质子磁共振波谱分析创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血腰大池持续引流患者脑代谢的变化

目的探讨通过质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)分析创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血腰大池持续引流患者脑内代谢物质的变化,评估腰大池持续引流对创伤所引起的蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床疗效及预后。方法将2012年10月~2015年6月收治的80例创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者随机分为治疗组40例和对照组40例。治疗组患者除采用常规方法外,入院第3 d行经腰大池持续引流的治疗,对照组患者只采用常规方法治疗;两组患者分别于入院后第3、8、14 d行经颅多普勒检查脑血流变化和比较其临床疗效。两组患者第14 d行质子磁共振波谱分析额叶、基底节、枕叶NAA、Cho、Cr及NAA/Cr,Cho/Cr值的变化,并对各项指标进行统计学分析。结果治疗组患者脑血管血流速度、临床疗效和主要症状消失率明显优于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗组额叶、基底节区域、枕叶NAA/Cr较对照组明显上升,Cho/Cr数值较对照组降低(均P0.05)。结论经腰大池持续引流可以缓解创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的脑血管痉挛,改善患者临床症状,1H-MRS对评估临床疗效及预后具有重要参考价值。     

腰大池置管持续引流对SAH患者抑郁及认知功能的影响

目的观察腰大池置管持续引流对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者术后的抑郁及认知功能的影响。方法选取2011年9月至2015年9月我科收治的84例自发性性蛛网膜下腔出血患者,随机分为两组,对照组给予间断腰椎穿刺引流,观察组给予腰大池置管持续引流,治疗前及治疗后5天采用汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评价两组患者抑郁情况,术后3个月随访时采用临床痴呆量表(CDR)评分评价患者认知功能。结果治疗后两组患者HAMD评分均明显下降,观察组HAMD评分明显低于对照组(P0.05);术后3个月后,观察组CDR评分明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论与腰椎穿刺引流术相比,腰大池置管持续引流能更好的改善SAH患者术后抑郁情绪及认知功能。     

腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗对蛛网膜下腔出血的预后分析

目的 观察腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的预后影响.方法 将SAH患者92例随机分为对照组和脑脊液持续引流组,对照组使用常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的前提下加用腰大池脑脊液引流治疗结果治疗组病人发生脑梗死、死亡率较对照组低(P＜0.05),两组再出血发生率无明显差异(P＞0.05),出院时采用GOS评价.结果 显示两组间有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 腰大池脑脊液持续引流治疗SAH的疗效肯定,能改善患者预后,减少并发症的发生.     

腰池持续引流治疗中重型颅脑损伤45例疗效分析

目的探讨腰池持续引流治疗中重型颅脑损伤的综合疗效。方法选取2007-08—2012-06本院收治的进行腰大池持续引流治疗的45例中重型颅脑损伤患者为观察组,同期采用常规腰穿放液治疗的45例中重型颅脑损伤患者为对照组,比较2组GOS评分结果及治疗前后的颅内压、脑血流动力学指标。结果观察组治疗后GOS评分均明显优于对照组,治疗后3d及5d的颅内压均低于对照组,脑血流动力学指标也均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腰池持续引流治疗中重型颅脑损伤的综合疗效较佳,可显著改善患者的颅内压及脑血流状态。     

动脉瘤破裂夹闭术后腰大池引流对蛛网膜下腔出血的治疗

目的探讨持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的临床价值。方法将122例SAH患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,两组均给予常规药物治疗和早期动脉瘤夹闭术,同时64例治疗组在麻醉后即给予持续腰大池脑脊液引流。58例对照组则在术后给予反复多次腰椎穿刺释放脑脊液。比较两组脑脊液中红细胞数变化及术后脑血管痉挛程度、脑积水并发症、GOS分级评定疗效。结果治疗组在清除蛛网膜下腔出血、减轻脑血管痉挛和脑积水发生率、治疗结果等方面均明显优于对照组,腰大池引流相关并发症极少。结论持续腰大池脑脊液引流并早期动脉瘤夹闭术治疗蛛网膜下腔出血安全、有效,适宜推广应用。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血并脑积水的防治研究

目的探讨腰大池置管持续引流对动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(a SAH)并发脑积水的防治效果。方法选取86例a SAH急性期行动脉瘤夹闭手术患者随机分为两组:对照组患者术后仅行间断腰椎穿刺治疗,观察组患者则术后则行腰大池置管持续外引流治疗,并定期测定两组患者脑脊液中溶血磷脂酸(LPA)含量,观察其与a SAH并发脑积水的关系及临床安全性。结果 a SAH对照组患者发病7 d、14 d时脑脊液LPA含量显著高于观察组(t1=8.225,P=0.000;t2=4.168,P<0.001);a SAH对照组并发急性脑积水的发生率与观察组间无显著性差异(χ2=0.192,P=0.661),而a SAH对照组并发亚急性和慢性脑积水的发生率明显高于观察组(χ2=7.535,P=0.006);所有a SAH并发脑积水患者发病14 d时脑脊液中LPA含量显著高于a SAH未并发脑积水患者(t=4.893,P<0.001);治疗期间两组a SAH患者均未出现严重并发症。结论早期腰大池持续外引流能够有效防治a SAH并发脑积水的发生,该作用与其降低a SAH后脑脊液中LPA含量密切相关。     

早期腰大池持续引流联合硫酸镁治疗弥漫性轴索损伤疗效观察

目的探讨早期实施腰大池持续性引流并给予硫酸镁治疗在弥漫性轴索损伤中的临床疗效。方法选取2010-10—2015-08收住我院的弥漫性轴索损伤患者72例,随机数字表法分为研究组(n=35)和对照组(n=37)。在给予吸氧、降颅压、营养神经及纠正水电解质失衡等常规治疗基础上,对照组采取腰大池持续引流治疗,研究组给予腰大池持续引流联合硫酸镁治疗。3个月后以格拉斯哥转归评分(GOS)对2组患者临床疗效进行评价,并统计治疗期间并发症情况。结果入院时2组患者GOS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后研究组恢复良好7例和轻度残疾15例,对照组分别为4例和10例,研究组预后优于对照组(P0.05)。2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论弥漫性轴索损伤患者早期采取腰大池持续引流联合硫酸镁治疗可取得满意的临床疗效,且安全性较好。     

磁共振波谱成像在中脑损伤预后判断中的价值

目的 研究中脑损伤患者急性期(＜7 d)中脑磁共振波谱(MRS)的变化,为中脑损伤提供影像学诊断依据及功能评价的参考.方法 收集本院自2007年11月至2008年9月临床确诊为中脑损伤的病例资料(22例),同时收集健康成人资料(10例)建立对照.将中脑损伤的MRS结果 进行分析和归类总结,评价脑干功能.在患者出院后,对相关病例随访6个月,根据GOS、DRS与Barthal评分评价患者的预后与生存质量,并分析MRS与预后之间的关系,更好地判断病情及预后.结果 中脑损伤后中脑区的NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值显著降低;NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值降低越明显,预后越差;中脑损伤区域不同,其中脑区NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值和预后也不同.结论 不同的中脑损伤区域,其MRS检查结果 与预后是不同的.依据颅脑损伤后中脑MRS中NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值的变化,可以为中脑损伤的患者提供相对可靠的伤情判断与预后评价指标.     

磁共振波谱成像在中脑损伤预后判断中的价值

目的 研究中脑损伤患者急性期(＜7 d)中脑磁共振波谱(MRS)的变化,为中脑损伤提供影像学诊断依据及功能评价的参考.方法 收集本院自2007年11月至2008年9月临床确诊为中脑损伤的病例资料(22例),同时收集健康成人资料(10例)建立对照.将中脑损伤的MRS结果 进行分析和归类总结,评价脑干功能.在患者出院后,对相关病例随访6个月,根据GOS、DRS与Barthal评分评价患者的预后与生存质量,并分析MRS与预后之间的关系,更好地判断病情及预后.结果 中脑损伤后中脑区的NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值显著降低;NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值降低越明显,预后越差;中脑损伤区域不同,其中脑区NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值和预后也不同.结论 不同的中脑损伤区域,其MRS检查结果 与预后是不同的.依据颅脑损伤后中脑MRS中NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值的变化,可以为中脑损伤的患者提供相对可靠的伤情判断与预后评价指标.     

磁共振波谱成像在中脑损伤预后判断中的价值

目的 研究中脑损伤患者急性期(＜7 d)中脑磁共振波谱(MRS)的变化,为中脑损伤提供影像学诊断依据及功能评价的参考.方法 收集本院自2007年11月至2008年9月临床确诊为中脑损伤的病例资料(22例),同时收集健康成人资料(10例)建立对照.将中脑损伤的MRS结果 进行分析和归类总结,评价脑干功能.在患者出院后,对相关病例随访6个月,根据GOS、DRS与Barthal评分评价患者的预后与生存质量,并分析MRS与预后之间的关系,更好地判断病情及预后.结果 中脑损伤后中脑区的NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值显著降低;NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值降低越明显,预后越差;中脑损伤区域不同,其中脑区NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值和预后也不同.结论 不同的中脑损伤区域,其MRS检查结果 与预后是不同的.依据颅脑损伤后中脑MRS中NAA/Cr和NAA/Cho比值的变化,可以为中脑损伤的患者提供相对可靠的伤情判断与预后评价指标.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.