中重型颅脑损伤继发脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的探讨中重型颅脑损伤患者继发创伤性脑梗死(TCI)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析574例中重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,比较性别、年龄、GCS、合并伤、脑疝、创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(t-SAH)、颅骨骨折、低血压及脱水药物使用情况等因素对TCI发生的影响。结果本组574例中重型颅脑损伤患者中继发TCI53例。单因素分析显示,年龄、GCS、合并伤、脑疝、t-SAH、低血压与TCI发生有相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,脑疝、低血压是TCI发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论年龄、GCS、合并伤、脑疝、t-SAH和低血压是TCI发生的重要危险因素,脑疝、低血压是TCI发生的独立危险因素。     

重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝的救治与预后分析

目的总结重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝的救治经验并分析其预后情况。方法回顾性分析68例重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝患者的临床资料,根据不同手术方法、GCS评分与病情分别分析其预后情况。结果GCS评分3～5分患者的死亡率显著高于GCS评分6～8分患者(P＜0．05),幕上去大骨瓣减压 颅内血肿清除 小脑幕切开手术方式治疗的患者死亡率明显低于单侧幕上去大骨瓣减压 颅内血肿清除手术方式治疗的患者(P＜0．05)。结论重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝的临床疗效与GCS评分和手术方式密切相关。     

外伤性脑梗死与凝血功能障碍的关系及其对中、重度颅脑损伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨早期（伤后1周）外伤性脑梗死与凝血功能异常的关系,及其对中、重度颅脑损伤患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析我科收治的218例中、重度颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,记录患者凝血功能各项指标以及入院时GCS评分、弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）评分;伤后3个月采用GOS评分评估患者预后;使用Logistic回归分析颅脑损伤患者继发外伤性脑梗死的影响因素及凝血功能异常和外伤性脑梗死对患者预后的影响。结果本组患者中27例伤后1周出现外伤性脑梗死;伤后3个月,预后良好（GOS评分4~5分）178例,预后不良（GOS评分1~3分）40例。Logistic回归分析显示血小板计数〈100×109/L、凝血酶原时间延长超过3 s、D-二聚体〉0.4 mg/L、DIC评分≥5分是中、重度颅脑损伤患者继发早期PTCI的独立预测因子（P〈0.05）;同时,它们也是中、重度颅脑损伤患者预后不良的独立预测指标（P〈0.05）。结论监测中重度颅脑外伤患者的凝血功能对于指导治疗及判断预后是帮助。     

颅脑损伤继发低钠血症的危险因素分析

目的 探讨颅脑损伤继发低钠血症的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2015年5月收治的90例颅脑损伤的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验危险因素。结果 发生低钠血症38例。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时GCS评分≤8分、颅底骨折、合并脑水肿是颅脑损伤继发低钠血症的独立危险因素。结论 入院时GCS评分≤8分、伴颅底骨折或合并脑水肿的颅脑损伤患者,容易继发低钠血症,需要积极采取预防措施。     

外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素分析

目的探讨外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀PADBS术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素。 方法对厦门大学附属中山医院神经外科自2010年1月至2015年12月收治的58例PADBS开颅减压术中发生急性脑膨出（病例组）与47例同期术中未发生脑膨出（对照组）患者的性别,年龄,受伤至手术时间,减速性颅脑损伤,合并多发伤,颅脑CT血肿厚度,脑疝,术前GCS评分,术中低血压,手术方式进行病例对照研究,通过Logistic多因素回归分析术中急性脑膨出相关危险因素。 结果Logistic多因素回归分析显示减速性颅脑损伤,术前GCS评分,脑疝,术中低血压与PADBS术中急性脑膨出发生密切相关。 结论减速性颅脑损伤,术前GCS评分,脑疝,术中低血压是PADBS发生术中急性脑膨出的独立危险因素,术前准确评估伤情及术中积极控制可降低PADBS术中急性脑膨出发生风险。     

颅脑损伤继发创伤性脑梗死的临床特点及其相关危险因素

目的观察颅脑损伤继发创伤性脑梗死的临床特点及发生的相关危险因素。方法选取2014年1月至2015年6月在我院住院的颅脑损伤患者80例进行研究,按是否继发创伤性脑梗死(TCI)将患者分为TCI组和非TCI组,观察TCI组的临床特点,对患者的年龄、性别、GCS评分、脑疝、颅骨骨折、糖尿病、蛛网膜下腔出血、低血压等因素进行统计学分析,探究颅脑损伤继发创伤性脑梗死的相关危险因素。结果 TCI的临床特点主要是偏侧肢体运动及感觉功能障碍、视功能异常、语言功能异常、反应迟钝,TCI的预后为良好11例、轻度残疾7例、重度残疾5例、死亡3例。单因素分析结果提示TCI主要与年龄、GCS评分、脑疝、低血压、蛛网膜下隙出血、颅底骨折等因素具有相关性(P 0. 05),经由Logistic回归分析表明,低血压、脑疝属于TCI的独立高危因素。结论低血压和脑疝为颅脑损伤继发TCI的独立危险因素,合理进行干预对预防TCI的发生具有重大临床意义。     

影响急性颅脑损伤预后因素分析(附866例报告)

目的 探讨影响急性颅脑损伤预后的各种因素.方法 总结2001年6月至2005年5月入院治疗的866例急性脑损伤,分析损伤原因和类型,从GCS评分、手术时机、脑疝、脑肿胀、呼吸功能不全、高热、低血压、高血糖、肝功能异常等方面分析各因素与预后的关系.结果 GCS评分越高,死亡率越低;出现脑疝患者死亡率高,迟发性脑疝比早期发生的脑疝危害更大;保守治疗失败及时手术并不影响患者预后;合并弥漫性脑肿胀的患者死亡率较普通脑疝高;合并呼吸功能不全、高热、低血压患者死亡率高;高血糖和肝功能异常的发生率与颅脑损伤严重程度有关,并且对预后产生影响.结论 GCS评分的高低直接影响颅脑损伤的预后,但手术时机、脑疝、脑肿胀、呼吸功能不全、高热、低血压、高血糖、肝功能异常等因素对颅脑损伤的预后也产生显著的影响.     

颅脑外伤术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的危险因素分析

目的分析颅脑外伤患者颅内血肿清除术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿危险因素,以便为临床诊疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2014年01月至2017年01月在我院接受急诊颅内血肿清除术治疗的颅脑外伤患者的,依据患者术后24h内是否并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿分为观察组(并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿)和对照组(未并发血肿),并比较所有患者术前一般临床资料,分析颅脑外伤患者急诊颅内血肿清除术后并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿的危险因素。结果共纳入90例患者,其中观察组患者45例,对照组45例。单因素分析显示:观察组患者入院时昏迷状态、Babinski征阳性、合并脑挫伤、合并颅骨骨折、合并脑疝、术前中线偏移≥1cm、基底池受压、手术去除骨瓣比例显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者术后手术时间、GCS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者舒张压、血浆凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)显著高于对照组。Logistic多因素回归模型分析显示:颅骨骨折、合并脑疝、中线偏移≥1cm、去除骨瓣、术后手术时间、GCS评分高低是颅脑外伤患者急诊颅内血肿清除后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的独立危险因素。结论外伤性颅脑损伤患者血肿清除术后并发手术区对侧硬膜外血肿患者入院时通常为颅内占位效应明显且多合并颅骨骨折的重型颅脑损伤,合并脑疝、中线偏移≥1cm、手术去除骨瓣、手术时机短、GCS评分低、TT时间延长是外伤性颅脑损伤术后并发对侧硬膜外血肿的高危因素,对于合并高危因素的外伤性颅脑损伤患者术后应当更加注意预测发生对侧硬膜外血肿机率。     

重型颅脑损伤开颅术后继发急性脑梗死的危险因素

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅术继发急性脑梗死（ACI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年11月开颅手术治疗的96例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料。采用多因素logistic回归分析检验继发ACI的危险因素。结果 96例中,术后继发ACI 12例,发生率为12.5%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,术前GCS评分3~5分、合并脑疝、低血压及合并蛛网膜下腔出血为术后继发ACI的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 重型颅脑损伤开颅术后ACI发生率较高,术中有效扩容、扩血管治疗,同时加强血压控制,积极预防脑疝,有助于减少术后ACI。     

颅脑损伤继发脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的通过对颅脑损伤继发脑梗死的相关危险因素进行分析,为降低脑梗死发生率提供理论指导。方法对就诊我院神经外科的360例颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨颅脑损伤后继发脑梗死的相关危险因素。结果 360例颅脑损伤患者中21例发生TCI,发生率5.83%;50岁以上、GCS评分>8分、有脑疝和低血压的颅脑损伤患者,TCI发生率明显升高(P<0.05);21例TCI患者8例良好,4例轻度残疾,1例重度残疾,1例植物生存,7例死亡,病死率33.33%。结论年龄、GCS评分、脑疝、低血压、蛛网膜下腔出血、脱水剂应用等为TCI发生的相关危险因素。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.