Mitochondrial gene mutation

Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) anomaly was emerging as a cause of idiopathic cardiomyopathy in addition to sarcomeric gene mutation. Meanwhile, several point mutations and deletions in mtDNA initially recognized as major causes of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies are now clarified to share 1% cause of diabetes mellitus. These results indicate that mtDNA mutations will be a significant candidate for cardiomyopathies. Screening of cardiomyopathic patients with mtDNA point mutations revealed that there were at least several % of mtDNA anomaly (MELAS type) among them. They also showed specific findings in ultrastructures of the cardiac muscle.     

Deficiency of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase component of complex I of mitochondrial electron transport. Fatal infantile lactic acidosis and hypermetabolism with skeletal-cardiac myopathy and encephalopathy.

A mitochondrial defect was investigated in an infant with fatal congenital lactic acidosis (3-14 mM), high lactate-to-pyruvate ratio, hypotonia, and cardiomyopathy. His sister had died with a similar disorder. Resting oxygen consumption was 150% of controls. Pathological findings included increased numbers of skeletal muscle mitochondria (many with proliferated, concentric cristae), cardiomegaly, fatty infiltration of the viscera, and spongy encephalopathy. Mitochondria from liver and muscle biopsies oxidized NADH-linked substrates at rates 20-50% of controls, whereas succinate oxidation by muscle mitochondria was increased. Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity (complex I, assayed as rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase, NADH-duroquinone reductase, and NADH-cytochrome c reductase) was 0-10% of controls, and NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity was 25-50% of controls in the mitochondria and in skin fibroblasts. Activities of other electron transport complexes and related enzymes were normal. Familial deficiency of a component of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) proximal to the rotenone-sensitive site thus accounts for this disorder.     

Drp1介导的线粒体动力学平衡在脓毒症心肌细胞损伤的机制研究北大核心CSCD

目的分析抑制动态相关蛋白1(dynamin related protein 1,Drp1)介导的线粒体过度分裂对脓毒症心肌细胞和线粒体功能的影响,探讨维持线粒体动力学平衡在脓毒症心肌病(sepsis induced cardiomyopathy,SIC)发病过程中的保护作用。方法培养大鼠H9C2心肌细胞,脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)刺激细胞建立SIC细胞模型,LPS刺激30 min前予线粒体分裂抑制剂(mitochondrial division inhibitor 1,Mdivi-1)干预,分为对照组(Control)、LPS刺激组(LPS)Mdivi-1对照组(Mdivi-1)和LPS+Mdivi-1干预组(LPS+Mdivi-1)。CCK-8检测细胞存活率,乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)检测细胞损伤情况,MitoTracker探针染色激光共聚焦观察线粒体形态,JC-1探针染色检测线粒体膜电位水平,DCFH-DA探针检测细胞总活性氧(ROS)水平,Annexin V-FITC/PI探针流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况,实时荧光定量PCR、Western blot检测Drp1、视神经萎缩蛋白1(optic Atrophy 1,Opa1)、线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin 2,Mfn2)表达水平。组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。结果与Control组相比,LPS刺激组细胞存活率明显降低,LDH活性升高,线粒体平均长度减小,线粒体膜电位下降、细胞ROS生成增多,细胞凋亡增加(均P<0.05);予以Mdivi-1干预后,与LPS刺激组相比,细胞存活率升高,心肌细胞损伤减轻线粒体平均长度延长,线粒体功能障碍减轻,细胞凋亡受到抑制(均P<0.05)。结论Mdivi-1可能通过抑制Drp1介导的线粒体分裂维持线粒体动力学平衡,减轻线粒体功能障碍,从而保护LPS诱导的心肌细胞损伤。     

Mitochondrial effects of estrogen are mediated by estrogen receptor alpha in brain endothelial cells

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endothelial dysfunction are key contributors to cerebrovascular pathophysiology. We previously found that 17beta-estradiol profoundly affects mitochondrial function in cerebral blood vessels, enhancing efficiency of energy production and suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress. To determine whether estrogen specifically affects endothelial mitochondria through receptor mechanisms, we used cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). 17beta-Estradiol treatment for 24 h increased mitochondrial cytochrome c protein and mRNA; use of silencing RNA for estrogen receptors (ERs) showed that this effect involved ERalpha, but not ERbeta. Mitochondrial ROS were determined by measuring the activity of aconitase, an enzyme with an iron-sulfur center inactivated by mitochondrial superoxide. 17beta-Estradiol increased mitochondrial aconitase activity in HBMECs, indicating a reduction in ROS. Direct measurement of mitochondrial superoxide with MitoSOX Red showed that 17beta-estradiol, but not 17alpha-estradiol, significantly decreased mitochondrial superoxide production, an effect blocked by the ER antagonist, ICI-182,780 (fulvestrant). Selective ER agonists demonstrated that the decrease in mitochondrial superoxide was mediated by ERalpha, not ERbeta. The selective estrogen receptor modulators, raloxifene and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, differentially affected mitochondrial superoxide production, with raloxifene acting as an agonist but 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen acting as an estrogen antagonist. Changes in superoxide by 17beta-estradiol could not be explained by changes in manganese superoxide dismutase. Instead, ERalpha-mediated decreases in mitochondrial ROS may depend on the concomitant increase in mitochondrial cytochrome c, previously shown to act as an antioxidant. Mitochondrial protective effects of estrogen in cerebral endothelium may contribute to sex differences in the occurrence of stroke and other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.     

Purification of human very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and characterization of its deficiency in seven patients.

Mitochondrial very-long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (VLCAD) was purified from human liver. The molecular masses of the native enzyme and the subunit were estimated to be 154 and 70 kD, respectively. The enzyme was found to catalyze the major part of mitochondrial palmitoylcoenzyme A dehydrogenation in liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and skin fibroblasts (89-97, 86-99, 96-99, and 78-87%, respectively). Skin fibroblasts from 26 patients suspected of having a disorder of mitochondrial beta-oxidation were analyzed for VLCAD protein using immunoblotting, and 7 of them contained undetectable or trace levels of the enzyme. The seven deficient fibroblast lines were characterized by measuring acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenation activities, overall palmitic acid oxidation, and VLCAD protein synthesis using pulse-chase, further confirming the diagnosis of VLCAD deficiency. These results suggested the heterogenous nature of the mutations causing the deficiency in the seven patients. Clinically, all patients with VLCAD deficiency exhibited cardiac disease. At least four of them presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This frequency (> 57%) was much higher than that observed in patients with other disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation that may be accompanied by cardiac disease in infants.     

Serum antiguanosine antibodies as a marker for SLE disease activity and pathogen potential

BACKGROUND: This article reviews research conducted on the immunogenicity of the nucleosides of DNA, especially guanosine, the most immunologically active nucleoside. Discussed is the relationship between circulating antibodies to guanosine, their potential role in SLE disease activity, the binding properties of monoclonal antiguanosine antibody (4H2) compared to polyclonal antiguanosine antibodies in humans with SLE, cell membrane penetration by these antibodies and their interference with signal transduction possibly related to their binding to mitochondria and their apparent GTPase activity. METHODS: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology was used to show clinical relationships between antiguanosine antibody levels and disease activity in SLE. These results are discussed along with methods of detecting cell penetration by this antibody using special staining techniques, laser-scanning microscope detection of mitochondrial localization, and interference of cAMP and pKA production/activation. Additionally, there is some discussion regarding the assay used to detect enzymatic activity of antiguanosine antibodies. RESULTS: Enhanced circulating levels of antiguanosine antibodies in patients with SLE correlate closely with SLE disease activity. Other factors are discussed that support the pathogenic potential of these antibodies, including their ability to penetrate lymphocytes, bind to mitochondria, inactivate mitochondrial function, interfere with signal transduction, and their potential enzymatically activity. CONCLUSIONS: Antiguanosine antibodies correlate with SLE disease activity and may be pathogenically important in SLE by interfering with signal transduction, inactivating mitochondrial and cell function in patients with SLE.     

卡维地洛对扩张型心肌病疗效的荟萃分析

目的 评价卡维地洛治疗扩张型心肌病的疗效。方法 检索PubMed、the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials（CENTRAL）、ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/)、WanFang Data、CNKI、CBM和VIP数据库,收集2016年10月之前卡维地洛治疗扩张型心肌病的随机对照试验。采用RevMan5.3软件进行荟萃分析。结果 共纳入9项研究810例患者。荟萃分析显示：卡维地洛组左心室射血分数(MD=8.03,95%CI=6.47~9.58,P<0.01)高于安慰剂组,其心率(MD=-9.21,95%CI=-17.45~-0.97,P=0.03)、左心室舒张末内径(MD=-7.11, 95%CI=-11.81~-2.40,P<0.003］和死亡率(OR=0.33,95%CI=0.15~0.76,P<0.01)均低于安慰剂组,两组收缩压(MD=-7.88,95%CI=-18.61~2.85,P=0.15)和舒张压(MD=-1.15,95%CI=-5.48~3.17,P=0.60)差异无统计学意义。结论 对于扩张型心肌病患者,卡维地洛可以提高左心室射血分数,减小左心室舒张末内径,改善心功能,并能减慢心率,降低死亡率,对血压无明显影响,而其对死亡率的影响尚需进一步研究。     

Antibodies reacting with the antigens of the human immunodeficiency virus in systemic lupus erythematosus

A study was made of the level of anti-HTLV-111 using an enzyme immunoassay (Emzygnost-anti-HTLV-111) in 75 donors and 143 patients with various diseases including SLE (57), rheumatoid arthritis (9), Sj?gren's disease (3), Bekhterev's disease (2), polymyositis (2), dilatation cardiomyopathy (30), and acute lymphocytic leukemia (40). Anti-HTLV-111 were detected in 26 SLE patients and in one patient with polymyositis. A study of positive sera using immunoblotting showed no interaction with virus antigens. A conclusion was made that the detection of anti-HTLV-111 in systemic rheumatoid diseases was a false-positive result.     

Association between myocardial mechanical dispersion and ventricular arrhythmogenicity in chagas cardiomyopathy

Chagas disease is a major health concern in Latin America. Ventricular arrhythmia (VA) is a hallmark of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), associated with worse prognosis. The present study aimed to verify the association between myocardial mechanical dispersion (MD) and ventricular arrhythmogenicity in CCM. In a cross-sectional study, 77 patients (55.8?±?10.4 years) with CCM were evaluated. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) and MD were assessed by echocardiography, derived from the speckle tracking technique. Myocardial MD was measured from the onset of the Q/R wave on electrocardiogram to the peak longitudinal strain in 16 segments of the left ventricle. Frequency and complexity of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) were assessed by dynamic electrocardiography. The density and complexity of VES and the presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardias (NSVTs) increase as MD increases. In logistic regression, MD was the only variable associated with the presence of paired VES and ventricular bigeminy. In addition, both MD and GLS were associated with the presence of NSVT (both, p?<?0.01), and MD was independently associated with NSVT (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.004–1.201, p?=?0.031). In CCM, MD is associated with a higher density and complexity of VES, including NSVT.

     

Lack of mitochondrial trifunctional protein in mice causes neonatal hypoglycemia and sudden death

Mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) is a hetero-octamer of four alpha and four beta subunits that catalyzes the final three steps of mitochondrial long chain fatty acid beta-oxidation. Human MTP deficiency causes Reye-like syndrome, cardiomyopathy, or sudden unexpected death. We used gene targeting to generate an MTP alpha subunit null allele and to produce mice that lack MTP alpha and beta subunits. The Mtpa(-/-) fetuses accumulate long chain fatty acid metabolites and have low birth weight compared with the Mtpa(+/-) and Mtpa(+/+) littermates. Mtpa(-/-) mice suffer neonatal hypoglycemia and sudden death 6-36 hours after birth. Analysis of the histopathological changes in the Mtpa(-/-) pups revealed rapid development of hepatic steatosis after birth and, later, significant necrosis and acute degeneration of the cardiac and diaphragmatic myocytes. This mouse model documents that intact mitochondrial long chain fatty acid oxidation is essential for fetal development and for survival after birth. Deficiency of MTP causes fetal growth retardation, neonatal hypoglycemia, and sudden death.     

透明质酸对人骨关节炎软骨细胞保护机制的探讨

目的:探讨透明质酸对人骨关节炎软骨细胞的作用机制。方法:应用细胞培养、四唑盐比色实验检测细胞线粒体活性,流式细胞术检测线粒体膜电位、细胞凋亡百分率和细胞内游离钙离子浓度。结果:透明质酸能明显提高人骨关节炎软骨细胞线粒体活性,抬高线粒体膜电位,降低细胞凋亡率和胞内游离钙浓度。结论:透明质酸可抑制人骨关节炎软骨细胞线粒体膜电位的降低,从而具有稳定线粒体膜电位的作用,抑制细胞凋亡的发生,这种作用可能与其能抑制软骨细胞内钙超载有关。     

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) reveals characteristic pattern of myocardial damage in patients with mitochondrial myopathy

Background  

Mitochondrial myopathy comprises various clinical subforms of neuromuscular disorders that are characterised by impaired mitochondrial energy metabolism due to dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. No comprehensive and targeted cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies have been performed so far in patients with mitochondrial disorders. The present study aimed at characterising cardiac disease manifestations in patients with mitochondrial myopathy and elucidating the in vivo cardiac damage pattern of patients with different subforms of mitochondrial disease by CMR studies.     

Localization of exogenous DNA to mitochondria in skeletal muscle following hydrodynamic limb vein injection

Mitochondrial genetic disorders are a major cause of mitochondrial diseases. It is therefore likely that mitochondrial gene therapy will be useful for the treatment of such diseases. Here, we report on the possibility of mitochondrial gene delivery in skeletal muscle using hydrodynamic limb vein (HLV) injection. The HLV injection procedure, a useful method for transgene expression in skeletal muscle, involves the rapid injection of a large volume of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the distal vein of a limb. We hypothesized that the technique could be used to deliver pDNA not only to nuclei but also to mitochondria, since cytosolic pDNA that is internalized by the method may be able to overcome mitochondrial membrane. We determined if pDNA could be delivered to myofibrillar mitochondria by HLV injection by PCR analysis. Mitochondrial toxicity assays showed that the HLV injection had no influence on mitochondrial function. These findings indicate that HLV injection promises to be a useful technique for in vivo mitochondrial gene delivery.     

Mitochondrial dysfunction in cell senescence and aging

Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence are hallmarks of aging and are closely interconnected. Mitochondrial dysfunction, operationally defined as a decreased respiratory capacity per mitochondrion together with a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, typically accompanied by increased production of oxygen free radicals, is a cause and a consequence of cellular senescence and figures prominently in multiple feedback loops that induce and maintain the senescent phenotype. Here, we summarize pathways that cause mitochondrial dysfunction in senescence and aging and discuss the major consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and how these consequences contribute to senescence and aging. We also highlight the potential of senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as an antiaging and antisenescence intervention target, proposing the combination of multiple interventions converging onto mitochondrial dysfunction as novel, potent senolytics.     

线粒体DNA与骨髓增生异常综合征

线粒体是生物氧化和能量转换的主要场所。线粒体DNA编码线粒体内的呼吸链复合物．mtDNA突变可引起多种人类疾病。在骨髓增生异常综合征（MDS）中发现的mtDNA突变可能从铁代谢障碍、基因不稳定以及造血干细胞凋亡等方面参与MDS的发病过程。本文就线粒体DNA的结构特点、线粒体DNA突变和线粒体突变在MDS发病中的可能机制作一综述。     

Effect of chronic ethanol feeding on glutathione and functional integrity of mitochondria in periportal and perivenous rat hepatocytes.

Chronic ethanol feeding selectively impairs the translocation of cytosol GSH into the mitochondrial matrix. Since ethanol-induced liver cell injury is preferentially localized in the centrilobular area, we examined the hepatic acinar distribution of mitochondrial GSH transport in ethanol-fed rats. Enriched periportal (PP) and perivenous (PV) hepatocytes from pair- and ethanol-fed rats were prepared as well as mitochondria from these cells. The mitochondrial pool size of GSH was decreased in both PP and PV cells from ethanol-fed rats either as expressed per 10(6) cells or per microliter of mitochondrial matrix volume. The rate of reaccumulation of mitochondrial GSH and the linear relationship of mitochondrial to cytosol GSH from ethanol-fed mitochondria were lower for both PP and PV cells, effects observed more prominently in the PV cells. Mitochondrial functional integrity was lower in both PP and PV ethanol-fed rats, which was associated with decreased cellular ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, effects which were greater in the PV cells. Mitochondrial GSH depletion by ethanol feeding preceded the onset of functional changes in mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial GSH is critical in maintaining a functionally competent organelle and that the greater depletion of mitochondrial GSH by ethanol feeding in PV cells could contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.     

缺血预处理抑制大鼠胰腺移植缺血再灌注胰腺细胞凋亡:活性氧与线粒体DNA修复酶的作用

背景:缺血预处理可诱发机体内源性保护机制,可全面有效地防治器官移植缺血再灌注损伤.在胰腺移植过程中冷、热缺血均可导致移植胰腺缺血再灌注损伤,线粒体结构及功能与胰腺病变密切相关,近些年研究发现,线粒体DNA存在修复体系,其与线粒体DNA损伤之间的平衡决定了疾病的发生和转归.目的:观察缺血预处理对大鼠胰腺移植缺血再灌注损伤时的细胞凋亡的影响,分析线粒体DNA修复酶8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶和氧化应激在其中的变化规律及可能途径.方法:纳入健康雄性SD大鼠50只,其中20只为供体,10只为假手术组,另20只糖尿病造模后分为缺血再灌注组和缺血预处理组,每组10只.假手术组只行开、关腹手术,缺血再灌注组和缺血预处理组行异位全胰十二指肠移植.缺血再灌注组对应供体大鼠于获取供胰前以4℃ UW液灌洗20 min:缺血预处理组对应供体大鼠于获取供胰前阻断腹上动脉5 min,再灌注5 min,共2次.供胰均控制热缺血时间为15 min,冷缺血时间为180 min.再灌注后12 h检测血浆淀粉酶活性、血糖浓度及Caspase-3,9活化水平,流式细胞法检测腺泡细胞凋亡率,罗丹明123法检测线粒体膜电位,二氯荧光素法检测线粒体过氧化氢产生速率,高效液相色谱法检测线粒体DNA中8-氧鸟嘌呤质量浓度,荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶mRNA的表达,Westenn-blotting法检测细胞色素C释放、磷酸化Akt及线粒体8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶蛋白表达水平.结果与结论:缺血预处理可降低线粒体氧化应激,提高Akt磷酸化水平,从而上调8-氧鸟嘌呤DNA糖基化酶表达,减少线粒体DNA氧化损伤,抑制腺泡细胞凋亡,减轻移植胰缺血再灌注损伤.