多平面经食管超声心动图与磁共振诊断主动脉夹层的对比研究

目的　评价经食管超声心动图与磁共振对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法　对一组临床上怀疑为主动脉夹层的患者同时进行TEE与MRI的研究 ,并将结果与手术及血管造影相对照。结果　TEE及MRI对于主动脉夹层均有较高的准确性和特异性 ;对于不同亚型的主动脉夹层二者各有所长。结论　对于主动脉夹层的诊断 ,TEE及MRI均具有十分重要的临床使用价值 ,将两者的长处结合起来应用 ,可明显提高对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。[关键词 ]　经食管超声心动图 ;磁共振 ;主动脉夹层     

超声心动图和多层螺旋CT在急诊主动脉夹层中的应用价值

目的探讨经胸超声心动图（TTE）和多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在急诊主动脉夹层诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2016年1月~2020年4月在我院治疗的疑似主动脉夹层患者141例,给予TTE和MSCT检查,分析两者诊断价值差异;分析主动脉夹层和非主动脉夹层MSCT征象差异,以及主动脉夹层不同分型MSCT征象差异。结果141例疑似主动脉夹层患者,经手术或CT血管成像确诊112例主动脉夹层患者,29例为非主动脉夹层患者;MSCT诊断主动脉夹层的敏感度、准确性和阴性预测值分别为95.54%、94.33%和83.87%,明显高于TTE诊断（P < 0.05）;MSCT和TTE诊断主动脉夹层的特异性和阳性预测值比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT征象中,主动脉夹层中钙化内移、主动脉区高密度、线样征和主动脉增宽的比例高于非主动脉夹层（P < 0.05）;主动脉夹层和非主动脉夹层中心包积液、胸腔积液比例差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT征象中,A型主动夹层中主动脉区高密度比例高于B型主动脉夹层（P < 0.05）;A型和B型主动脉夹层中钙化内移、线样征、心包积液、胸腔积液和主动脉增宽比例比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论相较于TTE,MSCT在急诊主动脉夹层诊断中有较好的应用价值,值得临床使用。      

主动脉夹层的临床病理特点及CT临床诊断

目的分析主动脉夹层的临床特征、病因及CT对主动脉夹层的临床诊断。方法对我院收治的57例主动脉夹层患者资料进行回顾性分析,总结主动脉夹层的临床病理特点,并对CT平扫和CT血管成像扫描检查主动脉夹层结果进行对比。结果主动脉夹层患者临床症状主要表现为突发性疼痛52例(91.2%)以及高血压48例(84.2%),57例患者中Stanford A型39例,Stanford B型18例,DebakeyⅠ、Ⅱ型27例,DebakeyⅢ型30例;CT血管成像的检出率显著高于CT平扫检出率(χ2=4.940,P0.05)。结论主动脉夹层是以一种高致死性疾病,高血压可能为其主要诱发因素,CT平扫及CT增强扫描有较高的敏感性和特异性,能够对主动脉夹层进行快速准确的诊断。     

主动脉夹层经胸超声心动图漏诊及误诊原因分析

摘要：目的：探讨主动脉夹层超声表现及部分病例漏诊误诊原因。方法：收集经手术证实为主动脉夹层诊断的病例50例进行回顾分析。结果：手术证实升主动脉夹层36处,主动脉弓夹层29处,降主动脉夹层43处。超声心动图对降主动脉病变漏诊16处,对主动脉弓病变漏诊9处,对升主动脉处病变漏诊1处。漏诊导致对主动脉夹层Debakey分型错误,I型夹层误诊16例,II型夹层误诊0例,III型夹层误诊1例。结论：主动脉夹层漏诊数量由高至低依次为降主动脉、主动脉弓、升主动脉,漏诊及误诊与超声医师因素、超声图像及设备因素密切相关。     

双螺旋CT血管造影对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断作用

目的：探讨双螺旋ＣＴ血管造影对主动脉夹层动脉瘤的诊断作用。方法：分析经双螺旋ＣＴ血管造影检查并手术或临床证实的大动脉瘤２０例。结果：双螺旋ＣＴ血管造影清晰显示夹层动脉瘤内膜瓣撕裂的三大影象征象，包括：内膜瓣钙化并腔内移位，内膜瓣撕裂的不同形态，破口的位置、大小；及炎性动脉瘤的影像学征象，包括动脉瘤外周增厚纤维化并少量胸腔渗液。结论：双螺旋ＣＴ血管造影具有很强的立体重建功能，不仅是诊断夹层动脉瘤可靠的手段，而且能为外科手术提供更详尽的信息。     

Imaging features of intramural hematoma of the aorta

Intramural Hematoma (IMH) is defined as localized hemorrhage within the aortic wall and is included in the acute aortic syndrome spectrum with aortic dissection and penetrating aortic ulcer. The mortality from IMH is similar to classic aortic dissection (21%). 16% of patients with IMH will evolve to classic aortic dissection over time. Despite this confusion exists regarding the precise definitions and radiologic features of IMH versus penetrating ulcers with mural thrombus and overt aortic dissection.     

Ischemic stroke with left hemiparesis or shock should be evaluated by computed tomography for aortic dissection

An 82-year-old woman with consciousness disturbance, left hemeparesis, and dysarthria was discovered at home by her family and was transported to a hospital. On arrival, she remained in a sleepy and disorientated and shock state. She complained of nausea but no chest or back pain. She obtained stable circulation after infusion. Her chest roentgen results showed widening of the mediastinum and the existence of a separation of the intimal calcification from the outer aortic soft tissue border, thus suggesting a Stanford A–type aortic dissection. Her head computed tomography depicted no signs of cerebral infarction. Because she did not complain of any pain, the possibility of acute phase aortic dissection was rejected. A permissive hypertensive therapy was initiated. Next day, she suddenly died. We diagnosed that she had died of a Stanford A–type aortic dissection based on the following facts: (1) patients presenting with stroke due to a Stanford A–type aortic dissection tend to have left hemiparesis because of malcirculation of the innominate artery and (2) a patient presenting with stroke by aortic dissection may have hypotension, which is unusual in standard stoke cases. Ischemic stroke induced by aortic dissection is not common among the patients with aortic dissection. However, given the high morbidity and mortality after misdiagnosis of aortic dissection, patients with ischemic stroke with left hemiparesis or shock should be evaluated by enhanced truncal computed tomography.     

16排螺旋CT血管成像技术对主动脉夹层的诊断价值

目的探讨16排螺旋CT对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法对50例主动脉夹层患者进行螺旋CT增强扫描,在工作站上对原始数据进行重建,包括容积重建（VR）、曲面重建（CPR）、多平面重建（MPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和表面覆盖成像（SSD）。结果在经过正确诊断和分型的50例主动脉夹层的血管成像图中,全部病例都清晰地显示了主动脉夹层的真假腔、内膜片、破口位置、附壁血栓、内膜钙化,并直观地显示主动脉夹层与周围器官的关系。结论16排螺旋CT是诊断主动脉夹层的安全、快速、无创、有效的方法,并能正确分型,判断破口位置,为临床治疗提供更为详细的信息。     

Localized Aortic Dissection: Unusual Features by Transesophageal Echocardiography

Transesophageal echocardiography relies on the presence of an undulating intimal flap for the diagnosis of aortic dissection. Furthermore, to distinguish true dissection from echo artifacts, the flap has to be identified in more than one view, and it must have a motion independent of the aortic wall. We describe the transesophageal echocardiography appearance of a localized aortic dissection with atypical features for an intimal flap. Awareness of this unusual echocardiographic appearance of an intimal flap will avoid misdiagnosis of the potentially serious acute aortic dissection.     

主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄危险因素和预测模型的研究进展

术后谵妄是主动脉夹层患者常见并发症之一,发生率较高,危害性较强。该研究对主动脉夹层患者术后谵妄的类型和特征、危险因素及风险预测模型进行综述,以期为临床医护人员尽早识别主动脉夹层患者谵妄风险,制订有效预防管理方案,改善患者生存结局提供参考。     

Chronic Aortic Dissection in a Young Adult

Background: Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease that is often a diagnostic challenge in the Emergency Department (ED). Patients with acute aortic dissection often have underlying hypertension and atherosclerotic disease, and commonly present with acute-onset severe chest or back pain in their sixth or seventh decades of life. Aortic dissection, however, can also be seen in patients < 40 years old and may present chronically, with symptom duration longer than 2 weeks. Objective: We present an unusual case of chronic aortic dissection in a young patient, followed by a review of the literature on chronic aortic dissections and aortic dissections in young patients. Case Report: We report a case of chronic aortic dissection in a 32-year-old man with a history of untreated hypertension who presented to the ED with palpitations and mild shortness of breath. Conclusion: Acute and chronic thoracic aortic dissections can occur in patients of all ages, as well as in patients with atypical signs and symptoms.     

Headache as the initial manifestation of acute aortic dissection type A

The most common initial symptom of aortic dissection is chest pain. Other initial symptoms include pain in the neck, throat, abdomen and lower back, syncope, paresis, and dyspnoea. Headache as the initial symptom of aortic dissection has not been described previously. A 61-year-old woman with a history of migraine and arterial hypertension developed continuous bifrontal headache. Two hours later, right-sided thoracic pain and a diastolic murmur were suggestive of aortic dissection that was confirmed by echocardiography and subsequent surgery. The dissection commenced in the ascending aorta and involved all cervical arteries until the base of the skull. Headache as the initial manifestation of aortic dissection was assumed due to either vessel distension or pericarotid plexus ischemia. Aortic dissection has to he considered as a rare differential diagnosis of frontal headache, especially in patients who develop aortic regurgitation or chest pain for the first time.     

Serum D-dimer is a sensitive test for the detection of acute aortic dissection: a pooled meta-analysis

Acute aortic dissection is a rare but devastating condition with high mortality. Unfortunately, there is no sensitive screening indicator of disease in common use. The objective of this study was to assess the sensitivity and utility of the serum D-dimer as a test for acute aortic dissection. A pooled analysis was performed of all original research studies testing the sensitivity of serum D-dimer for acute aortic dissection. A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Register using the terms “aortic dissection” and “d-dimer” was made of all English language publications. All original reports of consecutively enrolled patients with acute aortic dissection and a measured serum D-dimer were included. Case reports were excluded. A value of 0.5 microgram per milliliter was defined as the threshold for a positive D-dimer. The primary outcome was the pooled sensitivity of the D-dimer test for acute aortic dissection. There were 21 original reports of patients with acute aortic dissection and D-dimer measurements. Eleven studies were included and a total of 349 acute aortic dissection patients were described. The sensitivity of the D-dimer test was 327/349, 94% (95% confidence interval 91–96), and the point estimate was essentially unchanged in a sensitivity analysis, 183/192, 95% (95% confidence interval 91–98). Specificity ranged from 40% to 100%. Serum D-dimer is sensitive for acute aortic dissection and potentially represents a useful test for patients who present with a low likelihood of this disease.     

主动脉夹层的低场MRI诊断

目的评价低场磁共振成像(MRI)对主动脉夹层(AD)的诊断价值。方法分析14例AD的低场MRI表现,所有病例采用自旋回波(SE)序列轴位T1WI、T2WI和冠、矢状位T1WI扫描,部分病例加做梯度回波(GR)序列轴位扫描。结果14例主动脉夹层中,DeBakey A型2例,DeBakey B型12例。10例B型夹层,在轴位SE序列T1WI结合T2WI,可清晰显示真腔和假腔;2例B型夹层胸主动脉迂曲在冠状位和矢状位T1WI显示清晰。对于SE序列不能区别真假腔的2例A型夹层,轴位T1WI可显示剥离的内膜片。2例主动脉迂曲形成涡流的B型夹层,T1WI和T2WI不能区别真假腔,也不能显示内膜片,加行GR序列轴位扫描,可清晰显示等信号的内膜片。所有序列对内膜破口和再破口的显示效果不佳,对主动脉主要分支受累情况显示也不满意。结论低场MRI的SE序列可显示主动脉扩张和迂曲,也可准确识别主动脉夹层的真假腔和内膜片,但对内膜破口和再破口的显示不满意。     

Emergency Bedside Ultrasound Diagnosis of Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection Complicating Acute Aortic Dissection

Background

A timely diagnosis of aortic dissection is associated with lower mortality. The use of emergent bedside ultrasound has been described to diagnose aortic dissection. However, there is limited literature regarding the use of bedside ultrasound to identify superior mesenteric artery dissection, a known high-risk feature of aortic dissection.

Objective

Our aim was to present a case of superior mesenteric artery dissection identified by bedside ultrasound and review the utility of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of aortic emergencies.

Case Report

We report a case of superior mesenteric artery dissection found on emergent bedside ultrasound in a 46-year-old male complaining of abdominal pain with a history of cocaine abuse and prior aortic dissection. Bedside ultrasound in the emergency department revealed an intimal flap in the descending aorta with extension into the superior mesenteric artery prompting early surgical consultation before computed tomography because of concern for acute mesenteric ischemia.

Conclusion

Superior mesenteric artery dissection is a high-risk feature of aortic dissection and can be identified with emergent bedside ultrasound.     

初诊为急性冠脉综合征的主动脉夹层患者的经验教训一例

急性主动脉夹层起病凶险,临床表现多样,初诊极易误诊。而按照其他疾病治疗容易加重急性主动脉夹层,导致患者病情恶化。本研究报道1例初诊为急性冠脉综合征的急性主动脉夹层患者诊治过程中的经验教训,为类似病例的多方位检查及诊断提供参考。     

44例主动脉夹层临床分析

目的 探讨主动脉夹层患者的患病危险因素、临床特征、诊治方法及预后.方法 对我院2005-2008年诊治的44例主动脉夹层患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 主动脉夹层发生的常见病因是高血压.首发表现以胸痛为常见(部分病例以并发症为首发).CT和MRI检查对主动脉夹层的确诊率较超声检查高,但由于超声检查价格便宜,床旁操作方便,故有疑诊患者,可做常规超声检查.主动脉夹层的治疗有内科保守治疗,外科手术治疗和血管内带膜支架治疗.结论 高血压是主动脉夹层的主要危险因素,其临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高.内科治疗时血压控制多需多种降压药物联合应用,然而根据临床分型和病情采取外科手术、介入治疗可降低病死率和改善患者的预后.     

Painless acute aortic dissection presenting as left lower extremity numbness

Acute aortic dissection may have variable presentations, making the diagnosis clinically challenging. Acute neurologic syndromes secondary to dissection of the aorta are uncommon. However, including aortic dissection in the differential diagnosis is imperative. This report describes the first reported case of an acute thoracic aortic dissection presenting with the chief complaint of unilateral lower extremity numbness. Peripheral ischemic neuropathy as the result of vascular occlusion is uncommon. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of ischemic neuropathies in the setting of acute aortic dissection are discussed.     

主动脉夹层分离的体元模型动态三维重建超声显像

目的：评价体元模型经食管动脉三维重建超声显像对主动脉夹层分离部位,破口大小,真假腔的显像准确性。材料和方法：对７例临床疑诊为主动脉夹层分离的患者进行研究,男性４例,女性３例,年龄２１－３８岁。图像采集选用美国ＨＰ Ｓｏｎｏｓ２５００多功能超声诊断仪和５ＭＨｚ多平面经食管探头。三维重建采用德国Ｔｏｍｔｅｃ公司的计算机工作站。结果：７例主动脉夹层分离患者均获得满意的三维显示,可从各个不同角度了解主动脉     

44例主动脉夹层临床分析

目的 探讨主动脉夹层患者的患病危险因素、临床特征、诊治方法及预后.方法 对我院2005-2008年诊治的44例主动脉夹层患者临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 主动脉夹层发生的常见病因是高血压.首发表现以胸痛为常见(部分病例以并发症为首发).CT和MRI检查对主动脉夹层的确诊率较超声检查高,但由于超声检查价格便宜,床旁操作方便,故有疑诊患者,可做常规超声检查.主动脉夹层的治疗有内科保守治疗,外科手术治疗和血管内带膜支架治疗.结论 高血压是主动脉夹层的主要危险因素,其临床表现复杂多变,误诊率高.内科治疗时血压控制多需多种降压药物联合应用,然而根据临床分型和病情采取外科手术、介入治疗可降低病死率和改善患者的预后.