开颅手术后发生颅内感染的相关性危险因素分析

目的探讨开颅手术后发生颅内感染的相关性危险因素,为颅内感染的防治提供理论依据。方法选取我院实施开颅手术并发生术后颅内感染的40例患者为感染组,选取同期未发生颅内感染的60例患者为对照组,收集和分析研究对象的临床资料,将可能引起颅内感染的危险因素数量化值后输入SPSS 20.0软件,对每个变量进行单因素分析,将筛选出的颅内感染发生相关危险因素进行多元回归分析。结果单因素分析表明,开放性颅脑损伤、后颅窝手术、手术时间、脑脊液外漏、脑室外引流时间是导致开颅术后颅内感染的危险因素(P0.05);Losgistic多因素回归分析结果为,开放性颅脑损伤(OR=3.022,P0.05)、后颅窝手术(OR=7.356,P0.05)、手术时间(OR=2.797,P0.05)、脑脊液外漏(OR=4.787,P0.015)、脑室外引流时间(OR=8.095,P0.01)是导致开颅术后颅内感染的独立高危因素。结论开放性颅脑损伤、后颅窝手术、手术时间、脑脊液外漏、脑室外引流时间是导致开颅术后颅内感染的独立高危因素,应预防性应用更大剂量或更有效的抗生素治疗以预防感染的发生。     

开颅手术后颅内感染相关危险因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨开颅手术后颅内感染相关的危险因素，为预防和控制颅内感染提供依据。方法检索1994年至2004年在国内杂志发表的有关颅内感染的相关文献，收集描述其相关危险因素的文献进行荟萃分析，对开颅术后颅内感染的相关危险因素进行二分类Logistic回归统计。结果共有46篇论文进入荟萃分析，其中有18篇文献探讨了颅内感染危险因素构成比，12篇可提取6种主要相关危险因素的可比较资料。开颅术后发生颅内感染构成比最高的是手术时间〉4h，占54．81％，其它依次为颅内置管引流、后颅窝手术、开放性颅脑损伤、急诊手术和脑脊液漏。二分类Logistic回归统计结果显示，脑脊液漏（OR=11．587）、开放性颅脑损伤（OR=3．024）和后颅窝手术（OR=2．737）是构成颅内感染密切关联危险因素（P〈0．05，OR〉1）。结论分析结果证实了开颅手术后脑脊液漏、开放性颅脑损伤和后颅窝手术是术后颅内感染的主要危险因素。     

颅脑术后颅内感染相关危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑术后颅内感染的相关危险因素,为临床预防术后颅内感染提供参考。方法对2011年10月至2015年10月行开颅手术的1 049例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据纳入及排除标准排除68例,最终纳入981例。采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果 981例中,术后发生颅内感染感染41例(4.2%)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示手术持续时间4 h、颅后窝手术、脑室外引流术、置入性材料、发生脑脊液漏、糖尿病是颅脑术后发生颅内感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论严密缝合硬脑膜、缩短手术时间及脑室外引流时间、避免不必要的置入性材料、有效控制糖尿病病人血糖可有效预防、减少颅脑术后颅内感染。     

颅脑损伤开颅术后并发颅内血肿危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤开颅术后发生颅内血肿的危险因素。方法回顾性分析165例颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验开颅术后发生颅内血肿的危险因素。结果 165例中,术后发生颅内血肿30例,未发生135例。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,舒张压增高(OR=1.279;95%CI:1.247~1.312;P0.001)、凝血酶时间异常(OR=4.151;95%CI:2.500~6.891;P0.001)、颅骨骨折(OR=1.076;95%CI:1.021~1.135;P=0.008)、去骨板减压术(OR=1.162;95%CI:1.013~1.334;P=0.035)是颅脑损伤开颅术后发生颅内血肿的独立危险因素。结论对于存在血压异常、凝血功能异常、颅骨骨折以及行去骨板减压术的颅脑损伤,开颅术后应注意防止继发性颅内血肿。     

颅底肿瘤开颅手术后颅内感染相关危险因素分析

目的 筛查颅底肿瘤开颅手术后颅内感染的相关危险因素.方法 回顾分析2010年5月至2020年1月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行开颅颅底肿瘤切除术的159例患者临床资料,单因素和多因素前进法Logistic回归分析筛查术后颅内感染相关危险因素.结果 159例患者中81例发生术后颅内感染,颅内感染率为50.94％.Logis...     

重型颅脑损伤开颅术后继发急性脑梗死的危险因素

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅术继发急性脑梗死（ACI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年11月开颅手术治疗的96例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。采用多因素logistic回归分析检验继发ACI的危险因素。结果 96例中,术后继发ACI 12例,发生率为12.5%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,术前GCS评分3~5分、合并脑疝、低血压及合并蛛网膜下腔出血为术后继发ACI的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 重型颅脑损伤开颅术后ACI发生率较高,术中有效扩容、扩血管治疗,同时加强血压控制,积极预防脑疝,有助于减少术后ACI。     

颅脑外伤术后颅内感染相关危险因素分析

目的探讨影响患者颅脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染的相关危险因素,并对其进行分析。方法采用回顾性研究比较分析了我科439例颅脑外伤病人术后出现颅内感染和术后未出现颅内感染组间的相关差异因素。结果 439例患者中,发生颅内感染65例,颅内感染率为14.81%。颅脑外伤术后颅内感染与开放性颅脑损伤、GCS评分、术后放置外引流管有关,而与性别、年龄、手术持续时间等因素无关。结论对具有上述危险因素的颅脑外伤的病人应给予更密切的关注和预防性的处理。     

神经外科开颅手术颅内感染危险因素分析

目的研究神经外科开颅手术颅内感染危险因素,为临床预防、控制颅内感染提供依据。方法选取2009-05—2012-05我院神经外科收治的80例行神经外科开颅手术的患者为研究对象,根据术后是否发生颅内感染将80例患者分为颅内感染组和未颅内感染组。对比分析2组患者相关资料。结果分析结果表明,2组患者在诊断和手术情况、入住重症监护室、住院时间、手术时间、留置导尿管以及H2受体阻滞剂对比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,手术人员和手术时间是术后发生颅内感染的危险因素。结论经外科开颅手术颅内感染与手术人员手术技巧、手术时间有极大关系。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后医院感染的影响因素研究

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤病人术后医院感染发病率、部位和影响因素。方法回顾性分析950例经去骨瓣减压治疗的重型颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,分为医院感染组400例与非医院感染组550例。运用多因素Logistic回归分析,得到重型颅脑损伤病人术后医院感染的影响因素。结果重型颅脑损伤术后医院感染发病率为42.1%;呼吸系统感染(53.75%)和泌尿系统感染(29.50%)位居发病率前两位。Logistic回归分析结果显示:年龄(OR=1.278,95%CI:1.039-1.425)、手术时间(OR=2.367,95%CI:1.032-4.430)、入住ICU时间(OR=1.453,95%CI:1.329-1.976)、术后脑室外引流时间(OR=1.925,95%CI:1.365-2.552)、损伤类型(OR=1.835,95%CI:1.502-2.703)、气管插管或切开(OR=3.045,95%CI:1.256-8.277)、术前GCS评分(OR=1.456,95%CI:1.309-3.725)均为重型颅脑损伤术后医院感染的危险因素。结论在制定临床治疗方案时,应针对重型颅脑损伤病人术后医院感染的危险因素作重点考虑和针对性设计。     

影响颅脑外伤术后颅内感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响颅脑外伤开颅术后颅内感染的危险因素。方法采用回顾性研究比较分析了912例颅脑损伤术后出现颅内感染与未出现颅内感染组间的差异因素。结果非感染 770例,颅内感染142例(15．6％)。感染类型有无菌性脑膜炎、细菌性脑膜炎、脑室炎及脑室积脓、脑脓肿、硬膜下腔积脓、术区皮下或(和)骨瓣下化脓或合并骨髓炎、切口感染。细菌检出率占感染的27．5％。颅脑外伤术后感染与高温季节、高龄、重度以上损伤、短期内两次以上手术、连续两侧开颅术、长时间 (>5 h)手术、显微外科手术、颅底与后颅凹手术、脑室外引流、皮下或硬膜外积液以及急诊手术等因素相关(P<0．05)。结论对具有上述危险冈素的易感患者应给予更密切的关注和预防性的处理。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.