Nursing documentation versus standardized assessment of cognitive status in hospitalized medical patients.

Although the literature discusses the importance of assessing cognitive status, little research has explored the concordance of nurses' documentation of cognitive status and standardized assessment. This study examined nurses documentation of cognitive status in 42 medically hospitalized individuals (mean age 51.9, SD = 10.1 years) using a variety of standardized measures. Although the chart review revealed no documentation of impaired cognitive status, impaired performance in 24 to 67% of the cognitive measures was identified. This study suggests nurses are missing cognitive impairment in hospitalized patients by limiting assessment to orientation. Use of a combination of several brief screening measures, such as the Clock Drawing Test and the standardized Mini-Mental State Examination, would provide timely, effective, and inexpensive assessment of cognitive status.     

Cognitive impairment in cancer pain patients receiving opioids: a pilot study

This study aimed to compare cognitive function of cancer pain patients being given opioids during their cancer treatment (n = 14) with that of patients receiving treatment without opioids (n = 12). Correlations between cognitive function, pain intensity, and opioid dose were analyzed. Patients were assessed 3 times in a 1-month period, using the Trail-Making Test, Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span, and Brief Cognitive Screening Battery. Opioid use was not associated with clear cognitive impairment. Patients being treated without opioids did perform better in the Digit Span Test reverse-order test (P = .029) and the clock drawing test (P = .023), but the differences arose in just 1 assessment in each case. Pain intensity correlated negatively with scores in the Mini-Mental State Examination (P = .001) and some Brief Cognitive Screening Battery tests (incidental recall, immediate recall, and late recall; P 相似文献   

Association between cognitive function and olfactory identification ability in community-dwelling older individuals

[Purpose] We investigated whether olfactory identification ability may be useful for early detection of cognitive decline. [Participants and Methods] The study included 55 community-dwelling older individuals without a history of mild cognitive impairment or dementia, who were capable of living independently. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Japanese versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tools. The olfactory identification ability was evaluated using the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese. We also investigated the association between olfactory identification ability and cognitive function. [Results] Based on the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, all participants were categorized into the noncognitive decline group, and based on the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool, 21 participants were categorized into the cognitive decline group. With regard to olfactory discrimination ability, we observed a significant difference between participants with and without cognitive decline based on the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. Furthermore, we observed a significant positive correlation between the Japanese version of the the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores and the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese scores, although no significant correlation was observed between the Japanese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Odor Stick Identification Test for the Japanese scores. [Conclusion] Olfactory identification ability may be useful to detect early-stage cognitive decline in community-dwelling older individuals.     

Clock drawing, clock copying, and physical abilities in geriatric rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether clock drawing and clock copying assess domains that are critical for successful rehabilitation and to evaluate the use of these tasks in predicting physical abilities during rehabilitation. DESIGN: Observational survey study of geriatric cohorts. SETTING: Inpatient university hospital rehabilitation unit. PATIENTS: A total of 172 urban geriatric rehabilitation patients with orthopedic, neurologic, or medical diagnoses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clock drawing and copying, FIM instrument, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, and Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination. RESULTS: Clock drawing and copying correlated highly with other measures of general cognitive ability. Classifying patients according to established cutoffs on clock drawing and copying revealed that patients with cognitive impairment had poorer physical abilities at discharge. CONCLUSION: Clock drawing can be used as a brief screening measure to determine cognitive integrity. Clock copying can yield valuable information about geriatric patients' potential acute rehabilitation course and discharge status.     

慢性心功能衰竭患者认知功能对自我护理的影响

目的探讨慢性心功能衰竭患者认知功能对自我护理的影响,识别认知受损的患者,以期引起护理人员对慢性心功能衰竭患者认知功能的关注,为优先对认知受损患者提供实施延续性护理服务提供依据。方法对北京阜外心血管病医院慢性心功能衰竭监护病房及内科重症监护病房的152例住院慢性心功能衰竭患者,使用蒙特利尔认知功能评估表和心功能衰竭自我护理指数量表进行调查。结果以24分为界值,发现21.3%的患者伴认知功能损伤;其中延迟回忆、语言、视空间与执行功能维度受损较严重;多元线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、心功能分级、抑郁状况及认知功能对自我护理维持变异的解释度为30.1%,其中认知功能占21.5%;认知功能对自我护理管理及自我护理信心变异的解释度分别为29.2%和36.5%。结论慢性心功能衰竭患者的认知功能影响了其自我护理,医务人员在临床工作中应识别认知受损的慢性心功能衰竭患者并对其优先实施延续性护理。     

Which mini-mental state exam items can be used to screen for delirium and cognitive impairment?

Cognitive impairment is common in palliative care patients, but it is frequently undetected. The clinical consequence is that psychiatric states such as delirium, which often present with cognitive impairment, are inadequately treated. A short and simple questionnaire for screening of cognitive impairment is required for these patients, in order to proceed with more advanced testing if necessary. In this study, we explored the results from two samples of patients (n=290 and n=217) who had completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cases of cognitive impairment are considered indicated by an MMSE score of less than 24 of the total 30. We found that caseness could be fairly accurately screened by using four of the original 20 MMSE items, and that a six-item questionnaire further greatly improved the discrimination.     

几种筛查量表应用于轻度认知功能障碍患者中的效果观察

目的探讨几种筛查量表应用于轻度认知功能障碍(maild cognitive impaiment,MCI)患者中的效果。方法采用认知功能检查量表(montreal cognitive assessment,MOCA),画钟测验(clock drawing test,CDT)评分,简易精神状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE),日常生活能力量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)和缺血指数量表(hachinski ischemic scale, HIS)筛查在本院神经内科住院的MCI患者70例,了解几种筛查量表的效果。结果 MMSE、MOCA、CDT 3 项指标均下降,符合 MCI 患者32例,占45.7,其中 MOCA筛查为 MCI 者有56例,占 80.0;MMSE 筛查为轻度 MCI 者有25例,占 35.7,中度者有 6例,占8.6,重度者有1例,占1.4;CDT 筛查为异常者有 46 例,占 65.7;ADL 功能下降者有9例,占12.9;HIS 检测为老年痴呆者19例,占27.1,血管性痴呆者51例,占72.9。结论综合采用 MMSE、MOCA、CDT、ADL、HIS量表筛查 MCI 患者效果较好,从而能早期发现MCI患者,并给予早期康复干预,以达到延缓老年痴呆(alzheimer’s disease,AD)的发生,提高患者生存质量的目的。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在维持性血液透析患者轻度认知功能障碍筛查中的应用

目的 探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)在维持性血液透析患者轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者筛查中的应用.方法 应用简易精神状态检查量表(mini-mental state examination MMSE)、MoCA对20例MCI患者和20例健康对照者进行神经心理评估,比较2者筛查MCI的效果.结果 MoCA筛查MCI的敏感性为90%、特异性为75%,MMSE筛查MCI的敏感性为30%、特异性为95%;MoCA中除命名及定向力评分无统计学意义( t =-1.180,P = 0.246;t=-0.380,P=0.700)外,其它亚项评分在MCI组和对照组间差异均有统计学意义( P＜0.05);MMSE中只有计算及延迟回忆2个亚项在MCI组和对照组间差异有统计学意义( t=-4.910,P= 0.000;t=-3.870,P = 0.000),其余各项差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MoCA为高敏感性的维持性血液透析患者MCI筛查工具,能全面评估MCI患者的认知功能,优于 MMSE量表,值得临床推广使用.     

应用蒙特利尔认知评测量表筛查早期帕金森病合并的认知功能障碍

目的 比较蒙特利尔认知评测量表(MoCA)和简易精神状态量表(MMSE)对于早期帕金森病(PD)合并认知障碍的筛查能力.方法 对101例PD患者首先应用MMSE量表进行认知评测,根据患者教育程度对应的MMSE临界值筛选出评分在正常参考范围的PD患者;对这些PD患者继续应用MoCA量表评测,并以MoCA量表评分26分为临界值将受试者进行分组比较.应用Spearman分析研究PD患者MoCA量表评分的影响因素.结果 经MMSE量表评测正常的PD患者共96例,MMSE评分为27.17±2.69(18～30)分,MoCA评分为22.60±4.42(26～29)分;其中MoCA评测正常(≥26分)的24例(25%),评测异常(<26分)的72例(75%),MoCA评测异常组在视空间与执行能力、命名、注意、语言、抽象、延迟记忆等认知领域得分[分别为(3.11±1.40)、(2.56±0.69)、(5.07±1.05)、(1.69±0.85)、(1.08±0.84)、(1.08±1.31)分]较MoCA评测正常组得分[分别为:(4.75±0.61)、(2.92±0.28)、(5.88±0.45)、(2.46±0.66)、(1.92±0.28)、(3.50±0.78)分]低,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).MoCA得分与性别、年龄、受教育年限、运动障碍分期(Hoehn-Yahr分级)、UPDRSⅢ评分、抑郁程度(HAMD评分)、出现幻觉显著相关(r值分别为-0.205、-0.209、0.263、-0.352、-0.225、-0.293、-0.218,P均<0.05).结论 MoCA在筛查早期PD合并认知障碍方面比MMSE更敏感.     

Validation of the Revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test

Mate-Kole CC, Conway J, Catayong K, Bieu R, Sackey NA, Wood R, Fellows R. Validation of the revised Quick Cognitive Screening Test.

Objective

To validate the revised version of the Quick Cognitive Screening Test (QCST).

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Senior homes; hospital; college campus.

Participants

Participants (N=377; 114 men, 263 women) were recruited comprising healthy controls (n=201; 40 men, 161 women), subjects with dementia (n=93; 34 men, 59 women) including Alzheimer disease (n=73) and vascular dementia (n=20); subjects with psychiatric illness (n=35, 15 men, 20 women), specifically schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; and subjects with other neurologic conditions (n=48, 25 men, 23 women) such as traumatic brain injury (n=12) and cerebrovascular disease (n=31). Diagnoses were confirmed by physicians using appropriate criteria. Recruitment was done in the northeastern region.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

In an effort to examine the reliability and validity of the revised QCST, participants were administered the revised QCST with a number of standardized measures (ie, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive, Mini-Mental State Examination, Tests of Oral Fluency, Trail-Making Test, and Functional Activities Questionnaire).

Results

The results revealed that the revised QCST discriminated between healthy controls and the neuropsychiatric participants. Additionally, the revised QCST significantly correlated with other standardized measures, confirming the revised QCST's reliability and validity as a screening instrument for subjects with cognitive deficits.

Conclusions

The revised QCST provides the clinician with a short yet reliable screening instrument in detecting cognitive deficits in subjects with dementia and other neurologic conditions.     

Heart and brain matters in heart failure: a literature review

Heart failure (HF) patients are reported to have twice the risk of having cognitive deficits compared to the general population. Cognitive impairment in this population may cause non-compliance to prescribed self-care regimens and delay in seeking care that may potentially lead to frequent readmissions. Although cognitive deficit is common among people with HF, cognitive screening is not routinely performed due to lack of a simple screening tool and the misconception that cognitive changes are part of normal aging. Therefore, future research needs to focus on identifying a simple screening tool that nurses can use to screen for subtle changes in cognition including forgetfulness and delayed recall. Early identification of subtle cognitive changes has the potential to guide healthcare providers to formulate feasible strategies to understand and/or prevent a low cardiac output state before major cognitive impairment becomes evident.     

The clinical implications of cognitive impairment in elderly patients with chronic heart failure

The purpose of this study was to examine whether cognitive dysfunction was associated with poor participation in an outpatient treatment program for patients with chronic heart failure and if it was related to specific patient characteristics. Cognitive function was measured with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Twenty-three of 78 (29%) patients randomized to structured care did not participate in this program and nonparticipation during 6-month follow-up was associated with an MMSE score below the median and a low calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) (R2=0.15, p=0.0025) at entry. In the entire group long duration of heart failure and low blood hemoglobin concentration were independently associated with an MMSE score below the median at entry (R2=0.14, p < 0.0001). Among elderly patients hospitalized with moderate-severe chronic heart failure, judged to be eligible for a nurse-directed outpatient program after discharge, a low MMSE score predicted nonparticipation in such a program. Cognitive dysfunction, which was related to the duration of heart failure, should be evaluated in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure.     

洛文斯顿认知评定量表评价糖尿病患者的早期认知功能损害

目的：探讨洛文斯顿认知评定量表（LOTCA）对于2型糖尿病老年患者早期认知功能损害评价的临床意义。方法：入选研究对象共80例,其简易精神状态检查（MMSE）总分≥24分,其中糖尿病患者为病例组,非糖尿病患者为对照组,每组40例,2组间的年龄、性别、受教育程度等人口学因素进行配对,采用LOTCA量表评价认知功能情况,对2组的MMSE总分、LOTCA总分及各项得分进行比较。结果：2组MMSE总分无差异。LOTCA总分、知觉及其子项目（不完整物体识别、空间知觉）、视运动组织及其各子项目、思维运作及其子项目（Riska有组织形状、图片排列A、B几何推理）及注意集中项目差异均有统计学意义。结论：糖尿病老年患者认知功能损害可能出现较早。与MMSE比较,LOTCA可更早识别其认知功能损害。     

Prospective cognitive assessment of stroke patients before inpatient rehabilitation. The relationship of the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination to functional improvement

Prospective studies establish cognitive status as an important determinant of post-stroke rehabilitation success. The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) briefly assesses cognition in the ability areas of language, constructions, memory, calculation and reasoning. The NCSE, as well as the commonly used Mini-Mental State Examination and Albert's Test, were administered to 38 stroke patients before inpatient rehabilitation to determine the extent to which they predict rehabilitation outcome. Rehabilitation outcome was measured as the difference between initial and discharge Barthel Index score. The NCSE was shown to be a more sensitive indicator of impairment than the Mini-Mental State Examination and Albert's Test, especially in subsections of orientation and memory (X2 = 8.690, df = 1, P less than 0.005; X2 = 13.348, df = 1, P less than 0.001, respectively). Stepwise multiple regression revealed that attention, calculations and judgement were in association the best predictors of improvement in the Barthel Index scores. Therefore, the NCSE provides both a rapid and sensitive measure of cognitive function and it appears to predict functional status change as a result of inpatient stroke rehabilitation.     

Are MMSE and HDS-R neuropsychological tests adequate for screening HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders?

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are one of major comorbidities in patients with HIV-1 infection. There are currently no standardized tests for screening HAND in such patients. The sensitivity of the cognitive function tests routinely used in clinical practice, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Revised Hasegawa's Dementia Scale, is inadequate to rule out HAND, even in patients with clear abnormal behavior. We report a 41-year-old man with HIV-associated dementia, the most severe form of HAND, in whom the simplified methods did not show abnormal results, and a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests which covering several cognitive domains was needed to detect cognitive impairment.     

舞蹈改善轻度认知障碍老年人认知功能和平衡能力的系统综述

目的 系统综述舞蹈对轻度认知障碍(MCI)老年人认知功能和平衡能力的干预效果。方法 检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、CBM、Web of Science、Embase、中国知网、维普、万方等数据库,收集建库至2021年6月7日公开发表的关于舞蹈干预对轻度认知障碍老年人认知功能和平衡能力影响的随机对照试验研究,通过Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具对文献质量进行评价。结果 最终纳入英文文献6篇,中文文献2篇,均为随机对照试验,整体研究质量较高。舞蹈干预组的简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分显著高于对照组,在韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、连线测试(TMT)-B和言语流畅性任务中成绩优于对照组,但是对执行功能TMT-A反应时的改善效果不明显。舞蹈干预有助于提高MCI老年人的Berg平衡量表评分。结论 舞蹈干预显著改善轻度认知障碍老年人的整体认知功能、记忆功能、执行功能和平衡能力。     

Homocysteine measurements in geriatric patients

OBJECTIVE: Homocysteine measurements may be relevant in geriatric medicine as homocysteine has been identified as an independent risk factor for prevalent disorders such as occlusive arterial vascular disease, cognitive impairment and dementia. The aim of the present study was to study diagnostic correlates of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in geriatric in-patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Blood samples for the analysis of tHcy and related factors like serum vitamin B12, serum folate, red blood cell folate and clinical data were collected from geriatric patients (n=114) in stable clinical condition. RESULTS: Almost 40% of the patients had tHcy values above 20 micromol/L. tHcy correlated significantly with serum folate, serum vitamin B12, serum creatinine and congestive heart failure, but not with red blood cell folate, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease or cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperhomocysteinaemia seems to be frequent in geriatric patients and might primarily be an indicator of low folate and high creatinine values.     

帕金森病患者认知功能损害的相关因素分析

目的观察帕金森病（PD）患者的认知功能,探讨PD患者认知损害的发生率和相关因素。方法分别采用简明精神状态量表（MMSE）、统一PD评定量表（UPDRS）、Hoehn—Yahr（H—Y）分期、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）分别评价患者认知功能、PD疾病严重度以及情绪状态。结果60例PD患者中28例有认知损害．发生率为46．67％（28／60）,其中H—Y分期1～2期发生率为40％（8／20）;2．5—3期发生率为40％（8／20）;≥4期发生率为60％（12／20）。三组间发病率比较,差异无统计学差异（X^2=2．14,P〉0．05）。多元Logistic回归分析表明：认知损害与年龄、性别、UPDRSⅢ评分相关,差异均有统计学意义（β分别=0．11、1．64、0．07,P均〈0．05）,与病程、H—Y分期、文化程度、HAMD评分无关。结论认知损害在PD的不同阶段均可发生。年龄、性别、运动障碍严重程度为其相关因素。