Phthalic acid esters in various foodstuffs and biological materials

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants in Japan. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are the most commonly found of nine PAEs examined. DNBP and DEHP residues in 22 kinds of commerical foodstuffs (55 examples), mostly in plastic containers, are recorded. The level is generally higher in powdered foodstuffs than in other materials and the content of PAEs increased sharply during their storage. A close correlation is found between the content of PAE residues in packing materials and those of foodstuffs. The levels of DNBP and DEHP in human blood samples are found to be much higher than those of PCBs.     

地表水中23种有机氯农药的自动固相萃取-气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用测定法

目的建立地表水中23种有机氯农药(OCPs)的全自动固相萃取-气相色谱-高分辨质谱(GC-HRMS)联用测定方法。方法水样经HLB固相萃取柱富集提取(流速选择10 ml/min),乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷联合洗脱,氮吹浓缩后,采用GC-HRMS法进样分析。结果 23种有机氯农药在0.152~20.0 ng/L的范围内,所得回归方程均呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.997)。方法的检出限为0.031~0.152 ng/L,定量下限为0.110~0.511 ng/L,平均回收率为70.4%~121.0%,RSD为2.3%~19.4%。结论该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,选择性强,适用于同时测定地表水中23种有机氯农药。     

Internal exposure of the general population to DEHP and other phthalates--determination of secondary and primary phthalate monoester metabolites in urine

A number of phthalates and their metabolites are suspected of having teratogenic and endocrine disrupting effects. Especially the developmental and reproductive effects of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are under scrutiny. In this study we determined the concentrations of the secondary, chain oxidized monoester metabolites of DEHP, mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) in urine samples from the general population. The utilization of the secondary metabolites minimized any risk of contamination by the ubiquitously present phthalate parent compounds. Included in the method were also the simple monoester metabolites of DEHP, dioctylphthalate (DOP), di-n-butylphthalate (DnBuP), butylbenzylphthalate (BBzP) and diethylphthalate (DEP). Automated sample preparation was performed applying a column switching liquid chromatography system enabling online extraction of the urine on a restricted access material (RAM) and separation on a reversed phase analytical column. Detection was performed by negative ESI-tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode and quantification by isotope dilution. The excretion of DEHP and the other phthalates was studied by analyzing first morning urine samples from 53 women and 32 men aged 7-64 years (median: 34.2 years) living in northern Bavaria (Germany) who were not occupationally exposed to phthalates. Phthalate metabolites, secondary and primary ones, were detected in all specimens. Concentrations were found to vary strongly from phthalate to phthalate and subject to subject with differences spanning more than three orders of magnitude. Median concentrations for excretion of DEHP metabolites were 46.8 microg/L for 5OH-MEHP (range 0.5-818 microg/L), 36.5 microg/L for 5oxo-MEHP (range 0.5-544 microg/L), and 10.3 microg/L for MEHP (range:<0.5 (limit of quantification, LOQ) to 177 microg/L). A strong correlation was found between the excretion of 5OH-MEHP and 5oxo-MEHP with a correlation coefficient of r=0.991, indicating close metabolic proximity of those two parameters but also the absence of any contaminating interference. Median concentrations for the other monoester metabolites were for mono-n-butylphthalate (MnBuP) 181 microg/L, for monobenzylphthalate (MBzP) 21.0 microg/L, for monoethylphthalate (MEP) 90.2 microg/L and for mono-n-octylphthalate (MOP)<1.0 microg/L (LOQ). These results will help to perform health risk assessments for the phthalate exposure of the general population.     

Occurrence and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soils from a typical e-waste recycling area in Southeast China

Surface soils collected from Taizhou, a typical e-waste recycling area in Southeast China, were analyzed for the residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by using microwave-assisted extraction and gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in US EPA's priority list (ΣPAHs), six indicator PCBs (ΣPCBs), 15 OCPs widely used in China (ΣOCPs) in soils ranged from 125 to 4737?ng/g (average: 854 ng/g), from not detected to 55.4?ng/g (3.16?ng/g), and from 47.9 to 820?ng/g (276?ng/g), respectively. Individual PAHs were ubiquitously found in soil samples with detected ratio of 96% and their residual levels were comparable with those of serious polluted sites. Principal component analysis in combination with diagnostic ratios suggested that the combustion of coal, wood, and plastic wastes that are closely associated with illegal and unsafe recycling operations of e-wastes was the main source of PAHs in this area. Compared with other polluted sites, the PCBs residues in soils were generally low except for those in the major recycling site. The residual levels of OCPs in this region were also relatively higher and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolite forms including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and dicofol were dominant species. The composition analysis indicated that the HCHs residues in soils might originate from the application of lindane (pure?γ-HCH) and parts of DDTs possibly from the wide use of dicofol with high impurity of DDT compounds in this region.     

Trace Organic Contaminants in Sediment and Water from Ulsan Bay and Its Vicinity, Korea

Sediment and water samples collected from 32 locations in Ulsan Bay and adjacent inland areas were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons (PAHs), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), organochlorine (OC) pesticides (HCB, HCHs, CHLs, and DDTs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to characterize their spatial distribution and contamination status. PAHs were detected in nearly all sediment and water extracts from Ulsan Bay and its inland locations. The sedimentary PAH concentrations ranged from 17 to 3,100 ng/g on a dry weight basis (DW), which were predominated by two- and three-ring aromatic hydrocarbons in river and/or stream, and four- to six-ring compounds in Ulsan Bay sediment. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water samples were generally two or three orders magnitude less than those of corresponding sediment samples. Maximum concentrations of NP, OP, and BPA in sediments were 1,040, 120, and 54 ng/g DW, respectively. Concentrations of OP and BPA were, on average, 5- to 13-fold less than those of NP. PCB concentrations in sediment ranged from 1.4 to 77 ng/g DW, which were predominated by lower chlorinated congeners such as di- through pentachlorinated biphenyls. Among different OC pesticides analyzed, concentrations of DDTs were the greatest, ranging from 0.02 to 41.9 ng/g DW. NP concentrations were greater at inner locations proximal to municipal wastewater discharges into rivers and/or streams, whereas the concentrations of PCBs and PAHs were great near the sites of high industrial activities. Sediment-pore water partitioning coefficients correlated with those of reported K _oc or K _ow values for selected PAHs in Ulsan Bay, but these varied by an order of magnitude for stream and/or river sediments. Received: 11 June 2000/Accepted: 28 August 2000     

Concentrations and Accumulation Features of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Baiyangdian Lake Freshwater Food Web of North China

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), are ubiquitous anthropogenic environmental contaminants. They are persistent, broad-spectrum toxicants that accumulate in the food web with potential risks to the ecosystem and human health. HCHs were the predominant contaminants in Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs ranged from 58 to 563 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 21 to 401 ng/g lw, respectively, for aquatic biota samples. The highest levels of HCHs and DDTs were observed in muscles of yellow catfish. The mean concentrations of OCPs were 4.6 ng/L for water, 95 ng/g dry weight (dw) for aquatic plants, and 14 ng/g dw for sediments. Among the isomers and metabolites, α-HCH and p,p′-1,1-di(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) were the predominant congeners in biota samples. Correlations between log lipid-normalized concentrations of HCHs and DDTs and trophic levels (TLs) based on analysis of stable isotopes of nitrogen confirmed that persistent organic pollutants were magnified in the Baiyangdian Lake food web. Significant positive relationships were found for α-HCH and p,p′-DDT and their trophic magnification factors, which were 1.6 and 1.7, respectively. These results provide evidence of biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in freshwater food webs.     

武汉市某大型水厂管网末梢水中雌激素活性及邻苯二甲酸酯的分布规律

[目的]了解武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中雌激素活性和两种主要邻苯二甲酸酯（phthalic acid esters,PAEs）,即邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（di—n-butyl phthalate,DBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2．乙基己基）酯[di（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate,DEHP]的分布规律。[方法]2009年4月至2010年3月间,每月采集武汉市某大型水厂供水区域内管网末梢水为样本,水样经固相萃取后分别用重组基因酵母实验和气相色谱法检测雌激素活性和两种主要PAEs的含量。[结果]全年管网末梢水中雌激素活性[以雌二醇当量（estradiol equivalents,PgEEQs/L）计]的检出范围为35．17-1510．95PgEEQs／L;样本资料显示,雌激素活性在秋季最高,春夏两季次之,冬季最低,各季节之间雌激素活性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。DBP和DEHP的检出范围分别为未检出～0．74州L和未检出一1．01pg／L;DBP含量夏、秋两季明显高于春、冬两季（P〈O．05）,DEHP含量春、秋、冬三季高于夏季（P〈0．05o随着管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加,雌激素活性和DEHP含量具有增高趋势,DBP含量具有降低趋势。管网末梢水中雌激素活性和PAEs含量之间无相关性（P〉0．05）。[结论]该水厂供水区域内管网末梢水中能检测出不同程度的雌激素活性和两种PAEs（DBP和DEHP）,水中雌激素活性和两种PAEs浓度具有明显的季节性差异,并随管网末梢与水厂间距离的增加而呈现不同变化趋势。     

Urine phthalate determinations as an index of occupational exposure to phthalic anhydride and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Although it has been estimated that over 600 000 workers in the United States are exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), an animal carcinogen, and that over 100 000 are exposed to phthalic anhydride (PA), few data are available on levels of phthalates in biological fluids of these workers. For a determination of occupational exposure to PA and DEHP at a plant manufacturing DEHP from PA and 2-ethylhexanol, air samples were taken for PA and DEHP, and pre- and postshift urine samples were collected for the determination of total phthalates. Urine samples were obtained from 48 workers in jobs with high exposure to phthalates and from 47 workers in jobs with low exposure. The airborne concentrations of DEHP ranged from 20 to 4 110 micrograms/m3, and the concentrations of PA ranged from 4 to 203 micrograms/m3. The most heavily exposed workers had the highest mean postshift urine phthalate concentration (geometric mean 7.6 nmol/ml) (p = 0.015), and also the greatest mean increase (4.4 nmol/ml) in preshift to postshift urine phthalate levels. Twofold increases over the shift in urine phthalate concentration and postshift phthalate levels of greater than 10 nmol/ml were observed in 8 (25%) of 32 chemical operators, but in none of 52 other workers. These data suggest that measurement of urine phthalate levels may have utility for monitoring the exposure of workers manufacturing or using PA.     

Concentrations,Sources, and Risk Assessment of Organohalogen Compounds in Soils from Kiambu to Mombasa,Kenya

Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment of 16 organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in soils from Kiambu to Mombasa in Kenya. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged between 7.62 and 76.09 ng/g, dominated by HCHs. Source identification displayed recent inputs and historical use of DDTs and lindane. The total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 9.90 to 20.8 ng/g with an average of 14.40 ng/g dominated by penta-PCBs from old transformers leakages. The total PBDEs concentrations were in the range of 1.89–38.36 ng/g and with a mean of 11.38 ng/g. Electric and electronic equipment waste and PBDE containing materials as sources of PBDE. The risk assessment of OCPs and PCBs showed low potential human health risk from OCPs, while PCBs indicated to pose a high risk.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Henan Reach of the Yellow River, Middle China

The distribution and source of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Henan Reach of the Yellow River, Middle China, has been investigated. summation sigmaPAHs levels ranged from 144.3 to 2361 ng L(-1) in water, from 506.6 to 10,510 ng g(-1) in suspended particulate matters (SPMs) and from 16.4 to 1358 ng g(-1) in sediment, respectively. The compositional profile of PAHs revealed that 2-3-ring PAHs were predominated in water and 2-4-ring PAHs were abundant in SPMs. Whereas the PAHs in sediment were composed mainly of 3-5-ring PAHs. The spatial distribution of PAHs indicated that concentrations of PAHs in water and SPMs in dry season were much higher than those in flooding season. It may be attributed to a high flow rate in flooding season. The ratios of phenanthrene/anthracene (Phe/Ant) and fluoranthene/pyrene (Flua/Pyr) reflected a pattern of pyrogenic input. The potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that the ecosystem risk of PAHs was relatively low in Henan Reach of the Yellow River.     

Comparison of the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides by semipermeable membrane devices and caged fish (Carassius carassius) in Taihu Lake, China

Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) by triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and by crucian carp (Carassius carassius) was studied in Taihu Lake, a shallow, freshwater lake in China. Crucian carp and SPMDs were deployed side by side for 32 d. The first-order uptake rate constants of individual PAHs and OCPs for the two matrices were calculated and compared to relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the matrices to dissolved water concentrations. On a wet-weight basis, total concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp fillets averaged 49.5 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively, after the 32-d exposure, whereas concentrations in whole SPMDs averaged 716.9 and 62.3 ng/g, respectively. The uptake rate constants of PAHs and OCPs by SPMDs averaged seven- and fivefold higher, respectively, than those for crucian carp; however, the patterns of uptake rate constants derived from test chemical concentrations in the crucian carp and SPMDs were similar. Although equilibrium was not reached for some PAHs and OCPs during the 32-d exposure period, a reasonably good correlation between the concentration factors (CFs) and octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) values of PAHs and OCPs in SPMDs (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) was observed when potential sorption to dissolved organic carbon was taken into account. Similar efforts to correlate the CFs and Kow values of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) were less successful, likely because of PAH metabolism by finfish. Overall, the present results suggest that SPMDs may serve as a surrogate for contaminant monitoring with fish in freshwater lake environments.     

Organochlorine Contaminants in Water, Sediment and Fish of Lake Burullus, Egyptian Mediterranean Sea

Lake Burullus is one of the Delta lakes, connected with the Mediterranean Sea through El Boughaz opening. Concentrations of organochlorine contaminants were measured in water, sediments and biota of the lake because of concerns about their effects on its productivity. The concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons decreased in the order of PCBs > DDTs > TC > HCHs for all water samples collected from Lake Burullus during 2006. Higher concentrations were recorded during summer season, this clearly affected by higher agricultural and sewage activities. The concentrations of DDTs in water were ranged from 0.07 to 221.9 ng L(-1); 46.3-656.5 ng L(-1); 94.3-882.6 ng L(-1) and 24.8-233 ng L(-1) during winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. Among DDTs metabolites p,p-DDE was the most dominant with a maximum of 520.13 ng L(-1) recorded at station 10 (El Boughaz opening). In sediment samples, PCBs concentrations were ranged from 4.6 to 213.9 ng g(-1) with an average 47.2 ng g(-1); dry weight. Total pesticides were higher than PCBs for mostly all sediment samples of Lake Burullus. Concentrations of DDTs in fish tissues were ranged from 2.76 to 24.23 ng g(-1) and from 14.16 to 45.13 ng g(-1); wet weight for Oresochromus niloticus and Clarries sp., respectively.     

An assessment of the toxicity of phthalate esters to freshwater benthos. 1. Aqueous exposures

Tests were performed with the freshwater invertebrates Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and Lumbriculus variegatus to determine the acute toxicity of six phthalate esters, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DHP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). It was possible to derive 10-d LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% of the population) values only for the four lower molecular weight esters (DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP), for which toxicity increased with increasing octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and decreasing water solubility. The LC50 values for DMP, DEP, DBP, and BBP were 28.1, 4.21, 0.63, and 0.46 mg/L for H. azteca; 68.2, 31.0, 2.64, and > 1.76 mg/L for C. tentans; and 246, 102, 2.48, and 1.23 mg/L for L. variegatus, respectively. No significant survival reductions were observed when the three species were exposed to either DHP or DEHP at concentrations approximating their water solubilities.     

溶剂萃取-GC-MS/MS测定水中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯

目的 建立简便快速检测生活饮用水及水源水中邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的GC-MS/MS测定方法。方法 取100.0 mL水,加入2.00 mL正己烷,充分振荡提取,静置分层后,取正己烷层1.00 μL于GC-MS/MS定性定量测定。结果 该方法的检出限为0.000 02 mg/L,相对标准偏差＜3%,回收率在85.0%~103.3%之间。结论 该方法简便快速、准确可靠,适合于水样中DEHP的定量测定。     

Plasticizer Contamination of Firefighter Personal Protective Clothing – A Potential Factor in Increased Health Risks in Firefighters

Chemical exposures may be responsible for firefighters’ elevated incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This study characterized semivolatile chemical contamination on firefighter personal protective clothing to assess exposure of firefighters to these chemicals. Samples from used firefighter protective clothing, including gloves, hood, and one coat wristlet, were extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed by EPA method 8270 for semivolatile contaminants, including 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 6 phthalate diesters. Twenty-two of the chemicals of interest were found on at least one clothing swatch. Only di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer, added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to increase flexibility, was found on every swatch. DEHP concentrations were the highest of any chemical measured, and were 52 to 875 times higher than any PAH concentration measured. DEHP was also detected on most items of unused firefighter personal protective clothing, although at much lower levels. These findings suggest that firefighters are exposed to high levels of DEHP, a probable human carcinogen, and at levels much higher than PAHs, the semivolatile toxic combustion products most extensively studied historically. Firefighter exposure to DEHP and other phthalate diesters therefore merits further study.     

Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Trace Organics in Rainwater in an Urban Region (India)

The rainwater samples collected from the Lucknow city (India) were analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). HCH-isomers contributed most to the ΣOCPs with the highest levels of β-HCH isomer. The OCPs, which are currently banned in the country, were also observed. The residue levels of ΣOCPs in rainwater samples ranged between BDL and 447.17 ng L⁻¹. Endrin, β-endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide B and methoxychlor could not be detected in any of the sample. The levels of ΣPAHs in rainwater samples ranged between 19.32 and 11,112.09 ng L⁻¹ and the most abundant hydrocarbon was acenaphthylene. Further, the lower molecular weight PAHs dominated over the high molecular weight compounds.     

正常儿童血清中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯水平的测定

目的检测正常儿童血清中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸-2-乙基己酯(DEHP)水平。方法选择上海市正常儿童作为研究对象,用气相色谱检测其血清中DBP、DEHP含量,作正常儿童血清DBP、DEHP浓度分布,以及DBP、DEHP不同年龄和性别水平分析。结果 310例血样中,110例可检出DBP,118可检出DEHP,全部样品中DBP的浓度范围为未检出～0.98ng/ml,P75为0.68ng/ml,95%上限为0.75ng/ml,男女检出率无差别,检出率在不同年龄组间存在差别。全部样品中DEHP的浓度范围为未检出～0.94ng/ml,P75为0.67ng/ml,95%上限为0.74ng/ml,男女检出率无差别,检出率在不同年龄组间存在差别,婴儿组的检出率明显低于其他组。结论正常儿童的血清DBP、DEHP浓度较低,DBP低于0.75ng/ml,DEHP低于0.74ng/ml。     

Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among workers in selected industries: a pilot biomonitoring study

Phthalates are used as plasticizers and solvents in industrial, medical and consumer products; however, occupational exposure information is limited. We sought to obtain preliminary information on occupational exposures to diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by analyzing for their metabolites in urine samples collected from workers in a cross-section of industries. We also obtained data on metabolites of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP), di-isobutyl phthalate and di-isononyl phthalate. We recruited 156 workers in 2003-2005 from eight industry sectors. We assessed occupational contribution by comparing end-shift metabolite concentrations to the US general population. Evidence of occupational exposure to DEHP was strongest in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film manufacturing, PVC compounding and rubber boot manufacturing where geometric mean (GM) end-shift concentrations of DEHP metabolites exceeded general population levels by 8-, 6- and 3-fold, respectively. Occupational exposure to DBP was most evident in rubber gasket, phthalate (raw material) and rubber hose manufacturing, with DBP metabolite concentrations exceeding general population levels by 26-, 25- and 10-fold, respectively, whereas DBP exposure in nail-only salons (manicurists) was only 2-fold higher than in the general population. Concentrations of DEP and DMP metabolites in phthalate manufacturing exceeded general population levels by 4- and >1000-fold, respectively. We also found instances where GM end-shift concentrations of some metabolites exceeded general population concentrations even when no workplace use was reported, e.g. BzBP in rubber hose and rubber boot manufacturing. In summary, using urinary metabolites, we successfully identified workplaces with likely occupational phthalate exposure. Additional work is needed to distinguish occupational from non-occupational sources in low-exposure workplaces.     

Distribution of Phthalate Esters in Soil of E-Waste Recycling Sites from Taizhou City in China

In recent years, increasing concern has surrounded the consequences of improper electric and electronic waste (e-waste) disposal. In this paper, Phthalate esters (PAEs) including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in the e-waste soils were collected and analyzed from sites Fengjiang, Nanshan and Meishu in Taizhou city. The result showed that the total PAEs concentrations ranged from 12.566 to 46.669 mg/kg in these three sites. DEHP, DBP and DEP were the major phthalates accounting for more than 94% of total phthalates studied. Comparing to the results from other studies, the e-waste soils from Taizhou city were severely contaminated with PAEs.     

合肥市水源水与出厂水中增塑剂污染特征及其水环境健康风险评估

[目的]调查合肥市主要水源水与出厂水中邻苯二甲酸酯类（phthalates,PAEs）及己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）等增塑剂污染特征,评估其对人体潜在健康风险。[方法]分别于平水期、丰水期和枯水期采集巢湖西半湖水、合肥市A、B水厂水源水及其出厂水,水样经固相萃取柱富集后由气相色谱一质谱法（GC／MS）检测PAEs和DEHA;采用美国环境保护署（EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,从饮水途径对致癌和非致癌风险进行定量评估。[结果]合肥市水源水与出厂水中均检出5种增塑剂[邻苯二甲酸二（2．乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和己二酸二（乙基己基）酯（DEHA）],但均未超过我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》限值。其中DEHP和DBP为主要污染物,平均贡献率分别为60．22％和21．43％。不同水期增塑剂污染种类未见明显变化,总污染浓度水平呈丰水期〉枯水期〉平水期。巢湖水,A、B水厂水源水及出厂水对人群致癌风险水平为0．80×10-6～2．72×10-6,非致癌风险水平为2．95×10-3～1．04×10-2。致癌和非致癌风险主要来自于DEHP,其贡献率分别为99．0％～99．4％和92．8％～93．8％。[结论]合肥市主要水源水及出厂水中可不同程度地检出PAEs和DEHA,初步评价其致癌风险和非致癌风险的风险值均小于美国环境保护署（USEPA）的推荐限值,为可接受水平。