东莞市虎门镇一起登革热暴发疫情分析及蚊虫媒介的综合治理

目的对东莞市虎门一起登革热暴发疫情进行分析,以及对蚊虫媒介进行综合治理,为有效控制登革热疫情提供参考。方法针对2014年9月~11月东莞市虎门镇暴发的登革热,采用流行病学调查法分析疫情数据、布雷图指数法监测蚊媒密度以及分析可能传播途径来源等。结果东莞市虎门镇发生一起登革热暴发疫情,本次疫情共报告了57例登革热确诊病例,所有病例均痊愈,没有出现重症病例或死亡病例。疫情主要分布在东方社区,共有39例,占68.42%。本次疫情男女性别比为1:1.28。年龄最小3岁,最大90岁,平均50岁。以30~59岁中年病例最多,占54.39%。疫情发生时蚊媒密度的布雷图指数最高达92.38,经采取各项综合防治措施,蚊媒密度下降,疫情得到较好控制。结论本起疫情为由输入性病例或病媒引起的本土暴发疫情,经过清除积水,消灭蚊虫孳生地,有效将蚊媒密度布雷图指数一直保持在5以下水平;使疫情得到控制。     

1起社区登革热暴发疫情的调查分析

目的分析广州市1起社区登革热暴发疫情的流行病学特征,评价防控效果。方法对病例进行流行病学个案调查,采集患者及疑似病例血清标本采用间接免疫荧光法进行登革病毒抗体检测,采用RT—PCR进行登革病毒型别鉴定,采用布雷图指数法开展蚊媒密度监测。结果首例病例于8月22日发病,末例病例于10月16日发病,疫情持续55d,共发生登革热病例14例,其中实验室诊断9例、临床诊断5例。病例发病时间相对集中于9月份（11例）。登革病毒分型结果：检出2个血清型（Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型）,其中Ⅲ型1例,Ⅳ型6例。疫情发生时布雷图指数最高达40,经采取快速杀灭成蚊、清除伊蚊孳生地和对积水点投药杀灭蚊幼等综合防治措施后,布雷图指数降到标准值（5．0）以下,疫情得到控制。结论该起疫情为1起社区登革热暴发疫情,主要由Ⅳ型登革病毒引起。加强登革热病人管理和快速杀灭成蚊、彻底清除伊蚊孳生地是控制疫情的有效措施。     

云南省瑞丽市2013年登革热暴发的流行病学分析

目的分析云南省瑞丽市2013年登革热暴发疫情的流行病学特征,为登革热控制提供依据。方法对所有登革热病例进行流行病学个案调查,采用登革热病毒NS1抗原法检测病例血清标本,采用布雷图指数法进行蚊媒密度监测。结果本次疫情流行历时104 d,共确诊病例232例,其中本地感染145例,缅甸输入87例。流行季节为8-11月,病例主要集中在瑞丽市城区（124/232,53.45%）;男女性别比为1.23∶1,发病年龄最小1岁,最大80岁,以20~49岁年龄组为主;职业分布以商业服务、农民和家务及待业者居多。结论此次疫情为瑞丽市首次发生登革热本地流行;采取伊蚊综合控制措施,布雷图指数≤5.0,疫情可得到有效控制。     

福州市仓山区登革热流行及防制效果的调查研究

调查福州市近郊登革絷充行的原因,分析发展趋势,有效地控制疫情。「方法」访视症病人,对媒介蚊种作成蚊房屋指数,容器指数,布雷图指数测定,检测病人血清中的ＩｇＭ与ＩｇＧ,并从病人血清及白纹蚊中分离病毒。「结果」本次登革热流行罹患率为３．５６％,以２０－４９岁龄组为主,女性发病率高于男性。病原分离证实为登革热Ⅱ型病毒,白蚊是本次流行的传播媒介。蚊媒孳生地多、人群普遍易感及气候条件是造成本次流行主要原因。     

海曙区登革热暴发疫情与蚊媒密度分析

目的了解登革热暴发疫情发病病例与蚊媒密度情况,为登革热防控工作提供参考。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集海曙区登革热暴发疫情病例资料,通过海曙区疾病预防控制中心收集蚊媒密度监测资料和登革热暴发疫情资料,分析发病病例与蚊媒密度的相关性。结果海曙区共15个疫点,报告登革热病例43例。望春街道病例和疫点最多,病例29例占67.44%,疫点5个占33.33%。流行曲线呈多峰分布,8月14日—22日为发病高峰,17例占39.53%。布雷图指数为0～175.00,中位数为5.00;叮咬指数为0～20.00只/(人·h),中位数为2.00只/(人·h)。不同地区的布雷图指数和叮咬指数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。发病例数与布雷图指数(r=0.743,P=0.002)和叮咬指数(r=0.543,P=0.037)均呈正相关。结论海曙区登革热暴发疫情发病例数与蚊媒密度呈正相关。     

2014年广东省阳春市首起登革热暴发疫情分析

摘要:目的 对阳春市首起登革热暴发疫情进行调查分析,为有效控制登革热疫情提供依据。方法 采用流行病学调查方法对疫情数据、蚊媒调查资料以及可能传播来源等进行分析。结果 2014年9月5日- 10月3日,阳春市春城街道发生1起登革热暴发疫情,共报告病例19例,其中本地感染病例16例,输入性病例3例,病例均为轻症,无重症死亡病例。疫情主要集中在春城街道东门居委会,共报告7例,占36.84%;男女性别比0.73∶1;年龄最大的77岁,最小的6岁,以50岁以上中老年人居多,占47.37%。疫情发生时反映蚊媒密度的布雷图指数最高达56.41,发生登革热传播的风险极高,经采取各项综合防治措施,蚊媒密度快速下降,疫情得到控制。结论 症状不典型的输入性病例容易引起本地登革热疫情,人员的流动性易造成疫情的扩散,快速杀灭成蚊、清除蚊虫孳生地并将布雷图指数控制在5以下可以有效控制疫情。     

1999～2001年福州市登革热流行病学监测结果分析

目的 对登革热疫情实行预警监控，以防止福州市登革热再次流行。方法：应用间接免疫荧光试验法测定健康人群抗体水平，开展蚊种构成及蚊媒孳生地类型调查，以房屋指数、容器指数、布雷图指数测定白纹伊蚊幼虫的密度。结果：二年采集登革热病人血清3份和发热待查患者血标本186份，蚊媒标本4000余只，均未分离出登革病毒。收集健康人群血标本1920份，除18份登革热抗体阳性外，其余均为阴性标本。登革热病家周围环境孳生白纹伊蚊幼虫为最多。幼虫对不同材料容器孳生地类型调查结果所占比例陶瓷类高于玻璃类和水泥类。刺叮率以晋安区和仓山区为最高。布雷图指数最高为仓山区，其次为恶安区和台江区。结论：福州市周边的6个区（市）白纹伊蚊种群密度较高，存在登革热暴发流行的高度危险性，务必引起高度重视。     

一起输入性登革热疫情调查与处置

目的调查一起输入性登革热疫情的流行病学特点及媒介伊蚊种类、密度,为制定登革热防治策略提供依据。方法采用个案调查表对2例登革热病例进行流行病学调查,酶联免疫吸附剂测定法对病例血液标本进行IgM、IgG抗体检测,布雷图指数法和双层叠帐法对媒介伊蚊密度进行应急监测;清理蚊媒孳生地,开展蚊媒消杀。结果 2例女性登革热病例,发病前刚从马尔代夫旅游归来,均为登革病毒通用型核酸阳性,确定为输入性病例。经病例主动搜索、清理蚊媒孳生环境、快速杀蚊,未发生二代病例。结论这是一起境外输入性登革热疫情,各部门密切配合,未发生疫情扩散。防控的关键是蚊媒孳生环境的清理和成蚊的快速杀灭。     

一起由输入病例引起登革热暴发的流行病学调查

[目的]分析一起登革热暴发的流行病学特征和发病原因,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。[方法]明确病例定义,对病例进行回顾性调查,采集病例血清进行登革热抗体检测。[结果]本起疫情共发病38例,流行历时84d,登革热抗体阳性21例,分离登革热Ⅰ型病毒3株。经采取以快速灭蚊,清除蚊虫孳生地为主的综合性防治措施后,疫情很快得到控制。[结论]本起疫情是由登革热Ⅰ型病毒引起,传染源输入是本次疫情发生的主要原因,早期病例误诊,传染源未被及时发现是造成疫情暴发的重要因素,防蚊灭蚊是防止登革热发生的有效措施,加强对输入病例的监测是我市今后登革热防治的一项重要工作。     

广州市近年来登革热及其媒介防治情况分析

目的分析、评价广州市近年来4次登革热疫情及其媒介防治的情况与效果。方法收集、分析本地病例的流行病学调查资料。采用布雷图指数、标准间指数、叮刺率等方法监测和调查白纹伊蚊密度。结果4次流行共发生2286例本地病例，疫情最早首发于5月，最晚终止于12月，发病高峰在8—10月，共出现40个暴发疫点，累计流行614d。经过积极的防治，白纹伊蚊幼虫密度呈下降趋势。布雷图指数从2002年的11.99降到2007年的4．64，标准间指数从2003年的4．45降到2007年的0．54。但在登革热高发季节，白纹伊蚊幼虫的密度指数仍处于危险的阈值范围。使用速杀型杀虫剂对疫点进行超低容量喷雾灭蚊，对成蚊的杀灭率达98．2％。对农村、城中村、社区等3种类型疫点的控制历时分别为10．3、49．4、56．6d（P〈0．01）。结论登革热疫情的控制，必须坚持以及时、快速、全面、反复地杀灭媒介伊蚊成蚊为主导，辅之以全面落实清除、控制孳生地的措施。要不断探索、完善对媒介伊蚊（尤其是成蚊）的监测方法和手段，以客观、科学地评估防治的效果。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.