广东新兴地区致病性A组链球菌病种分布及耐药性分析

目的了解致病性A组链球菌（GAS）在广东新兴地区的病种分布及其耐药情况,以便指导临床用药。方法2007年1月至2009年6月间,采集新兴地区学龄期儿童咽拭子、脓液等标本2063例,共分离出致病性GAS菌株85例,药物敏感性试验用含5％去纤维羊血的M—H琼脂培养基,按K—B纸片扩散法进行。结果85株致病性GAS菌株中急性咽炎36株,化脓性扁桃腺炎25株,急性风湿热5株,急性肾小球肾炎6株,银屑病4株,其他病种9株;对红霉素等大环内酯为耐药达77．65％以上,除克林霉素外,GAS对其他类抗生素耐药率与大环内酯类比较（P〈0．05）,差异有显著性;急性风湿热与化脓性扁桃腺炎、急性咽炎病例中的GAS对头孢菌类耐药率比较（P〈0．05）,差异有显著性。结论本地区致病性GAS分布较广泛,治疗或预防GAS感染仍宜首选青霉素类或头孢菌素类。     

深圳市学龄前儿童流感嗜血杆菌带菌情况及分型研究

目的了解深圳市健康学龄前儿童口咽部流感嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus influenza,Hi）携带情况及菌型特点。方法选择深圳市具有代表性的3所日托幼儿园健康儿童181名,进行口咽部Hi携带率监测,Hi分离株进一步作生物学分型、血清分型及PFGE分子分型。结果从181份样品中共分离到Hi45株,阳性率为24．9％。生物学分型分别为Ⅰ型2株（4．4％）、Ⅱ型13株（28．9％）、Ⅲ型18株（40．0％）、Ⅳ型2株（4．4％）、Ⅴ型2株（4．4％）、Ⅵ型2株（4．4％）、Ⅶ型0、Ⅷ型6株（13．3％）。血清分型为不可分型44株,占97．8％（44／45）,b型为1株,占2．2％（1／45）。PFGE分型：39株血清不可分型}H分为38个基因型。结论深圳市学龄前健康儿童口咽部Hi携带率为24．9％,与国内南方各大城市无差异,生物学分型以Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型为主,PFGE结果显示,深圳市学龄前儿童携带的Hi菌株基因高度多态性,无优势菌株。     

静脉滴注头孢菌素类药物致双硫仑样反应二例

A群链球菌（GAS）是引起咽炎的常见病原菌,约15％～30％儿童咽痛由GAS所致,为早期诊断由GAS所引起的上呼吸道感染,本研究使用免疫层析法（ICA）、荧光原位杂交法（FISH）、培养法检测了390份标本,并进行了比较分析,现报道如下;     

孕妇围产期B群链球菌检出率和耐药性分析

目的调查孕妇围产期B群链球菌的带菌情况并对其药敏结果进行分析，预防新生儿B群链球菌感染性疾病。方法同时收集孕35～37周孕妇阴道和直肠分泌物的标本各430份，进行培养和鉴定并统计其阳性率，用K—B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验，采用WHONET5．4软件进行统计分析。结果430例围产期孕妇检出B群链球菌52株，阳性率12．1％（52／430），其中围产期孕妇阴道和直肠部位同时检出B群链球菌的有18株，占4．2％（18／430），仅阴道部位检出B群链球菌的有27株，占6．3％，仅直肠部位检出B群链球菌的有7株，占1．6％。用K—B纸片扩散法对B群链球菌进行药敏试验：青霉素、头孢曲松、万古霉素未见耐药株，但左氧氟沙星、红霉素和克林霉素的耐药率分别是21．2％、69．2％和51．9％。结论孕妇阴道和直肠均为B群链球菌的携带部位，建议应对孕妇的阴道和直肠分泌物同时送检以提高其检出率；如发现阳性应对该菌株进行药敏试验。B群链球菌阳性的孕产妇应立即进行干预治疗，以保证围产儿健康。     

潍坊地区住院儿童肺炎支原体感染状况分析

目的调查分析潍坊地区住院儿童肺炎支原体感染情况，为肺炎支原体感染的预防、临床诊断及治疗提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2012年12月在潍坊医学院附属医院儿科住院治疗的4560例呼吸道感染患儿的血清肺炎支原体抗体（Mp—lgM）检测结果进行统计分析。结果在4560例患儿中肺炎支原体引起的呼吸道感染率达29．5％，性别间感染率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在各年龄段儿童中，4～6岁的学龄前儿童的感染率达47．9％，1岁以内患儿感染率亦有升高趋势。秋季感染率最高，达35．2％，各季节肺炎支原体感染发病率明显不同，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肺炎支原体现已成为儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体之一，学龄前儿童易感性强，有感染幼龄化趋势，且高发季节已有原来的秋冬季变为全年多发。     

儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解儿童肺炎链球菌（SP）的感染情况和对儿科常用抗菌药物的耐药状况，为预防感染和合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法采集患儿的临床标本进行肺炎链球菌的分离、鉴定和药敏试验，并统计分析其结果。结果共检出290株肺炎链球菌，未发现有耐万古霉素和阿莫西林／棒酸的肺炎球菌，对青霉素的MIC为0．003—1．0mg／L，未检出青霉素高耐药菌株，青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSSP）达18．3％（53／290），对复方新诺明、克林霉素、红霉素、四环素、氯霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢克洛、氧氟沙星、头孢曲松的耐药率分别为：60．0％，59．3％，53．8％，41．4％，19．0％，16．2％，13．4％，3．1％，1．4％。结论肺炎链球菌是呼吸道感染和中耳炎的重要病原菌。应加强病原菌的耐药性监测，合理、谨慎使用抗菌药物，有效进行抗感染治疗，延缓耐药菌株的出现和遏制耐药株菌的播散。     

2005—2006年烟台地区儿童肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌抗生素敏感性调查

目的：了解烟台地区儿童肺炎链球菌（Sp）、流感嗜血杆菌（Hi）对常用抗生素的敏感性。方法：对2005—2006年在烟台毓璜顶医院住院的肺炎患儿采取痰标本，采用ATB Expression自动细菌鉴定仪行痰培养；分离出Sp及Hi菌株，并行抗生素敏感性试验。结果：939例肺炎患儿分离Sp112株，Hi77株。Sp对常用抗生素耐药率为：青霉素92株（82．2％）、阿莫西林32株（28．6％）、红霉素111株（99．1％）、复方新诺明109株（97．3％）、万古霉素0株（0％）。Hi对常用抗生素耐药率为：氨苄西林36株（46．8％），复方阿莫西林8株（10．4％），头孢克洛14株（18．2％），头孢呋辛6株（7．8％），第三代头孢菌素5株（6．5％），复方新诺明69株（89．6％）。结论：烟台地区儿童Sp、Hi耐药形势严峻。Sp对青霉素、红霉素、复方新诺明等多重耐药。Hi对氨苄西林、复方新诺明耐药率高，对第三代头孢菌素、头孢呋辛、阿莫西林克拉维酸敏感性较高。     

儿童咽拭子标本406份中EB病毒的检测及其基因型鉴定

目的了解湖南省株洲、湘潭和衡阳地区儿童鼻咽部EB病毒的感染状况及其基因型,为EB病毒的治疗、预防和临床检验提供指导。方法从株洲、湘潭和衡阳部分医院收集疑似EB病毒感染的儿童咽拭子标本406份,采用荧光定量聚合酶联反应（FQ—PCR）检测标本中的EB病毒-DNA;阳性标本分别用特异性引物从中扩增3个目的基因片段,其中PCR扩增的EBNA-3C片段直接电泳以分析1／2分型,BamHI片段和BamHI WI／I1交界区基因片段采用PCR-RFLP分析鉴定F／f和C／D分型,测序和Blast比对验汪分型结果。结果从406份标本中共检出 EB病毒-DNA阳性株159份,株洲74份（38．5％）,其中1型72份（97．3％）,2型2份（2．7％）;湘潭42份（38．9％）,1型40份（95．2％）,2型2份（4．8％）;衡阳43份（40．6％）,1型43份（100％）,2型未发现、从159份阳性株中随机扩增了73份做F／f分型,68份做C／D分型,共检测到F型73份,C型68份,3个地区均未检测到f型和D型。结论株洲,湘潭和衡阳儿童鼻咽部EB病毒感染的检出率分别为38．5％,38．9％,40．6％,且其主要感染的3种独立基因型以1、C、F型为主,3个地区间儿童鼻咽部EB病毒-DNA的检出率及其基因型的差异无统计学意义。     

1994年～2004年杭州地区O139群霍乱弧菌携SXT元件和整合子的特征

目的了解杭州地区O139群霍乱弧菌菌株携带SXT元件和整合子的特征。方法对1994年～2004年杭州地区腹泻患者分离的ctxA阳性霍乱弧菌O139群菌株25株（1994年～2004年）、O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）18株，应用PCR进行SXT元件和Ⅰ类整合子检测，并对Ⅰ类整合子携带的基因盒进行核酸序列测定，同时检测菌株对10种抗生素的耐药谱。结果1994年分离的浙江省首株O139群菌株即开始携带SXT元件。1994年～2004年分离的25株O139群菌株中，SXT元件携带率为96．00％（24／25）；18株O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）均属O139群出现后分离的，SXT元件为83．33％（15／18）。Ⅰ类整合子最早出现于1998年分离的O139群菌株，总阳性率为60．00％（15／25）；在2000年以后检出的O139群菌株中，携带率为81．25％（13／16）；Ⅰ类整合子中的基因盒阵列有两种：一为aadA2，占93．33％（14／15）；另一为dfrAI2＋orfF＋aadA3c，占6．67％（1／15）。18株O1群菌株（1997年～2001年）中未发现有Ⅰ类整合子。结论SXT元件在O139群（1994年～2004年）和O1群（1997年～2001年）霍乱弧菌中有较高的携带率。Ⅰ类整合子在2000年以后检出的O139群菌株中有较高的携带率。携带的基因盒提示，O139群菌株与其他细菌可能通过Ⅰ类整合子途经交换对抗生素耐药基因。     

6312例学前儿童流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌以及肺炎链球菌感染的血清型分型及其耐药状况分析

目的:分析洛阳地区学前儿童流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌及肺炎链球菌感染的血清型分型及耐药状况.方法:选取医院2017年1月-2019年12月儿科6岁以下呼吸道感染患儿6312例病历资料,分析其病原菌培养、血清型鉴定和药敏试验结果对用药的影响.结果:6312例患儿痰标本中,分离出8936株病原菌,其中流感嗜血杆菌3802株(占42.54％)、卡他莫拉菌2463株(占27.56％)、肺炎链球菌1346株(占20.00％)和其他菌株1483株(占9.90％);肺炎链球菌血清型分型以19A型(30.87％)、6A型(25.50％)为主,其疫苗接种覆盖率(percent vaccine coverage rate,PVC 7)为57.16％,PVC 11覆盖率为60.01％,PVC 13覆盖率为75.00％;流感嗜血杆菌对复方磺胺甲噁唑和氨苄西林的耐药率均较高,对头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟和美罗培南则无耐药;卡他莫拉菌对阿奇霉素、红霉素和克拉霉素的耐药率较高,对阿莫西林-克拉维酸钾则无耐药;肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素和复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率较高,对非口服青霉素和万古霉素则无耐药.结论:洛阳地区学前儿童流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌及肺炎链球菌感染中,致病菌以流感嗜血杆菌为主,其次为卡他莫拉菌、肺炎链球菌感染,肺炎链球菌血清型分型以19A型、6A型为主,PVC 13覆盖率较高,且流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌及肺炎链球菌对头孢噻肟均无耐药,临床可根据其药敏试验结果,合理选用抗菌药物治疗,确保其临床疗效.     

A组乙型溶血性链球菌感染90例临床分析

目的 分析总结A组乙型溶血性链球菌(group A Streptococcus pyogens, GAS)感染患者的临床特点以提高诊疗水平。方法 收集温州医科大学附属第二医院自2005-2016年收住的90例证实为GAS感染患者的临床资料并进行统计分析。结果 GAS感染在儿童中最常见的疾病表现为扁桃体炎(38.0%)，成人中则为局部皮肤软组织感染(72.7%)。实验室指标，C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)、降钙素原(PCT)、抗链球菌溶血素O(ASO)可有所升高。目前GAS对常用抗菌药物仍较敏感。预后89例治愈后出院，1例死亡病例。结论 GAS感染在儿童中以学龄期常见，在成人中以中年期常见。GAS感染患者在合理使用抗菌药物后，预后良好，少有危重症感染发生。     

Macrolide, lincosamide and tetracycline susceptibility and emm characterisation of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes isolates in Israel

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GAS) causes a variety of infections, including life-threatening illnesses. Although the species is uniformly penicillin susceptible, resistance to other antibiotics is becoming more common. We studied the prevalence of resistance and associated factors in a nationwide, prospective, population-based study of invasive infections in Israel. Isolates were collected in collaboration with 24 hospitals in Israel during 1996-1999. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of erythromycin (ERY), clindamycin (CLI) and tetracycline (TET) were determined as well as ERY and TET resistance phenotypes and genotypes. Five hundred isolates were examined: 136 (27.2%) were not susceptible to TET, 10 (2.0%) to ERY and 5 (1%) to CLI. ERY resistance was associated with emm types 12 and 83 (P<0.001 for both). MICs of TET had a bimodal distribution distinguishing sensitive and resistant populations. Non-susceptibility to TET was mainly due to the presence of tet(M) and was associated with T types 3, 3/13/B3624 and 9 and emm types 9, 33, 64, 73, 74, 76, 77 and 83. TET susceptibility was associated with T types 1, 2 and 11, emm types 1-4, 11, 12, 22, 26 and 75 and the presence of speA and speC. In Israel, resistance of invasive GAS isolates to ERY remains low and is associated with specific T and emm types, as is TET resistance. TET resistance is less frequent than previously reported in Israel and is associated with a lower prevalence of speA and speC.     

Antibiotic therapy against acute tonsillopharyngitis in children due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci: comparison of clinical efficacy, the bactericidal effects, and effects on oral flora between cefditoren pivoxil for 5 days and amoxicillin for 10 days

We compared the clinical efficacy, the bactericidal effects, effect on the oral microbial flora, and adverse reactions between cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI) for 5 days and amoxicillin (AMPC) for 10 days in children with acute group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) tonsillopharyngitis, and simultaneously examined the emm genotype and drug susceptibility of the isolated GAS. The results showed that the clinical efficacy was 100% for CDTR-PI and 97.9% for AMPC, with no difference between the two groups, and the bacterial elimination rate was 100% in both groups. No serious adverse event was noted in either group. On the other hand, concerning changes in the oral microbial flora between before and after treatment, the amount of bacteria showed no change in the CDTR-PI group (p = 0.5761) but clearly decreased in the AMPC group (p = 0.0049). This indicates that CDTR-PI does not disturb the oral microbial flora compared with AMPC. Also, the emm types determined in the 112 GAS strains isolated in this study were similar to those that have recently been isolated frequently in Japan. Concerning the drug resistance, none of the isolates showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, but 45% of them were resistant to macrolides. The advantages of short-term treatment are considered to include a lower cost, improvement in drug compliance, decrease in the frequency of the occurrence of adverse reactions, decrease in the frequency of the appearance of drug-resistant strains, and alleviation of the psychological burden of patients and their parents. For these reasons, we conclude that CDTR-PI for 5 days is a useful option for the treatment of acute GAS tonsillopharyngitis in children.     

Molecular mechanisms of high level tetracycline-resistance in group A streptococcal isolates, T serotypes 4 and 11

The molecular mechanism of high level tetracycline resistance in T serotypes 4 and 11 group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates was examined in 61 tetracycline-resistant isolates in Japan. PCR and sequencing analyses revealed that the T serotype/emm genotype, T4/4 isolates carried tet(O) genes, which were genetically homogenous. The T11/11 and T11/89 isolates carried different subtypes of tet(M) genes, which were present on transposons Tn916 and Tn1545, respectively. In addition, these T11 isolates may have obtained the tet(M) gene after the 1990s, because resistance to tetracycline in T11 isolates was rarely found before then. These results strongly suggested that the T4 and T11 GAS isolates acquired tetracycline-resistance via different molecular mechanisms.     

猩红热79例最新临床特点分析

目的探讨猩红热的最新临床特点。方法对79例猩红热患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果79例中发现临床表现趋向轻症化、皮疹不典型化,而初诊为过敏性皮疹8例,扁桃体炎4例,病毒疹3例（风疹1例）,湿疹3例,传染性单核细胞增多症1例误诊,第2次发病2例。结论应提高对猩红热最新临床特征的辩别认识,尽早行辅助检查以减少误诊。     

Treatment options in the management of necrotising fasciitis caused by Group A Streptococcus

Invasive Group A Streptococcus (GAS) disease is a serious condition that has multiple manifestations. A particularly severe form of invasive GAS disease is necrotising fasciitis (NF). The case-fatality rate of GAS NF is ～ 20%. Penicillin remains the antibiotic of choice when treating invasive GAS infections. Epidemiological studies have shown that clindamycin is effective in the treatment of deep infections that are caused by GAS. Clinicians should consider adding clindamycin to the β-lactam antibiotic regimen when NF or myositis is present. Intravenous immunoglobulin appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in the management of GAS NF. Consultations with surgeons and infectious disease specialists are imperative.     

Treatment options in the management of necrotising fasciitis caused by Group A Streptococcus

Invasive Group A Streptococcus (GAS) disease is a serious condition that has multiple manifestations. A particularly severe form of invasive GAS disease is necrotising fasciitis (NF). The case-fatality rate of GAS NF is approximately 20%. Penicillin remains the antibiotic of choice when treating invasive GAS infections. Epidemiological studies have shown that clindamycin is effective in the treatment of deep infections that are caused by GAS. Clinicians should consider adding clindamycin to the beta-lactam antibiotic regimen when NF or myositis is present. Intravenous immunoglobulin appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in the management of GAS NF. Consultations with surgeons and infectious disease specialists are imperative.     

热毒宁注射液用于小儿急性上呼吸道感染中早期退热的临床观察

目的观察热毒宁注射液用于小儿急性上呼吸道感染中早期退热的治疗效果。方法将292例小儿急性上呼吸道感染患者随机分为试验组和对照组各146例。2组均采用对症治疗,在此基础上,对照组使用病毒唑注射液治疗;试验组使用热毒宁注射液治疗。治疗后观察2组临床疗效。结果试验组总有效率为98.6%高于对照组的90.4%,退热时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论热毒宁注射液用于小儿急性上呼吸道感染中早期退热,治疗效果较好,不良反应少,值得临床推广应用。     

Management of children with prolonged fever of unknown origin and difficulties in the management of fever of unknown origin in children in developing countries

This is Part II of a 2-part paper on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children. It examines the aetiology and management of prolonged FUO in children and the difficulties in the management of FUO in children in developing countries. Part I of this paper discussed acute FUO in children and was published in the March 2001 issue of Paediatric Drugs. Prolonged FUO is documented fever of more than 7 to 10 days which has no apparent source and no apparent diagnosis after 1 week of clinical investigations. About 34% of cases of prolonged FUO are caused by infections, with bacterial meningitis and urinary tract infection accounting for about 6.5 and 11.4%, respectively, of cases attributable to infections. Chronic infections, particularly tuberculosis and 'old' disorders such as Kawasaki disease, cat-scratch disease and Epstein-Barr virus infection presenting with 'new' manifestations, collagen-vascular diseases and neoplastic disorders are the other issues of major concern in prolonged FUO. Overall, however, there is a trend towards an increased number of undiagnosed cases. This is due to advancements in diagnostic techniques, such that illnesses which were previously common among the causes of prolonged FUO are now diagnosed earlier, before the presentation becomes that of prolonged FUO. Clinical examination supplemented with laboratory tests to screen for serious bacterial infections should be the mainstay of initial evaluation of children with prolonged FUO. Use of scanning techniques (such as computerised tomography and ultrasound) as additional supplements to this clinical examination may allow for the earlier diagnosis of causes of prolonged FUO in children such as 'occult' abdominal tumours. A common error in management of children with prolonged FUO is the failure to perform a complete history and physical examination; repeated clinical examination and continued observation are of paramount importance in the diagnosis of difficult cases. Major difficulties in the management of FUO in children in developing countries include constraints in the availability and reliability of laboratory tests, cost, misuse of antibiotics and difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of malaria and typhoid fever. Malaria and typhoid fever are major aetiological considerations in both acute and prolonged FUO in children in developing countries. The newer quinolones may hold great promise for the treatment of serious bacterial infections, including meningitis, which are associated with prolonged FUO in developing countries.