2种舒他西林片的人体生物等效性

目的：比较口服2种舒他西林片的相对生物利用度。方法：20名健康男性受试者采用随机交叉试验设计。反相高效液相色谱法测定单剂量口服2种舒他西林片750 mg后的氨苄西林、舒巴坦血药浓度。DAS程序计算药动学参数,AUC,c_(max)对数转换后进行分析。结果：口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂氨苄西林的c_(max)分别是(10.8±s 1.9),(10.4±1.8)mg·L~(-1)；t_(max)分别是(0.68±0.14),(0.66±0.12)h；AUC_(0-t)分别为(22±4),(22±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(24±5),(23±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(1.07±0.26),(1.13±0.25)h。口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂舒巴坦的c_(max)分别是(7.4±1.3),(7.3±1.2)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别是(0.66±0.12),(0.70±0.10)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(13.7±2.8),(13.2±2.3)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(14.2±2.9),(13.7±2.5)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(0.97±0.19),(0.87±0.24)h。结论：2种舒他西林片具有生物等效性。     

舒他西林2种片剂的人体生物等效性

目的：研究2种舒他西林片剂的药动学及相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性。方法：采用随机交叉试验设计,18名受试者单剂量口服750 mg受试制剂和参比制剂,以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度。结果：受试制剂和参比制剂中的氨苄西林主要药动学参数t_(max),c_(max),t_(1/2)和AUC_(0-8)分别为：(1．1±s0．3)和(1．2±0．4)h；(10±5)和(11±6)mg·L~(-1)；(1．8±0．5)和(1．6±0．4)h；(22±15)和(22±15)mg·h·L~(-1)。受试制剂中氨苄西林对参比制剂氨苄西林的相对生物利用度F为(100±10)%。受试制剂和参比制剂中的舒巴坦主要药动学参数t_(max),c_(max),t_(1/2)和AUC_(0-8)分别为：(1．2±0．3)和(1．3±0．4)h；(5．5±1．2)和(5．6±1．1)mg·L~(-1)；(1．5±0．3)和(1．46±0．28)h；(10．6±2．1)和(10．2±1．6)mg·h·L~(-1)。受试制剂中舒巴坦对参比制剂舒巴坦的相对生物利用度F为(102±11)%。结论：2种舒他西林制剂具有生物等效性。     

Clinical study of sultamicillin fine granules

Sultamicillin, a mutual prodrug of a beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor, was administered to 19 child patients with infectious diseases. The patients included 9 boys and 10 girls from 11 months to 13 years old and they were given orally a dosage of 15.4-40.8 mg/kg/day for 3 to 12 days. Clinical efficacies were excellent in 2 cases, good in 13 cases, fair in 3 cases, unknown in 1 case, and the total efficacy rate was 83.3%. Loose stool in 1 case and mild diarrhea in another occurred as side effects of the drug, but no abnormal laboratory test values were found upon the treatment.     

Bioequivalence study of ranitidine tablet

A bioequivalence study of ranitidine tablets was conducted according to the Korean Guidline for the Bioequivalence Test using twelve healthy male subjects. The plasma concentration-time curves of ranitidine from the test and reference tablets showed profound multiple peak phenomenon in each, subject as reported earlier. However, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma concentration at the first peak (C _max1) of the two preprations was proven to be equal when analyzed satistically according to the criteria of the guidline;i.e., statistical power (1?β) was calculated to be over 0.8 under the condition of α=5% and Δ (minimum detectable difference)=20%, and the confidence interval of the difference inAUC at 95% confidence level was in the range of ±20%, which statisfied the criteria of bioequivalence. Equivalence of the peak concentration of ranitidine at the second peak (C _max2), and the time to reach, the first (T _max1) and second (T _max2) peaks were not statistically guaranteed in this study. More, subjects were needed to verify the bioequivalence ofC _max2, T_max1 andT _max2 between the two tablets. However, we conclude that the test and reference tablets are bioequivalent taking therapeutic characteristics of the ranitidine preparations into consideration.     

Bioequivalence study of two amoxicillin formulations

A randomized single-dose crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two amoxicillin (CAS 26787-78-0) formulations, Glomox tablet (test) and a commercially available original preparation, amoxicillin capsule (reference). One thousand milligram of each formulation were administered after an overnight fast with a washout period of three days. Sixteen blood samples were collected over 10 h, amoxicillin concentrations in deproteinized serum were determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the standard non-compartmental method. Mean +/- SD maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC0-->t and AUC0-->infinity), and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 13.30 +/- 4.52 and 12.99 +/- 3.56 microg/ml, 1.92 +/- 0.76 and 2.02 +/- 0.62 h, 42.50 +/- 13.62 and 42.24 +/- 12.35 microg x h/ml, 46.31 +/- 13.23 and 46.08 +/- 12.14 microg x h/ml, and 1.54 +/- 0.39 and 1.48 +/- 0.48 h for the test and reference formulation, respectively. The parametric 90 % confidence intervals of the mean of the difference (test-reference) between log-transformed values of the two formulations were 92.61% to 109.50%, 92.83% to 109.12%, and 93.11% to 109.41% for AUC0-->t, AUC0-->infinity, and Cmax, respectively. The results indicate that the two formulations can be considered equivalent with regard to the rate and extent of absorption under fasting conditions.     

盐酸托烷司琼胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究国产盐酸托烷司琼胶囊与进口注射液口服给药后的人体相对生物利用度。方法:采用两制剂双周期交叉试验设计,22名健康男性受试者分别口服单剂量国产胶囊与进口注射液5mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定人血浆中托烷司琼的浓度。结果:国产胶囊与进口注射液的主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(7.3±2.5)和(7.5±2.5)μg.L-1,tmax分别为(3.4±1.1)和(3.3±1.4)h,AUC0-48h分别为(114.7±72.1)和(113.2±71.2)μg.L-1.h。两种剂型的主要药动学参数间差异均无显著性(P>0.05);经双单侧t检验,两制剂具有生物等效性。国产胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为(102.3±18.7)%。结论:国产胶囊与进口注射液口服给药生物等效。     

Bioequivalence study of two metformin formulations

A randomized single-dose cross-over study was conducted on 24 healthy male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two metformin (CAS 657-24-9) tablet formulations, Emiphage (test) and a commercially available original preparation (reference). A dose of 850 mg was administered after an overnight fast with a washout period of seven days. Eighteen blood samples were collected over 32 h. Metformin concentrations in deproteinized serum were determined by a locally validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the standard non-compartmental method. Mean +/- SD maximum concentration (C(max)), time to reach maximum concentration (T(max)), area under the curve (AUC(0 --> t) and AUC(0 --> infinity)), and elimination half-life (t(1/2)) were 1.73 +/- 0.54 and 1.86 +/- 0.67 microg/ml, 2.6 +/- 1.2 and 2.0 +/- 1.0 h, 10.72 +/- 3.93 and 10.82 +/- 3.72 microg x h/ml, 11.53 - 4.14 and 11.6 +/- 3.84 microg x h/ml, and 3.1 +/- 0.7 and 3.1 +/- 0.9 h for the test and reference formulation, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the difference (test - reference) between log-transformed values of the two formulations were 82.92% to 98.78%, 85.95% to 101.47%, and 77.82% to 100.4% for AUC(0 --> t), AUC(0 --> infinity), and C(max), respectively. The results indicate that the two formulations can be considered equivalent in the extent of absorption under fasting conditions.     

国产盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊生物等效性研究

目的:评价国产盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:22名健康男性志愿者随机分成两组,双周期随机交叉、自身对照,单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂各200 mg进行人体生物等效性研究。两次服药间隔为1周。血药浓度采用HPLC-荧光检测法测定。结果和结论:左氧氟沙星血药浓度在0.1~4.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 2),最低检测浓度为0.1μg/mL,低、中、高3种浓度的回收率分别为(100.4±6.46)%、(101.1±4.79)%、(101.3±2.980)%,日内RSD分别为6.43%、4.73%、2.94%;日间RSD分别为11.34%、8.03%、3.23%。与参比制剂比较,试验制剂的相对生物利用度F0~tn、F0~∞分别为(100.57±10.42)%(、100.11±10.51)%,表明试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。采用非参数法检验评价口服两制剂后的tmax生物等效性,试验制剂达峰速度要明显快于参比制剂[(0.82±0.39)h对(1.23±0.57)h]。     

舒他西林甲磺酸盐体内抗菌作用研究

舒他西林对４种细菌（金葡球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌）共８个菌株分别感染小鼠的体内抗菌作用进行了研究，并以氨苄西林作为对照，以评价舒他西林对小鼠败血症的实验治疗疗效。实验结果显示：对金葡球菌、大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏杆菌，舒他西林的ＥＤ５０分别是氨苄西林ＥＤ５０的１／２～１／３、１／５～１／６和１／２～１／３，舒他西林的体内抗菌作用优于氨苄西林（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对氨苄西林敏感的肺炎链球菌，两药均显示出强大的抗菌活性，舒他西林的ＥＤ５０为氨苄西林的２～３倍，其抗菌活性逊于氨苄西林（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

舒他西林的药效学研究

本文报道国产舒他西林与氨苄西林／舒巴坦等４种对照抗生素对６３３株细菌的体外抗菌作用及其以氨苄西林为对照对３株细菌分别感染小鼠的体内抗菌作用。     

消糖灵颗粒中格列苯脲的人体生物等效性

目的:建立测定人血浆中格列本脲的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,研究中成药消糖灵颗粒中格列本脲在男性健康志愿者体内的药动学行为,评价其生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服参比制剂消糖灵胶囊(6粒,含格列苯脲4.2 mg)或试验制剂消糖灵颗粒(2袋,合格列本脲4.2 mg),用HPLC法测定血浆中药物浓度.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数tmax分别为(2.0±0.8)h和(1.8±0.6)h,Cmax分别为(100.6±26.8)μg·L-1和(114.5±28.6)μg·L-1,AUC(0-36)分别为(567.2±270.9)μg·L-1·h和(537.6±255.5)μg·L-1·h;t1/2分别为(5.3±4.8)h和(4.1±4.0)h;以AUC(0-36)计算的试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(115.7±54.9)%.结论:建立的分析方法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计学分析表明两种制剂生物等效.     

氯雷他定口崩片的人体生物等效性研究

目的建立测定人血浆中氯雷他定的高效液相色谱法(HPLC),研究氯雷他定口崩片在男性健康志愿者体内的药动学行为,评价其人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法 18例健康男性志愿者随机分组自身交叉对照实验设计,单剂量口服氯雷他定口崩片受试制剂和参比制剂20mg,HPLC法测定服药后12h内不同时间血浆中氯雷他定的质量浓度,BAPP药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(0.90±0.30)和(0.80±0.10)h;Cmax为(42.57±7.88)和(42.96±6.97)ng.mL-1;t1/2分别为(2.20±0.35)和(2.07±0.50)h;药时曲线下面积AUC(0→12h)分别为(126.00±23.30)和(123.24±30.55)ng.h.mL-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为104.6%±14.7%。结论建立的分析方法准确灵敏,统计学分析表明2种制剂生物等效。     

泮托拉唑肠溶片的健康人体生物等效性研究

目的建立测定人血浆中泮托拉唑的高效液效液相色谱法（HPLC）,研究泮托拉唑肠溶片在男性健康志愿者体内的药动学行为,评价其人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法 18例健康男性志愿者随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服泮托拉唑肠溶片受试制剂和参比制剂40 mg,HPLC法测定服药后12 h内不同时间血浆中泮托拉唑的浓度,BAPP药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果受制剂试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数：Tmax分别为（3.4±0.6）h和（3.3±0.4）h;Tmax为（3 435.11±1 101.72）μg.L-1和（3 312.37±987.50）μg.L-1;T1/2分别为（1.60±0.31）h和（1.73±0.47）h,药时曲线下面积AUC（0→36 h）分别为（7 805.88±2 390.66）μg.h-1.L-1和（7 459.61±2 641.25）μg.h-1.L-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度为（107.30±20.20）%。结论建立的分析方法准确灵敏,测得的数据可靠,统计学分析表明2种制剂生物等效。     

复方厄贝沙坦分散片在健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆样品中厄贝沙坦浓度的HPLC-UV方法,并研究复方厄贝沙坦分散片的人体生物等效性。方法20名男性健康受试者交叉口服单剂量受试制剂或参比制剂后,不同时间点采血,以氯雷他定为内标,血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白,应用HPLC-UV法测定血药浓度经时过程,计算相关药动学参数,评价两制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后厄贝沙坦的相关药动学参数tmax分别为(1.8±0.7)和(1.7±0.6)h;ρmax分别为(1204.6±240.5)和(1251.7±295.3)μg.L-1;t12分别为(5.8±4.6)和(6.6±7.3)h;AUC0→t分别为(9053.1±4131.5)和(9851.8±4336.9)μg.h.L-1;AUC0→∞分别为(10524.4±5263.2)和(11606.8±5842.1)μg.h.L-1。以AUC0→t计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度平均为(94.2±21.3)%。结论本方法可靠、准确性高、操作快速、简便。受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效。     

格列齐特缓释片的人体生物等效性

目的:进行试验制剂格列齐特缓释片和市售参比制剂达美康缓释片的人体生物等效性研究,评价缓释制剂的释放特点、稳态血浓度和波动度。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定单剂和多剂交叉给药格列齐特经时血浓度,计算其药动学参数,并进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果:试验制剂和参比制剂单剂口服给药格列齐特半衰期(t1/2)为(24.2±2.5)h和(23.8±3.2)h,血浓度峰值(Cmax)为(1.9±0.6)mg.L-1和(2.2±0.5)mg.L-1,达峰时间(tmax)为(6.9±1.0)h和(6.4±1.0)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0-72)为(54.7±14.2)mg.h.L-1和(58.8±16.4)mg.h.L-1,相对生物利用度(F)为(93.7±8.4)%。试验制剂和参比制剂多剂给药格列齐特AUCSS为(59.7±24.4)mg.h.L-1和(62.6±25.5)mg.h.L-1,Cmax为(3.4±1.3)mg.L-1和(3.8±1.4)mg.L-1,Cmin为(1.89±0.8)mg.L-1和(1.6±0.9)mg.L-1,波动系数(DF)为(61.3±17.9)%和(87.5±21.5)%,生物利用度F为(95.9±11.2)%。结论:格列齐特缓释制剂单剂和多剂双周期双交叉口服给药,3因素方差分析和双单侧t检验,格列齐特主要药动学参数符合生物等效的假设,为生物等效制剂。与市售参比制剂比,试验制剂缓释、波动度小的特征明显。     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片的人体生物等效性

目的研究多潘立酮口腔崩解片与普通片口服给药后的人体药动学及相对生物利用度。方法采用2制剂双周期交叉试验设计,22名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服(10mg)2种制剂,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆药物浓度。DAS程序进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果口腔崩解片与普通片的主要药动学参数:c_(max)分别为(6.2±s 2.0)和(6.5±2.9)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(0.67±0.18)和(0.8±0.4)h;A UC_(0-24h)分别为(20±9)和(21±9)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(24±10)和(24±10)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(6±3)和(5.9±2.7)h。2剂型的AUC_(0-24h),AUC_(0-∞)和c_(max)对数转换后进行方差分析和双单侧t检验,结果表明2制剂生物等效,口腔崩解片的相对生物利用度为(102±34)%。结论口腔崩解片与普通片生物等效。     

BIS监测下全身麻醉在宫颈癌患者手术中应用

目的构建VEGFA基因重组真核表达载体pEGFP-VEGFA,并检测其在人胚胎肾细胞（HEK293T）中的表达。方法以人脐血单核细胞的RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术扩增VEGFA基因,并将其定向插入真核表达载体pEGFP-Nl中,构建重组真核表达载体pEGFP-VEGFA。经限制性核酸内切酶BglII和SalI酶切和DNA测序鉴定后,用脂质体法将pEGFP-VEGFA转染HEK293T细胞,转染后24 h和48 h采用荧光显微镜观察pEGFP-VEGFA的表达。结果 pEGFP-VEGFA被双酶切为4 697 bp和1 251 bp两条条带,测序结果证实VEGFA序列与GenBank公布的VEGFA mRNA序列完全一致。在经转染的HEK293T细胞内观察到较强的绿色荧光,表明pEGFP-VEGFA成功转染HEK293T细胞,并在其中得到了表达。结论成功构建重组真核表达载体pEGFP-VEGFA,为进一步研究VEGFA基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Bioequivalence study of nabumetone tablets in man

A nabumetone tablet in development (Nabuton^R) was tested for its bioequivalence to the reference tablet (Uniton^R). Seventeen healthy Korean male subjects participated in this study. Each subject received a 1-g dose of nabumetone (2 tablets each) in an unbalanced, randomized, two-way crossover investigation. Serum concentrations of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), a major metabolite of nabumetone, were measured over 120 hr interval by a high-performance liquid chromatography. The maximum serum concentration (C_max) and time to reach the maximum concentration (T_max) were read directly, but area under the serum concentration time curve from time 0 to 120 hr (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of 6-MNA were calculated from the serum 6-MNA concentration-time curves. The serum curves showed multiple peaks of 6-MNA in most subjects, and the C_max and T_max were read from the highest serum peaks. Calculated bioavailability parameters for test and reference tablets were 1498.6∶1377.9 μg·hr/ml for AUC; 25.2∶23.1 μg/ml for C_max; 11.8∶16.4 hr for T_max and 42.6∶43.8 hr for MRT, respectively. The pairedt-test revealed no significant differences in all the parameters between the two tablets. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences between groups and formulations in all the parameters (C_max, T_max, AUC and MRT) indicating the crossover design of the experiment was properly performed. But significant differences (p<0.05) between subject/groups and periods were found for all the parameters indicating substantial intersubject and interperiodic variations for these parameters.     

Clinical studies on sultamicillin in pediatrics

Sultamicillin (SBTPC) fine granule was given orally to 15 children with acute bacterial infections including 4 with acute pharyngitis, 5 with acute tonsillitis, 2 each with acute bronchitis and urinary tract infections, and 1 each with acute pneumonia and cervical purulent lymphadenitis. Good to excellent clinical responses were obtained in all of the 15 patients and bacterial eradication of all 4 strains found in these cases. Loose stool was observed in 1 case. From the above clinical results, it appears that SBTPC is a useful antibiotics for the treatment of pediatric patients with various bacterial infections.     

Influence of sultamicillin on intestinal bacterial flora

Effects of sultamicillin (SBTPC) fine granules, a new oral beta-lactam antibiotic, on the intestinal bacterial flora were studied in tetra-contaminated mice and in pediatric patients. SBTPC was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg once a day for 5 consecutive days to mice contaminated with 4 different species of organisms: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium breve. In all of the 4 species, bacterial populations in feces were markedly reduced on days 4 to 5 after the start of the treatment. Subjects in the pediatric study were 5 children with bacterial infections (4 boys and 1 girl) at ages from 1 year 3 months to 10 years 8 months and with their body weight ranging from 11.8 kg to 35.0 kg. SBTPC fine granule was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg 3 to 4 times a day for 4 to 7 days. Although there were some variations in the fecal bacterial flora noticed among these subjects during the treatment, populations of main aerobes and anaerobes such as Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium decreased markedly in all cases. These decreases were more pronounced for anaerobes and total numbers of anaerobes were markedly reduced in all cases. Glucose non-fermenting Gram-negative rods and fungi tended to increase with administration of SBTPC fine granule. Although these changes tended to return to pre-dosing state after the cessation of the treatment with SBTPC fine granule, attention must be paid to possible occurrences of diarrhea, superinfection or bleeding tendency when treatment with the drug is continued for a long period of time. Fecal concentrations of both ampicillin and sulbactam during SBTPC fine granule treatment showed relatively high values except 1 sample with a high beta-lactamase activity in feces. These high concentrations suggest the possibility of biliary excretion of absorbed drugs and the possibility of hydrolysis of SBTPC in the intestine due to high pH. Fecal concentrations of the drug also appeared to be closely related to beta-lactamase activity in feces.