Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of pioglitazone in obese patients with type 2 diabetes

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pioglitazon, a hypoglycemizing preparation belonging to the group of thiazolidinediones, in treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. Twenty DM type 2 patients were included in the study. The use of pioglitazon during 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin, fasting glycemia, and postprandial reduction in insulinemia and insulinoresistance index HOMA-IR, as well as an improvement of lipid blood spectrum and the lessening of visceral obesity. Besides, a positive effect on arterial pressure was noted. The study revealed no significant adverse effects; good tolerance to treatment was noted in 90% of the patients.     

Metabolic effects of high altitude trekking in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE Limited information is available regarding the metabolic effects of high altitude trekking in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirteen individuals with type 2 diabetes took part in a 12-day expedition to the summit of Mount Toubkal (altitude, 4,167 m), Morocco, after 6 months of exercise training. Energy expenditure, body weight, blood glucose, fasting insulin, lipids, and HbA(1c) were assessed. RESULTS Training reduced fasting glucose (-0.7 ± 0.9 mmol/L, P = 0.026) and increased exercise capacity (+0.3 ± 0.3 W/kg, P = 0.005). High altitude trekking decreased fasting insulin concentrations (-3.8 ± 3.2 μU/L, P = 0.04), total cholesterol (-0.7 ± 0.8 mmol/L, P = 0.008), and LDL cholesterol (-0.5 ± 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS High altitude trekking preceded by exercise training is feasible for patients with type 2 diabetes. It improves blood glucose, lipids, and fasting insulin concentrations, while glucose control is maintained.     

Management of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cardiovascular disease is by far the major cause of morbidity and mortality in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. The risk of cardiovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes is greater for any given risk factor, alone or in combination, than it is in persons without diabetes. Independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes are hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking. Subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 benefit from cardiovascular risk factor modification, either as a primary or secondary intervention, as much as or more than those without diabetes. Risk factor modification includes behavioral modification to affect regular physical activity, healthy diet, weight loss, and smoking cessation. In addition, an optimal glycemic control with HbA1c < 7% is crucial and, aggressive management of hypertension (< 130/80 mmHg) and dyslipidemia are particularly important. Finally, aspirin (100 mg/d) is standard in secondary prophylaxis of cardiovascular events and should strongly be considered in primary prophylaxis if subjects have more than 1 concomitant cardiovascular risk factors.     

Attenuating cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes

Patients with type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin-resistant diabetes) have a significantly increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Once clinical cardiovascular disease develops, these patients have a poorer prognosis than normoglycemic patients. By inducing endothelial changes, hyperglycemia contributes directly to atherosclerosis. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with atherogenic dyslipidemias. This form of diabetes, or the precursor state of insulin resistance, commonly occurs as a metabolic syndrome (formerly known as syndrome X) consisting of hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia and a procoagulant state, in addition to the disorder of glucose metabolism. All cardiovascular risk factors except smoking are more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition to exercise, weight control, aspirin therapy and blood pressure control, therapy to modify lipid profiles is usually necessary. The choice of agent or combination of statin, bile acid sequestrant, fibric acid derivative and nicotinic acid depends on the lipid profile and characteristics of the individual patient.     

Metabolic effects of biosynthetic human proinsulin in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Due to a longer plasma half-life and half-time of action on glucose metabolism biosynthetic human proinsulin was thought to be an alternative to long-acting insulin preparations. To test this hypothesis we studied 23 type 2 diabetic patients who could no longer be treated sufficiently with oral hypoglycaemic agents. After an initial 1 week phase during which all patients received protamine bound insulin twice daily, the patients either continued on NPH insulin (Group A, n = 11) or were randomly switched to human proinsulin (Group B, n = 12). Glucose profiles and peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic clamp: 120 mU m-2 min-1) were measured at the end of the initial period (Time 1) and 1 week later (Time 2). The insulin-mediated glucose disposal (RD) was not changed after either treatment (group A: 176 +/- 18 vs. 192 +/- 19 mg m-2 min-1; group B: 175 +/- 15 vs. 174 +/- 12 mg m-2 min-1 for times 1 and 2, respectively, NS). Suppression of hepatic glucose output (HGO) was complete in both groups at both times. Fasting blood glucose levels (FBG) and basal HGO were equally low at times 1 and 2 (group A: FBG 118 vs. 123 mg dl-1, BHGO 81 vs. 79 mg m-2 min-1; group B: FBG 118 vs. 106 mg dl-1, BHGO 87 vs. 84 mg m-2 min-1; NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

新诊断2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的代谢特点及相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者的临床代谢特点,并分析影响NAFLD的危险因素.方法 选择新诊断的2型糖尿病患者142例,根据是否合并NAFLD分为A组(T2DM不合并NAFLD)(79例)、B组(T2DM合并NAFLD)(63例),所有受试者均测量身高、体质量及血压,检测空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂、尿酸(UA)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血清胰岛素(FINS),计算体质量指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),比较两组间临床及生化指标的特点.结果 (1)A、B两组的年龄及血压比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).B组BMI(26.79±1.93)kg/m2、FINS(15.49 ±2.44) mU/L、HOMA-IR(6.74±1.32)、甘油三酯(TG) (2.94±0.65) mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(3.46±0.73) mmol/L、UA(342.41 ±71.49) mmol/L均高于A组BMI(24.61±2.46) kg/m2、FINS(13.20±2.17) mU/L、HOMA-IR(5.65±1.10)、TG(1.74±0.46) mmol/L、LDL-C(2.78±0.86) mmol/L、UA(312.98 ±66.24) mmol/L,高密度酯蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)(0.99±0.17)mmol/L低于A组(1.21±0.29) mm0l/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.76、5.91、5.37、12.86、5.07、2.54、5.33,P均＜0.05).(2)以是否合并NAFLD为因变量,以BMI、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、UA为自变量,经Logistic回归分析显示BMI、HOMA-IR、TG是NAFLD的主要危险因素(OR值分别为2.838、19.241、2.019,P均＜0.05).结论新诊断2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者存在更明显的脂代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗.肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、高TG是新诊断2型糖尿病患者发生NAFLD的危险因素.     

Metabolic effects of Troglitazone in patients with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: In order to study the mechanisms of action of Troglitazone (TGZ) in vivo in Type 2 diabetes, its effects were studied on glucose metabolism, lipolysis and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B100 (apoB) kinetics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study was performed in 24 diet-treated patients randomized to receive TGZ 600 mg day(-1), TGZ 200 mg day(-1) or placebo for 8 weeks. Glucose and glycerol turnover were assessed after an overnight fast, and during sequential low-dose insulin infusions (0.01 U kg(-1) h(-1) followed by 0.015 U kg(-1) h(-1)) using 6,6-2H Glucose and 1,2,3-2H Glycerol. Very low-density lipoprotein apoB secretion was measured using l-13C-leucine, monitoring isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Treatment effects were analyzed by analysis of covariance, adjusting for baseline. RESULTS: Therapy resulted in a significant group differences in fasting plasma glucose adjusting for baseline (P=0.039). This was most evident at TGZ 600 mg daily [glucose decrease from (mean +/- SD) 9.2 +/- 2.7 to 6.6 +/- 0.9 mmol L(-1)]. HbA1c and insulin levels did not change significantly. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels decreased (P=0.045), most evidently at TGZ 200 mg daily, but glycerol was not significantly affected. Although no significant effects were observed on VLDL apoB or triglyceride concentrations, there were treatment differences in the absolute secretion rate of VLDL apoB of borderline (P=0.056) statistical significance, with a decrease observed at TGZ 600 mg daily [geometric mean, SD range, 0.94 (0.41-2.15) to 0.40 (0.14-1.13 mg kg(-1) h(-1))]. Very low-density lipoprotein apoB fractional secretion rate and pool size were unaffected. The VLDL triglyceride: apoB molar ratio differed between treatment groups (P=0.013), being higher in the TGZ 600 mg group [5714 (4128-7741) to 8092 (5669-11552)]. Neither glucose nor glycerol rates of appearance were significantly altered by TGZ and nor did TGZ affect their suppression by insulin. DISCUSSION: The PPARgamma agonist, troglitazone, decreases fasting glucose and NEFA levels in diet-treated Type 2 diabetes. It may also decrease VLDL particle secretion. These effects would be considered beneficial. The biological importance of the increase in VLDL-triglyceride enrichment warrants further study.     

Differential effects of metformin and troglitazone on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) only partly explain the excessive risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. There is now an increasing appreciation for many novel CVRF that occur largely as a result of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, we investigated whether diabetes medications that vary in their mechanism of action and ability to reduce insulin resistance may differ in their effects on both traditional and novel CVRF. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the addition of metformin or troglitazone therapy on CVRF in 22 subjects with type 2 diabetes who remained in poor glycemic control (with HbA1c >8.5%) while taking glyburide 10 mg twice daily. Subjects were initially randomized to either metformin 850 mg once daily or troglitazone 200 mg once daily. Both medications were then titrated upward as needed to achieve fasting plasma glucose <120 mg/dl. Measures of glucose control, insulin resistance, and CVRF (blood pressure, lipids, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and small dense LDL) were assessed both before and after therapy. RESULTS: After 4 months of treatment, both metformin and troglitazone led to similar decreases in fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. The reduction in insulin resistance determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was nearly twofold greater with troglitazone than metformin. Metformin did not induce significant changes in blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, LDL size, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. However, C-reactive protein did decrease by 33% (6 +/- 1 to 4 +/- 1 mg/l; P < 0.01) [corrected]. Troglitazone therapy was associated with increases in LDL size (26.21 +/- 0.22 to 26.56 +/- 0.25 nm; P=0.04) and HDL cholesterol (33 +/- 3 to 36 +/- 3 mg/dl; P=0.05) and decreases in triglycerides (197 +/- 19 to 155 +/- 23 mg/dl; P=0.07) and C-reactive protein by 60% (8 +/- 3 to 3 +/- 1 mg/l, P < 0.01) [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with type 2 diabetes in whom maximal sulfonylurea therapy failed, the addition of the insulin sensitizer troglitazone seemed to have greater benefits on several traditional and novel CVRF than metformin therapy. These differences were not related to glycemic improvement but reflected, in part, the greater reduction in insulin resistance obtained with addition of troglitazone. These data suggest that medications that more effectively address this underlying metabolic defect may be more beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.     

Practical prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in an endocrinological department

AIM: To analyse retrospectively quality of medical correction of modified risk factors (RF) and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients with diabetes mellitus type (DM) 2 admitted to specialized endocrinological departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of medication policy of CVD RF was made retrospectively for 250 patients treated in endocrinological departments of Moscow hospital in 2003. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease were diagnosed in 93.2 and 87.2% examinees. History of myocardial infarction and brain stroke was in 8.4 and 6% patients. Statins were prescribed in 2.4% cases. Examination for dyslipidemia was not satisfactory. ACE inhibitors were prescribed in 71.2% patients. Aspirin was prescribed (18%) primarily by the cardiologist. CONCLUSION: Quality of medical prophylaxis of CVD RF in DM type 2 patients in the departments does not satisfy modern clinical recommendations.     

老年2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的危险因素分析

目的研究老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者的临床特征及胰岛素抵抗(IR)水平,并探讨其主要危险因素。方法回顾分析老年T2DM患者112例,其中非NAFLD组50例,合并NAFLD组62例。比较两组之间的体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、血脂、肝酶及胰岛素抵抗等指标,并采用Logistic回归分析T2DM患者合并NAFLD的危险因素。结果 NAFLD组BMI、WHR、三酰甘油(TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)较非NAFLD组均显著升高。Logistic多元回归分析显示WHR、TG、HOMA-IR是T2DM合并NAFLD患者的危险因素,而HOMA-IR为主要危险因素。结论老年2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者存在严重的代谢紊乱与胰岛素抵抗。     

Reduction in cardiovascular risk factors with intensive diabetes treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

We measured plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels at baseline and at 6-mo intervals in 47 normolipidemic patients with classic insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus treated either with a conventional (n = 21) or intensive (n = 26) diabetes-treatment program. Patients were followed for a mean of 3 yr (range 1-4 yr). Intensive diabetes treatment resulted in a significant improvement in glycemic control that caused sustained changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels that were not evident with the conventional-treatment program. These changes, which persisted for periods averaging 3 yr, can potentially reduce predicted risk for the development of premature atherosclerosis. Thus, long-term near normoglycemia may have a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.     

2型糖尿病患者低血糖昏迷相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者发生低血糖昏迷的相关危险因素,从而做到早期预防、早期诊断和早期治疗.方法 回顾性分析28例糖尿病低血糖昏迷患者的临床资料,同时随机选取60例同期住院治疗的无低血糖昏迷的2型糖尿病患者作为对照组.结果 与对照组相比,28例低血糖患者中,年龄、应用降糖中药、治疗方案改变、合并肾功能不全、不规律饮食及缺乏糖尿病教育经历的比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),糖尿病的病程两组间差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 糖尿病患者在使用降糖药治疗过程中,老龄、不合理用药、肾功能不全、食物摄取不足及缺乏糖尿病教育经历等是低血糖昏迷的危险因素.     

Influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of combined exercise training on indices of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients. DESIGN: A double-blind randomized controlled trial with patients receiving either combination (COM), endurance (END) or no training (C). SETTING: Sint-Jozef hospital (Belgium), general practice (Holland). SUBJECTS: Forty-six type 2 diabetes patients (17 female, 29 male). INTERVENTIONS: COM versus END and C. Patients exercised for three months, three times a week for 1 hour. MAIN MEASURES: Six-minute walk test (6MW T), peak Vo(2), strength in upper and lower limbs, sit-to-stand, height, weight, body mass index, fat mass, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), glycaemia, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol and quality of life (General Health Survey Short Form (SF-36)). RESULTS: COM had significant better results on sit-to-stand (P<0.05), 6MW T (P<0.01), strength in upper (P<0.001) and lower limbs (P<0.001) compared with C. A different evolution among COM and C was found for HbA1c (P<0.05) and cholesterol (P<0.01), both decreased in COM and increased in C. HDL increased in COM and decreased in C (P<0.01). END had significant higher results on the 6MW T (P<0.01) compared with C. Compared with END, COM had significantly higher results on strength in upper (P<0.01) and lower limbs (P<0.01). The evolution of SF-36 items was not significantly different between the three groups. CONCLUSION: In diabetes type 2 patients, COM had significant better effects on indices of physical condition, diabetes and cardiovascular risk compared with C. Compared with END, COM gave a tendency towards better results, however more research with a larger number of participants is needed.     

新疆地区部分2型糖尿病患者体脂分布与心血管危险因素的研究

目的探讨新疆地区部分2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者体脂分布特点与心血管危险因素之间的关系。方法用Inbody720人体成分分析仪对155例T2DM患者行腹部内脏脂肪面积(VA)、体脂百分比(PBF)测量,同时测量空腹三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、体质量(W)、身高(H)、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC),计算体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)。对体脂参数与代谢危险因素行Pearson相关分析及多元逐步回归分析。结果无论男女,腹部内脏型肥胖(VFO)的BMI水平高于腹部皮下型肥胖(SFO),男性VFO的TG水平高于SFO。女性患者PBF、TC及LDL-C显著高于男性患者。少数民族男性患者VA、PBF显著高于汉族男性。在校正年龄、病程、BMI后,女性患者WHR与DBP呈正相关,PBF与LDL-C呈正相关。男性患者的BMI与SBP、VA与DBP、VA与PBF和HDL-C有关联;女性患者的BMI与SBP、WHR与DBP有关联。结论 T2DM患者体脂分布均以腹型肥胖为主,尤其是以VFO为特点,其心血管危险因素不仅与体脂水平增加有关,更与VFO有关,且存在性别、族别差异。     

硬膜外阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年高危患者血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨硬膜外阻滞复合全麻应用于老年高危患者手术的可行性.方法 39例老年高危病人,ASAⅡ-Ⅳ级,根据病人手术部位选择硬膜外穿刺,注入1.5%～1.7%利多卡因4～6 ml,5～10 min,测定阻滞平面加局麻药,使阻滞平面在控制需要范围.全麻诱导用咪唑安定0.1～0.15 mg/kg、依托咪酯乳剂0.2～0.6 mg/kg、芬太尼2～5 μg/kg、维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg.全麻维持根据临床情况选用0.1 mg%芬太尼加4 mg%维库溴铵输注5～15 ml/h,间断注入维库溴铵维持肌松.多功能监护仪监测心血管功能.结果 硬膜外阻滞复合全麻应用于老年患者手术,麻醉诱导时血压下降,经过补充液体后可纠正.结论 硬膜外阻滞复合全麻用于老年患者行手术血流动力学较为稳定,应激反应小,全麻药用量和术后躁动减少.但是老年高危病人注意用小剂量、低浓度的局麻药.     

2型糖尿病黄斑病变的相关因素分析

目的:研究2型糖尿病患者中糖尿病性黄斑病变的相关因素.方法:对83例2型糖尿病患者的黄斑病变与血压、病程、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白B.、血尿素氮和血肌酐进行Logistic回归分析.结果:在83例糖尿病病人中,有黄斑病变患者35例.在16例增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变病人中,有黄斑病变病人数12例,较非增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变的病人多(P＜0.01).Logistic回归分析发现糖尿病性黄斑病变与血浆总胆固醇(β=-3.13,P＜0.05)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(β=4.077,P＜0.05)和神经病变(β=-2.655,P＜0.05)呈显著相关,与糖尿病的严重程度(国内分期)呈显著相关(β=2.423,P＜0.01).结论:糖尿病性黄斑病变与脂代谢紊乱、神经病变和与糖尿病视网膜病变的严重程度密切相关.提示严格控制血糖、血脂等相关危险因素,对预防和控制黄斑病变有重要意义.