多环黏膜切除术对早期食管癌及癌前病变的治疗价值

目的 评价多环黏膜切除术(MBM)治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变安全性和疗效.方法 对28例行MBM治疗早期食管癌及其癌前病变患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,总结并发症发生情况以及治疗结果和随访情况.结果 28例共32处病变均经一次操作切除,操作时间18～60 min,平均28.3 min,切除标本直径6～ 20 mm,平均12 mm,全部标本基底无癌残留,术后病理证实黏膜内癌2例、黏膜下癌1例,其余25例均为鳞状上皮中-重度异型增生.无一例食管穿孔,术后未出现迟发性出血及皮下气肿,发生术中出血23例,其中搏动性出血3例,均以钛夹1枚止血成功,其余20例为创面少量渗血,自行止血或以氩气刀止血成功.另有5例术后感胸痛,均自行缓解.1例黏膜下癌追加手术治疗,未见癌残留及淋巴结转移,其余27例内镜随访2～12个月,发生食管狭窄2例,给予探条扩张或食管支架置入后吞咽困难均明显缓解,随访期内无一例病灶局部复发和转移发生.结论 MBM作为一项相对简单的内镜技术,用于早期食管黏膜内癌及癌前病变的治疗是安全的,近期疗效显著,但远期疗效尚需大样本和足够的随访时间来证实.     

The learning curve for EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND: EUS-guided FNA is an effective and safe method for tissue diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. However, EUS-guided FNA is technically challenging and requires special training. The number of cases required to become proficient and the technical steps required to achieve proficiency are unknown. METHODS: The first 57 EUS-guided FNAs of pancreatic masses by a trained endosonographer were analyzed retrospectively. For 50 masses, the histopathologic diagnosis ultimately was cancer. The sensitivity for the EUS-guided FNA diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was compared in quintiles of 10 procedures. RESULTS: Sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer from first to last quintile were, respectively, 50%, 40%, 70%, 90%, and 80%. There was a significant increase in sensitivity for the first 30 cases after improvement in specific technical skills: shortening of echoendoscope position, scrupulous maintenance of the US view of the needle tip at all times, swift jabbing punctures, sampling multiple areas of the mass in each pass, and performing more than 10 "jiggles" per needle pass. Sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was greater than 80% for the last 20 of the 57 cases, a level that was maintained for cases 51 through 80. CONCLUSIONS: The current American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline of 25 supervised EUS-FNA procedures for the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is reasonable.     

Clinical outcome of endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy for early stage gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection is an established treatment option for early stage gastric cancer. However, several problems with endoscopic mucosal resection remain to be solved, such as appropriate treatment for recurrence and incomplete tumor resection. The outcome for patients undergoing endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy (endoscopic mucosal resection) by a modification of the cap-fitted technique was evaluated retrospectively to determine factors associated with complete resection and tumor recurrence. METHODS: Endoscopic mucosal resection was performed in 106 patients with early stage gastric cancers up to 20 mm in diameter that were well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. All were superficial lesions without ulceration, distinct signs of submucosal invasion, or a poorly demarcated border. En bloc (tumors <10 mm in diameter) or piecemeal (tumors 10-20 mm in diameter) resection was performed. Follow-up endoscopy was performed at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months and thereafter once per year. Outcome and factors associated with complete resection and tumor recurrence were assessed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients (64%) underwent en bloc resection and 38 (36%) piecemeal resection. The mean longest dimension (SD) of the resected lesions was significantly greater after piecemeal resection (12.3 [4.0] mm) than after en bloc resection (7.6 [4.0] mm; p < 0.01). In patients with tumors completely resected, there was no recurrence after either en bloc or piecemeal resection. Six of 8 patients found to have submucosal invasion after endoscopic mucosal resection underwent surgery. Patients with incompletely resected intramucosal lesions underwent additional endoscopic treatment. Cancer recurred in 3 patients (2.8%), all of whom had lesions measuring more than 15 mm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection is safe and useful for the management of early stage gastric cancer. Further improvement in outcome requires more accurate preoperative diagnosis and postoperative histopathologic evaluation. Patients with incompletely resected lesions should undergo aggressive additional treatment.     

Clinical outcomes of endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy for superficial esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND: EMR is now a widely accepted option for the treatment for superficial esophageal cancer (SEC). However, studies of medium-term to long-term outcomes are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate outcomes in patients with SEC who are undergoing medium-term to long-term follow-up after endoscopic oblique aspiration mucosectomy (EOAM). DESIGN: A single-center retrospective study. SETTING: Kitasato University East Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: From November 1999 to October 2005, 85 patients with SEC underwent EOAM. All tumors were macroscopically classified as the superficial type on the basis of preoperative endoscopic and EUS findings. Patients were followed-up, with an endoscopy every 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Therapeutic efficacy, complications, and follow-up results. RESULTS: The rate of complete resection was 82.5% (70/85). In patients who underwent an incomplete resection, argon plasma coagulation and heat probe coagulation were, in addition, performed. The median longest diameter of the resected specimens was 25 mm. The median time required for a resection was 27 minutes. There was no perforation. Bleeding after an EOAM occurred in 1 patient (1.2%). Esophageal stenosis developed in 8 patients (9.4%). All strictures were managed by endoscopic balloon dilation, and symptoms improved. The median follow-up period after EMR was 36 months (range 6-72 months). Local recurrence occurred in 5 patients (5.9%); the nonrecurrence rate was 96.4% at 1 year, 95.0% at 2 years, and 93.4% at 3 years. As additional treatment, argon plasma coagulation was performed in 4 patients, and endoscopic mucosal dissection was conducted in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: EOAM is a safe, easy, and effective procedure for the treatment of SEC that can be completed within a short time. The rate of local recurrence is low on medium-term to long-term follow-up.     

EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of advanced lung cancer

BACKGROUND: A majority of patients with lung cancer are incurable but are symptomatic and may benefit from palliative therapy. Currently available diagnostic methods are either too risky or unsuccessful in obtaining a tissue diagnosis in up to 30% of patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of EUS-guided FNA in obtaining a tissue diagnosis in patients with advanced lung cancer. DESIGN: Prospective, uncontrolled. SETTING: Veterans Administration Medical Center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with suspected lung cancer who were not candidates for curative therapy were prospectively identified. CT scans were reviewed, and patients with lesions considered suitable for sampling by EUS were enrolled. Outcomes were analyzed by a final tissue diagnosis or by serial imaging. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients met inclusion criteria, of which 3 refused participation. The remaining 66 patients constituted the study population. EUS was technically successful in 95% of patients. A final diagnosis was based on tissue in 63 of 66 patients, serial imaging in 1 of 66 patients, and was unavailable in 2 of 66 patients. A lung mass was sampled in 21 patients, and a metastatic lesion was sampled in 45 patients. EUS made a correct diagnosis in 55 of 64 patients (86%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 77%-93%), including 24% that had undergone a failed prior attempt at diagnosis. The sensitivity of EUS was 86%, and the specificity was 100%. Sampling a metastasis was more likely to yield a correct diagnosis than sampling a lung mass (P = .02). Two self-limited complications were noted during the study. CONCLUSIONS: EUS was an accurate and a safe method for obtaining a tissue diagnosis in patients with advanced incurable lung cancer.     

消化道早期癌染色后内镜下外套管切除术及随访结果

目的　提高内镜下粘膜切除术对消化道早期癌的完全切除率。方法　采用复方碘溶液、煌蓝、美蓝对食管、胃、直肠早期癌灶染色,然后行内镜下外套管粘膜切除术。结果　从1994 年至1998 年共治疗12例早期癌病例。平均病灶直径(15.7±9.8)m m (3～30m m )。术后1、3、6、12、24 及36个月复查胃镜或肠镜并活检。其中2例癌细胞残留,1 例为食管癌,另1 例为直肠癌。这2 例原发病灶均大于25m m ,辅以放射治疗或外科手术。内镜下完全切除率为83.3% ,其中8例随访期> 36个月,存活率为87.5% 。结论　染色技术加内镜下外套管粘膜切除术可提高消化道早期癌的完全切除率     

Transanal mucosectomy

PURPOSE: Restorative proctocolectomy has gained increasing popularity in the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. However, symptomatic proctitis in an excessively long anorectal stump or high-grade dysplasia within the retained anorectal mucosa can pose challenging problems. A corrective operation for these problems is described. METHODS: A sphincter-preserving perineal approach to mobilize the pouch was described. It allows excision of the inflamed or dysplastic-retained anorectal mucosa, followed by pouch advancement and a neoileoanal anastomosis. RESULTS: The technique was successfully performed in two patients, one with symptomatic proctitis and another with high-grade dysplasia in the anorectal mucosa after a previously stapled ileoanal (distal rectal) anastomosis. CONCLUSIONS: This report illustrates the relative ease and safety of delayed mucosectomy via a perineal approach, provided that the initially stapled anastomosis is within 3 cm to 4 cm of the dentate line. This technique also obviates the need for complex abdominopelvic surgery after previous restorative proctocolectomy.     

内镜下黏膜切除术在治疗早期食管癌和重度不典型增生中的应用

目的探讨内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗早期食管癌、重度不典型增生的应用价值。方法对我院2004年2月～2009年4月经色素内镜筛查且活检证实为早期食管癌及重度不典型增生的32例患者,在静脉麻醉下进行内镜下黏膜切除术透明帽法治疗,其中早期癌8例,重度不典型增生24例。结果对早期食管癌及重度不典型增生的32例患者进行内镜下黏膜切除术透明帽法治疗,成功27例,小量出血2例,无穿孔及狭窄等严重并发症。结论严格筛选患者行内镜下黏膜切除术透明帽法治疗早期食管癌、癌前病变是安全而有效的方法。     

内镜粘膜切除治疗癌前病变和早期食管癌

目的 评价内镜粘膜切除术治疗癌前病变和早期食管癌的效果，并对其适应证，手术操作和并发症等进行临床研究。方法 从食管癌高发现场的普查和门诊工作中发现的病例，选择符合内镜粘膜切除适应证者，在镇静麻醉下完成154例内镜粘膜切除术。对术中发生的一些并发症进行了认真观察和处理。结果 完成154例内镜粘膜切除术，发生创面小动脉出血发生18例（11．7％），食管穿孔2例（1．3％），经处理后均顺利痊愈。结论 内镜粘膜切除术是治疗食管鳞状细胞原位癌，粘膜内癌和癌前病变的重要治疗方法。     

内镜下治疗早期食管癌及其适应证的探讨

目的探讨早期食管癌内镜下诊断和治疗的临床价值及适应证。方法超声微探头联合黏膜染色，选择适合内镜切除的早期食管癌患者13例，经内镜微探头超声判断癌浸润深度，11例癌组织浸润黏膜层，2例癌组织浸润黏膜下层上1／3，均无淋巴结转移。使用双腔电子胃镜行内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR），观察疗效。结果13例早期食管癌内镜下治疗均成功，未发生大出血、穿孔等并发症。随访时间超过2年无复发。结论早期食管癌病变局限于黏膜层及黏膜下层上1／3为EMR的适应证，治疗较为安全。