评价3C模式在重症患者护理工作中的应用

目的评价3C模式在重症患者护理工作实践中应用的必要性。方法随机选取在该院ICU住院患者60例,随机分为常规护理组和3C模式护理组各30例,并填写患者满意度调查表和医师满意度调查表。累积分值进行统计学分析。结果人文关怀护理管理可以缓解护理人员压力,提高护士工作的主动性及工作效率,提高患者满意度,且实施前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 3C模式有利于帮助护理人员学会有意识地运用一定的沟通技巧,构建一种和谐的护患关系,做到以患者为本,真正做好人性化护理,切实提高护理服务质量。     

护患沟通在神经外科护理中的应用

目的探讨护患沟通在神经外科护理中的应用效果。方法将300例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各150例。2组均采用神经外科常规护理模式，观察组在此基础上加强对患者的护患沟通。比较2组患者的满意度和康复情况。结果观察组患者满意度和康复率均高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论神经外科具有特殊性．在加强对患者进行常规护理的同时，还应加强护患沟通，提高患者的满意度和康复率。     

护患沟通在老年糖尿病患者护理中的效果

目的：探讨护患沟通在老年糖尿病患者护理中的效果。方法选取我院2012年1月—2014年6月收治的老年糖尿病患者196例,根据入院时间的先后顺序分为观察组和对照组,各98例。对照组在治疗期间实施常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上进行护患沟通,主要内容包括环境护理、规范形体语言等非语言沟通以及心理护理、饮食沟通和糖尿病健康教育等语言沟通。比较两组患者治疗配合度和护理满意度。结果观察组治疗配合度和护理满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P 〈0.05）。结论老年糖尿病患者护理中加强护患沟通能明显提高患者在治疗中的配合度和患者护理满意度。     

护患沟通技巧对护理质量的影响分析

目的探讨护患沟通技巧对提高护理质量的重要意义。方法选取2011-2012年医院对护理人员实施护患沟通技巧培训前后20位护理人员为研究对象,比较培训前后护理人员对护患沟通技巧的掌握情况、患者满意度以及护患纠纷发生率。结果实施护患沟通技巧培训后,护理人员对护患沟通技巧掌握的合格率、满意度分别为95.0%、96.0%,明显高于对照组的80.0%、83.0%;培训后护理纠纷的发生率为5.0%,较培训前的26.0%明显降低,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论护理人员熟练掌握护患沟通技巧可以显著提升整体护理质量,增进护患之间的了解和沟通,提高患者的满意度,降低护理纠纷的发生,有利于患者疾病的治疗和康复。     

优质护理服务模式在肿瘤内科住院病房的应用

目的研究肿瘤内科住院患者实施优质护理服务模式的临床应用效果。方法本院选择2012年9月~2013年9月间诊治的320例肿瘤内科住院患者,将其随机分为两组,对照组的160例患者实施常规的肿瘤内科护理措施,观察组的160例患者实施优质护理模式。优质护理具体包括社会干预制度、心理干预制度以及术后随访制度;比较两组患者护理中并发症发生率、护理缺陷发生率以及护患纠纷以及患者的满意度。结果通过对两组患者并发症的发生率、住院病房护理缺陷以及护患纠纷进行比较,对照组患者24例存在护理缺陷,62例出现并发症,22例存在护患纠纷,142例患者满意度升高,观察组患者4例存在护理缺陷,14例出现并发症,6例存在护患纠纷,156例患者满意度明显升高,两组患者比较,观察组明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组患者的满意度明显提升,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论肿瘤内科护理人员实施优质护理服务明显提升了护理人员的素质,明显降低了护理的缺陷,明显提升了护理人员的满意度。     

护患沟通技巧在门诊换药护理中的应用

目的探讨护患沟通技巧在门诊换药护理中的应用效果。方法选择2012年4月～2013年3月在本院门诊换药的260例患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各130例,对照组采用传统的沟通方法,观察组采用护患沟通技巧,比较两组护理满意度及投诉率。结果观察组护理满意度为98．46％,明显高于对照组的88．46％;观察组投诉率为0．77％,明显低于对照组的5．38％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论门诊换药护理中采用护患沟通技巧不仅能使患者得到更好的服务,还能提高护理人员自身专业水平和交往能力,并提高社会效益。     

护患沟通在门诊护理中的应用价值研究

目的研究护患沟通在门诊护理中的应用价值。方法选取2016年1月至2016年7月于我院门诊就诊的患者250例分为对照组和观察组,各125例,对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组采护患沟通护理模式,对比两组护患纠纷发生率以及患者满意度。结果观察组护患纠纷发生率以及患者总满意度均显著优于对照组(P <0.05)。结论在门诊中应用护患沟通护理模式能提高患者就诊安全性,减少护患纠纷提高患者满意度,值得推广。     

对护患沟通在高血压护理过程中的护理价值进行分析

目的讨论护患沟通在高血压护理过程中的应用价值。方法此次研究患者例数为50例,将以上的患者分为两组进行比较,观察组和对照组,分别实施常规护理干预和加大护患沟通延续性护理干预。结果观察组患者总满意率为96.00%;而对照组患者80.00%,观察组患者的满意度明显高比对照组高16.00%,同时观察组没有出现护患纠纷事件的患者,而对照组则出现2例护患纠纷事件,差异较大,P<0.05。结论加大护患沟通,能有效的提高患者对护理人员的信任,保证临床护理工作的顺利实施,提高护理服务质量,进而保证患者健康,提高满意度,降低纠纷事件的发生率。     

护患沟通应用于皮肤科护理中的应用价值

目的：探究护患沟通在皮肤科护理中的应用价值。方法选取2007年3月—2013年7月景德镇市第六人民医院皮肤科收治的各种类型皮肤病患者124例,随机分为干预组和对照组,每组62例。对照组患者采取临床护理措施,干预组在此基础之上加入护患沟通模式。比较两组患者的护理满意度、住院环境达标率、技术水平达标率及健康宣教知识达标率。结果干预组患者的护理满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。两组患者住院环境达标率比较,差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）;干预组患者的技术水平及健康教育知识达标率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。结论在皮肤科临床护理当中加入护患沟通,可以明显提高患者的满意度,促进疾病恢复。     

护患沟通技巧对于针灸科护理工作的意义分析

目的分析护患沟通技巧在针灸科护理中的应用价值。方法选择在我院针灸科接受治疗的68例患者,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,对照组患者34例给予常规专业护理,观察组患者34例则在常规专业护理的基础上运用护患沟通技巧。对两组患者的护理效果进行比较。结果对照组和观察组护理满意度分别为73.5%和94.1%,护理投诉率分别为23.5%和2.9%,护理差错率分别为20.6%和0%,三项指标组间比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论针灸科护理工作中运用护患沟通技巧,护理效果可得到有效提高,患者满意度也可得到提高,可将护患沟通技巧在临床中推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.