were alleviated or normalized after simvastatin treatment, which was accompanied by a prolongation of the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time. In both treatment groups simvastatin reduced total and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, oxidized LDL and apoprotein B but did not affect glucose metabolism marker levels. Conclusions: Our study shows that haemostasis is disturbed to a similar degree in IGT and isolated hypercholesterolaemia. Simvastatin exhibits a multidirectional, lipid‐independent favourable action on coagulation and fibrinolysis in IGT patients, which may play a role in the prevention of initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in this prediabetic state.     

Long-term beneficial effects of glipizide treatment on glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance

AIMS: To assess the efficacy and long-term effects of glipizide treatment on glucose and insulin metabolism in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: Thirty-seven first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes fulfilling WHO criteria for IGT were randomized to treatment with either glipizide 2.5 mg once daily or matching placebo for 6 months. A 75 g, 2-h oral (OGTT) and 60 min intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were performed at baseline and after 6 months. The subjects were followed up for another 12 months after discontinuation of treatment and a repeat OGTT was performed at 18 months. RESULTS: Thirty-three subjects fulfilled the study. Markers of insulin sensitivity - i.e. fasting insulin and HOMA(IR)-index - improved in the glipizide group (P = 0.04 and 0.02 respectively) as well as HDL cholesterol (P = 0.05) compared with placebo group after 6 months. At 18 months, both fasting and 2 h glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the glipizide group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.04 and 0.03 respectively). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 29.4% in the placebo group and 5.9% in the glipizide group at 18 months. This equals an 80% relative risk reduction in the active treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term treatment with glipizide improves glucose and insulin metabolism in subjects with IGT primarily by improving insulin sensitivity mediated by lowering glucose toxicity, thereby providing the beta cells rest. Larger studies are needed to establish whether these effects are sufficient to prevent progression to manifest type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular morbidity in subjects at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.     

Ten-year follow-up of Japanese overweight subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: identification of a diabetes-prone subpopulation.

Ninety-four overweight subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were followed for 10 years. No one from the NGT group developed diabetes, however 32% of the IGT subjects did develop diabetes. Initial data of the IGT subjects who developed diabetes were significantly different from those who did not develop diabetes. Fasting, peak and/or sigma plasma glucose (PG), IRI and CPR at 180 minutes and CPR/IRI at 0 and 180 minutes were increased, and the peak time of PG was delayed; also the prevalence of a positive family history was higher, and the body weight heavier. Seventy-nine percent of IGT subjects with the initial sigma PG of greater than or equal to 40 mM or a positive family history developed diabetes whereas only 3% of those with sigma PG of less than 40 mM and a negative family history developed diabetes. Therefore, it might be considered that among the overweight adults with IGT, those with sigma PG of greater than or equal to 40 mM or a positive family history are diabetes prone and those with sigma PG of less than 40 mM and a negative family history are diabetes resistant.