动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血并脑积水的防治研究

目的探讨腰大池置管持续引流对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)并发脑积水的防治效果。方法选取86例a SAH急性期行动脉瘤夹闭手术患者随机分为两组:对照组患者术后仅行间断腰椎穿刺治疗,观察组患者则术后则行腰大池置管持续外引流治疗,并定期测定两组患者脑脊液中溶血磷脂酸(LPA)含量,观察其与a SAH并发脑积水的关系及临床安全性。结果 a SAH对照组患者发病7 d、14 d时脑脊液LPA含量显著高于观察组(t1=8.225,P=0.000;t2=4.168,P<0.001);a SAH对照组并发急性脑积水的发生率与观察组间无显著性差异(χ2=0.192,P=0.661),而a SAH对照组并发亚急性和慢性脑积水的发生率明显高于观察组(χ2=7.535,P=0.006);所有a SAH并发脑积水患者发病14 d时脑脊液中LPA含量显著高于a SAH未并发脑积水患者(t=4.893,P<0.001);治疗期间两组a SAH患者均未出现严重并发症。结论早期腰大池持续外引流能够有效防治a SAH并发脑积水的发生,该作用与其降低a SAH后脑脊液中LPA含量密切相关。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑脊液引流与分流依赖性脑积水的关系

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)后脑脊液引流与分流依赖性脑积水的关系。方法回顾性分析68例a SAH病人的临床资料,因a SAH致脑积水接受脑脊液引流治疗,根据是否出现分流依赖性脑积水,将病人分为永久分流组(n=22)和非永久分流组(n=46)。统计分析脑脊液引流与分流依赖性脑积水的相关性。结果两组病人在术前Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级、颅内感染、脑脊液平均引流时间的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。永久分流组7 d内与14 d内的脑脊液每日平均引流量均明显高于非永久分流组,其具有显著统计学差异(P0.001)。结论 a SAH后脑脊液每日引流量可能成为分流依赖性脑积水的影响因素,每日平均引流量高的病人易发展为分流依赖性脑积水。     

帕金森病患者血清可溶性Fas和可溶性Fas配体水平观察

目的观察血清中细胞凋亡蛋白可溶性Fas(sFas)与可溶性Fas配体(sFasL)的水平及其动态变化是否参与帕金森病(PD)的发生,探索PD可能的发病机制。方法60例帕金森病患者(男性34例,女性26例)为研究组,30例健康体检者(男性16例,女性14例)为对照组。用酶联免疫分析法检测两组血清sFas/sFasI水平,比较两组之间sFas/sFasI浓度的差异。结果PD组Hoehn-Yahr分级1-5级血清sFas/sFasI水平均显著高于对照组(P值均0.05)。PD组UPDRS评分轻度、中度和重度血清sFas/sFasL水平均显著高于对照组(P值均0.05)。PD患者血清sFas/sFasI水平呈正相关性(r=0.801;P=0.01)。结论血清sFas/sFasL的水平与PD病情严重程度有关,血清sFas/sFasL水平与PD的发病有一定的关系。     

促血管生成素对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血预后关系

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)患者血清促血管生成素(Ang)水平及其对a SAH患者预后的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究的方式,收集2015年1月至2016年3月青岛大学第三附属医院青岛市市立医院脑科中心收治的150例符合入组条件的a SAH患者作为研究对象,分别于发病后8 h、24 h、72 h采集患者外周静脉血,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清促血管生成素-1(Ang-1)、促血管生成素-2(Ang-2)、促血管生成素受体-2(Tie-2)水平,并将该院体检中心同期150例健康成年人的血清Ang水平作为对照;采用重复测量方差分析,比较不同预后a SAH患者血清Ang水平及变化趋势,采用Logistic回归模型分析血清Ang水平与患者预后结局之间的关系。结果a SAH患者血清Ang-1、Ang-2和Tie-2表达水平以及Ang-1/Ang-2比值随着发病时间的延长均呈现不同程度的增高,均高于健康对照组(P0.05);Ang-1水平和Ang-1/Ang-2比值在发病后8 h内已显著高于健康对照组水平,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。预后良好组a SAH患者血清Ang-1表达水平在SAH后8 h、24 h和72 h均高于预后不良组,血清Ang-2水平在SAH后72 h高于预后不良组,特异性受体Tie-2水平在SAH后24 h高于预后不良组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,SAH发病后8 h、24 h和72 h血清Ang-1表达水平[相对危险度(OR)及95%置信区间(CI)分别为:1.128(0.742~1.714)、2.042(1.151~3.623)、3.893(2.318~6.536)]和SAH后24 h特异性受体Tie-2水平[OR:2.400(1.053~5.474)]是a SAH患者预后的影响因素。结论 a SAH患者血清Ang-1水平变化水平与预后呈正相关关系,预后良好a SAH患者的发病后72 h的血清Ang-1保持较高水平,Ang-1可作为判断a SAH患者预后的重要生物标志物。     

腰大池引流术对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑脊液NO、ET-1水平的影响

目的探讨腰大池引流术对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(tSAH)脑脊液一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)水平的影响。方法2015年3月至2016年3月收治t SAH 60例,保守治疗30例(对照组),在保守治疗治疗基础上采用腰大池引流术治疗30例(观察组)。运用硝酸还原酶法检测脑脊液NO浓度,用放射免疫法检测脑脊液ET-1浓度。经颅多普勒测定大脑中动脉流速判断脑血管痉挛。颅脑CT检测判断脑梗死和脑积水。结果治疗后,观察组患者脑脊液NO水平[(59.2±7.0)mmol/L]明显高于对照组[(51.4±4.3)mmol/L;P0.05],而ET-1水平[(39.4±6.0)pg/ml]明显低于对照组[(46.4±5.3)pg/ml;P0.05]。对照组脑血管痉挛发生率(46.7%)明显高于观察组(16.7%,P0.05),脑梗死和脑积水发生率(33.3%)也明显高于观察组(10.0%,P0.05)。结论腰大池引流术治疗t SAH安全性高,能有效增加脑脊液NO含量,减少脑脊液ET-1含量,降低脑血管痉挛发生风险。     

血浆S100B蛋白预测动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血短期预后及并发症的研究

目的测定动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,a SAH)患者急性期血浆中S100B蛋白水平,评价其对该病短期临床预后及并发症的预测价值。方法连续入组天坛医院1年内发病72h内a SAH患者以及正常健康对照。采集患者临床信息,留取患者及对照组血样标本,通过ELISA法测定其血浆中S100B蛋白水平,分析其对a SAH患者短期预后不良和院内并发症的预测价值。结果纳入符合标准的患者118例,健康对照组130例,与对照组相比a SAH急性期血浆S100B水平升高(28.55 pg/m L vs.21.20 pg/m L,P0.001)。入院时Hunt-Hess分级3~5级(P0.001)、住院期间发生迟发型脑缺血(P0.001)、血浆S100B蛋白水平增高(P=0.05)以及脑积水(P=0.028)的患者预后不良风险明显增高。血浆S100B蛋白水平高的患者院内并发症风险增加(P=0.049)。结论急性期血浆S100B蛋白增高可预测a SAH短期功能预后不良以及院内并发症的发生。     

可溶性Fms样酪氨酸激酶-1预测急性颅脑损伤蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的研究

目的探讨可溶性Fms样酪氨酸激酶-1(sFlt-1)对急性颅脑损伤蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛(CVS)的预测作用。方法回顾性选择2013年1月-2016年12月来本院接受治疗的急性颅脑损伤SAH患者150例;根据SAH患者发病30d内有无CVS发生分为CVS发生组(n=56)和CVS未发生组(n=94);比较2组患者在临床特征方面的差异;通过绘制ROC曲线计算曲线下面积,评估各参数的预测效力;应用单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析探讨影响SAH后CVS发生的危险因素。结果 CVS发生组有吸烟史、高血压病史、Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、Fisher分级≥Ⅲ级患者的比例、血清sFlt-1、脑脊液sFlt-1水平显著高于CVS未发生组(P0.05),血红蛋白水平、白细胞计数显著低于CVS未发生组(P0.05);血红蛋白水平、白细胞计数、血清sFlt-1、脑脊液sFlt-1水平预测SAH后CVS发生的最佳诊断界值分别为105.00 g/L、17.00×10~9/L、118.00 ng/L、174.00 ng/L;单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Hunt-Hess分级≥Ⅲ级、Fisher分级≥Ⅲ级、血清sFlt-1水平≥118.00 ng/L、脑脊液sFlt-1水平≥174.00 ng/L会增加SAH后CVS发生的风险(P0.05)。结论入院时血清sFlt-1水平及脑脊液sFlt-1水平可能是预测急性颅脑损伤SAH后CVS发生的生物学标志物。     

实验性SAH脑脊液TGF-β1检测与慢性脑积水形成机制的研究

目的:探讨在大鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)发病过程中脑脊液转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的动态变化及与慢性脑积水形成的相关性。方法:采用ELISA方法检测正常大鼠组、生理盐水组、SAH组脑脊液TGF-β1的浓度,应用多媒体彩色图文分析系统对软脑膜胶原纤维进行定量分析。结果:SAH组大鼠脑脊液TGF-β1第1天都明显升高(P<0.05),第6天下降,第10天又开始上升并持续到第20天(P<0.05),而不同时间点生理盐水组与正常组无明显变化(P>0.05),且SAH后脑脊液TGF-β1的升高与软脑膜胶原纤维增生呈同步性。结论:SAH大鼠脑脊液中TFG-β1的表达呈双时相,第一时相与外周血小板进入脑脊液有关,对损伤脑组织的早期修复起促进作用;第二时相与被激活的巨噬细胞、血管内皮细胞、脉络膜细胞释放TGF-β1有关,且持续高水平表达与SAH后慢性脑积水的发生密切相关。     

颅脑损伤患者血清与脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平的变化及临床意义

目的探讨颅脑损伤患者血清与脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平的变化及临床意义。方法选取2014-06—2016-01我院收治的96例颅脑损伤患者为研究对象(实验组),选取同期门诊健康者30例为对照组,应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)检测样本IL-1β及NSE的含量,比较实验组发病入院后不同时间点与对照组血清与脑脊液IL-1β及NSE的水平。依据患者入院时的格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分将其分为轻度组(n=36)、中度组(n=32)和重度组(n=28),对比各组患者血清与脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平的变化。结果观察组血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平均明显高于对照组(P0.05);发病入院1d、3d,颅脑损伤患者血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平均呈升高趋势(P0.05),且在发病后第3天达到高峰;发病入院后第7天,血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平均轻微下降。轻度、中度、重度组血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平均明显高于对照组,且随着病情程度的加重,血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平均呈升高趋势,血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平与患者病情程度具有明显相关性。脑脊液中IL-1β及NSE水平均高于血清(P0.05)。结论颅脑损伤后患者血清及脑脊液IL-1β及NSE水平可反映颅脑损伤程度,可作为判断颅脑损伤患者预后的敏感指标。     

重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水的相关因素多元回归分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后并发脑积水相关因素。方法选取2006年3月~2013年7月在我院收治的281例重型颅脑损伤患者,将其分为脑积水组(45例)和非脑积水组(236例),采用单因素分析和Logistic多元回归法分析颅内血肿位置、手术持续时间、开放性颅脑损伤、SAH、去骨瓣减压、硬脑膜敞开、腰椎穿刺脑脊液置换等因素。结果单因素分析显示,两组患者在血肿部位、开放性颅脑损伤、SAH、去骨瓣减压、硬脑膜敞开、腰穿脑脊液置换方面差异有统计学意义(P0.05);行Logistic回归分析,开放性颅脑损伤、SAH、血肿位于硬膜下或脑内、去骨瓣减压、硬脑膜敞开为并发脑积水危险因素,腰穿脑脊液置换为保护因素,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论开放性颅脑损伤、硬膜下或脑内血肿、SAH、术中去除骨瓣以及硬脑膜敞开是s TBI患者术后并发脑积水的危险因素;而腰穿脑脊液置换为预防术后脑积水发生的保护因素。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。