多巴丝肼片致精神障碍2例

2例帕金森病患者服用多巴丝肼片(每片左旋多巴200 mg,苄丝肼50 mg)出现精神障碍.例1,70岁女性患者,初始服用多巴丝肼半片,1次/d.随后,剂量逐渐增至3片,1次/d.8个月后,患者出现压抑、烦躁,之后剂量增至4片,分2次服用.3周后,患者出现意识混乱、幻觉,自杀倾向.为此,剂量减至3片,分3次服用,患者症状消失.例2,65岁女性患者,服用多巴丝肼3片,1次/d.2个月后患者出现失眠、不安、乏力、压抑.剂量减至2片,1次/d.1周后患者症状消失.     

盐酸文拉法辛胶囊致尿频1例

1例男性抑郁症患者服用文拉法辛50 mg,bid,2 d后出现尿频,日尿量明显增多.查体和尿常规检查未见异常,后改为服用文拉法辛25 mg,bid,1 d后患者尿频症状消失.     

阿维A致肌肉骨骼疼痛3例

3例患者服用阿维A后出现肌肉骨骼疼痛。第1例为35岁女性，因掌跖脓疱病给予阿维A30mg／d口服。治疗1周后，患者出现右侧肩、背部及右上肢肌肉酸痛，自行将阿维A减量为20mg／d，1周后症状消失。半月后因掌跖脓疱病控制不理想，再次加量至30mg／d，3d后出现同一部位的酸痛不适，再次减量至20mg／d，1周后酸痛症状消失。第2例为42岁男性，因掌跖脓疱病给予阿维A30mg／d口服治疗，9d后出现全身肌肉骨骼剧烈酸痛，明显影响日常活动。患者自行停药，1周后症状仍未缓解，服用非甾体类抗炎药，5d后症状逐渐减轻。第3例为57岁男性，因银屑病给予阿维A30mg／d口服治疗，5d后出现双膝关节疼痛，当即停药，3d后疼痛症状完全消失。     

辛芩颗粒致骨关节疼痛1例

患者男,36岁,因过敏性鼻炎于2007年8月开始服用辛芩颗粒(无糖型,产地:上海),1次5g,1日3次.服用两周后感觉双脚踝关节疼痛,开始以为运动引起,用正骨水、理通、红花油等药外用,未见缓解.继续服用2～3d,疼痛加剧,出现脚面疼痛,跟腱疼痛,并向上扩展到小腿骨痛、膝关节痛.查体未见明显红肿症状.再服用1～2d后因疼痛不得不停药.停药后第三天疼痛缓解,第四、五天后疼痛感消失.2008年1月,患者又继续服用辛芩颗粒,4～5d后即出现踝关节疼痛、小腿骨痛,坚持两天后停药,疼痛缓解.跟踪观察3个月,未再出现骨关节疼痛症状.患者在服用辛芩颗粒期间未同时服用其它药物.     

地塞米松引起严重失眠1例

患者 ,女 ,4 4岁。因患感冒 ,引起卡他性中耳炎。服用琥乙红霉素 0 .375 g ,tid。 3d后症状无明显减轻 ,遂到医院就诊。遵医嘱口服地塞米松 0 .75mgtid。服用 2次后 ,出现夜间失眠 (该患者睡眠一直很好 ,从不失眠 )。第 2d主动停药 ,夜间未出现失眠。因中耳炎症状仍未明显好转 ,第 3d患者再度服用地塞米松片 0 .75mgtid。当晚出现严重失眠 ,整夜不能入睡。停服地塞米松后 ,失眠症状消失。据记载 ,糖皮质激素类药物在药理剂量时 ,可能发生欣快感、激动、不安、谵妄、定向力障碍等精神症状。有时可表现为抑郁。这些精神症状尤易发生于慢性消耗…     

兰索拉唑致干咳1例

<正>1病例患者,男,36岁,因患有胃溃疡,遵医嘱服用兰索拉唑(片剂,山东罗欣药业股份有限公司,批号:111071,规格:15 mg)30 mg,qd。服用3 d后,出现阵发性干咳,夜间加重,服用止咳药未见好转,来院就诊。查体:病人一般情况好,肺部听诊无干湿啰音,X线胸片未见异常。随即停药,建议改用奥美拉唑20 mg,bid,po。2 d后干咳症状消失。2周后再次服用兰索拉唑,服用3 d后再次出现阵发性干咳,考虑为药品不良反应停药后咳嗽症状消失。追问病史,患者无过敏史。2讨论     

硝苯地平引起手指关节红肿一例

患女，64岁，诊断为高血压Ⅱ期，间断服用硝苯地平和复方利血平治疗。治疗3年（10mg／次，3次／d）后出现右手中指两个关节红肿、胀痛、关节活动受限，局部外用药物无效。后因血压稳定停用硝苯地平，未停用复方利血平，红肿、胀痛、活动受限等局部症状消失，但因血压上升，再次服用硝苯地平（10mg／次，3次／d），且未服用其他降压药，关节同一部位叉出现红肿及肿胀。考虑可能为硝苯地平不良反应，改服其他降压药后症状消失，且未再出现类似症状。     

多巴丝肼过量致左侧肢体不随意运动

1例46岁男性患者因帕金森病服用多巴丝肼治疗,最初剂量为125 mg、3次/d,服用1年。因症状进行性加重,自行服用250 mg、4次/d,服用1.5年。之后,患者欲完全控制症状,再次自行将多巴丝肼剂量调整至125 mg/1.5 h(每日剂量达1375 mg)。约3个月后出现发作性左侧肢体不随意运动,停用多巴丝肼后上述症状逐渐减轻。停药第4天起再次给予患者多巴丝肼250 mg、4次/d口服,左侧肢体不自主抽动逐渐减少,1周后肢体抽动症状未发作。随访3个月未发作肢体不随意运动。     

硫普罗宁致高热、肺水肿及胸腔积液

1例60岁女性患者因肝功能轻度异常口服硫普罗宁0.2 g,3次/d。约20 d后患者在服用硫普罗宁后十几分钟突然出现畏寒、发热,最高体温39.3℃。当地医院给予头孢呋辛、阿奇霉素、莫西沙星等药物治疗,但未停用硫普罗宁,患者症状无改善,且出现干咳、活动后气喘、肺水肿及胸腔积液,遂入我院。入院后仍给予抗感染治疗,但患者自行停用硫普罗宁,第2天患者体温即降至正常,4 d后患者各种症状好转出院。出院后2 d患者自行服用硫普罗宁0.2 g后十几分钟再次出现高热、畏寒,停药并给予退热处理,症状消失。     

桂利嗪致抑郁状态5例

本文报告5例桂利嗪所致抑郁状态。5例均系脑动脉硬化症患者,平均年龄64±5yr。服用桂利嗪76-150mg/d,平均45±8d后出现抑郁症状,停药后平均28±13d症状消失。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.