Optical coherence tomography in measuring retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal subjects and patients with open-angle glaucoma

Objectives To investigate image characteristics and thickness of the retinal nerve fiber la yer (RNFL) in normal and glaucomatous eyes using optical coherence tomography ( OCT), and analyze the relationship between RNFL thickness and visual field index. Methods Eighty-three normal persons (150 eyes) and 83 patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG, 149 eyes) underwent OCT examinations with 3.4 mm diameter circ le scan to calculate the RNFL thickness. Statistical analysis was used to compa re differences in RNFL thickness in quadrants and means between the normal and g laucomatous groups and the different stages of POAG. Linear correlation and reg ression analysis were used to show the correlation between RNFL thickness and vi sual field index of 115 eyes in glaucomatous patients. Reproducibility, sensiti vity and specificity of RNFL measurements using OCT were evaluated.Results RNFL thickness measured by OCT in normal subjects was thicker in superior and in ferior, less in temporal, and thinnest in nasal quadrants. The curve showed dou ble peaks. RNFL of glaucomatous patients showed local thinning or defect, diffu se thinning, or both. The mean RNFL thicknesses of the normal group in the temp oral, superior, nasal and infeior quadrants were 90.1±10.8 μm, 140.4±10. 5 μm, 85.2±14.0 μm, and 140.4±9.7 μm, respectively with a mean of 1 14.2±6.0 μm.The numbers for the glaucomatous group were respectively 56.0 ±31.0 μm, 81.0±36.3 μm, 47.1±27.5 μm, and 73.4±38.4 μm for th e four quadrants, with a mean of 64.6±28.8 μm. There was a significant dif ference in RNFL thickness between the normal and glaucomatous groups (P<0. 000), and the three stages (early, developing and late) of glaucomatous groups ( P<0.000). There was a close negative relationship between RNFL thickness a nd visual field index (r=-0.796, P<0.0001). The sensitivity and speci ficity of RNFL thickness in POAG measured using OCT were 93.3% and 92.0%, res pectively.Conclusions OCT can quantitatively measure RNFL thickness differences between normal persons and glaucomatous patients. RNFL thickness gradually decreases while visual fie ld defect increases with the development of POAG.     

针孔镜在验光中的应用研究

目的 研究主觉验光法中应用针孔镜后视力的改变及其原因。方法 随机选取正视眼及各种类型屈光不正的人群583例1 111眼．先行常规视力及屈光检查．然后分别对其进行针孔镜测试。结果 正视跟77例154眼．加针孔镜后视力下降者88眼（57．14％）．视力不变者66眼（42．86%）．无视力提高者；近视眼251例191眼．加针孔镜后视力提高者483眼（98．37％）．视力不变者仅8眼（1．63％）．无视力下降者；远视眼72例141眼．加针孔镜后视力提高者65眼（46．10％）．视力不变者42眼（29．79％）．视力下降者34眼（21．11％）；各类散光眼共183例325眼加针孔镜后视力均有不同程度的提高。结论 针孔镜在主觉屈光检查时可以使屈光不正眼的视力提高．能快速鉴别视力低下是由屈光不正或是由其它眼病引起的。但不能准确预测屈光不正度数及验光后的视力。     

应用光学相干断层成像术检测开角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层厚度

目的:探讨光学相干断层成像术(OCT)检测开角型青光眼视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度与视野损害的关系,评价OCT在早期诊断青光眼中的意义。方法:正常人30例(52眼),高眼压9例(14眼)以及分成早期、进展期、晚期的原发性开角型青光眼48例(74眼)。采用Humphrey全自动视野计、Zeiss鄄HumphreyOCT分别进行视野以及视盘周围RNFL厚度检测。比较正常组、高眼压组以及青光眼组的RNFL厚度,分析青光眼组视野检测的平均缺损(MD)与RNFL厚度的关系。结果:正常组与高眼压组RNFL厚度差异无显著性(P>0.05);青光眼组较正常组、高眼压组RNFL厚度明显变薄,晚期青光眼表现为弥漫性RNFL缺损。视野检测的平均缺损与RNFL厚度呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:OCT能够反映青光眼RNFL厚度的改变,为临床早期诊断青光眼提供更多的信息。     

超声乳化人工晶体植入术治疗高度近视白内障42例

目的：通过对超声乳化人工晶体植入术治疗高度近视白内障的42例患者临床资料进行分析,探讨其临床效果。方法：对42例（58眼）高度近视白内障患者行超声乳化技术吸出白内障,并植入人工晶体,术后随访患者视力和屈光度的变化,分析相关并发症。结果：患者术后最佳矫正视力、柱镜、球镜屈光度均得到不同程度的改善,术中术后无严重并发症。结论：超声乳化人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障的同时能够矫正高度近视,手术安全且效果良好。     

电梅花针叩刺疗法治疗儿童弱视的临床观察

目的探讨电梅花针治疗儿童弱视的临床疗效以及对图形视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)的影响。方法选择4～12岁弱视患儿共38例(69眼),在配镜矫正屈光不正的基础上,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组采用西医综合治疗联合电梅花针叩刺治疗,对照组给予西医综合治疗。两组患儿治疗前、后分别进行P-VEP及矫正视力的检查;实验组患儿电梅花针1次叩刺治疗前后分别进行P-VEP检查。结果 P-VEP:实验组电梅花针叩刺即刻效应,P100波峰潜时明显缩短,P<0.05,而振幅无显著差异;与对照组相比,实验组治疗1疗程后与治疗前比较,P100波峰潜时明显缩短,P<0.05,而振幅无显著性差异。视力:实验组36眼经治疗视力提高2行或2行以上者32眼(88.9%);对照组33眼视力提高2行或2行以上者24眼(72.7%)。根据弱视患儿年龄、弱视程度、弱视类型与疗效的分析显示试验组总有效率高于对照组。结论电梅花针叩刺治疗可使弱视儿童P-VEP的P100波峰潜时缩短,该治疗可明显提高患儿视力,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

3-17岁儿童少年视力异常的屈光状态分析

目的 了解3～17岁儿童少年视力异常的屈光不正状态,便于尽早发现并进行矫正和治疗,以保证视力正常发育.方法 对昆明市延安医院眼科门诊2008年2月至2010年1月因视力异常而散瞳验光的3～17岁儿童1 786例眼的屈光不正进行回顾性分析.结果 3～6岁组:远视眼814眼占86.32%;该组各类散光564眼(59.81%);7～17岁组:近视眼1 133眼占70.50%;各类散光648眼(40.32%),学龄前儿童散光患儿明显多于少儿组(P＜0.01);屈光不正程度以轻度为主,占67.95%.矫正视力7～17岁组明显优于3～6岁组(P＜0.01).近视男女之间均无显著性差异.结论 儿童随年龄增长视力异常由远视状态向近视状态发展,符合眼屈光状态与年龄的关系,屈光不正程度均以轻度为主.     

白内障超声乳化及人工晶体植入术后低视力的原因分析

目的：探讨分析白内障超声乳化及人工晶体植入术后低视力的原因。方法：将我院收治的236例262眼行白内障超声乳化及人工晶体植入术患者作为观察组,并选取同期行白内障囊外摘除术及人工晶体植入术的患者236例265眼作为对照组,在术后第1天,第7天及术后1个月,术后3个月检查矫正视力,同时进行裂隙灯与眼底检查。对患者视力、眼底病变和并发症进行观察与记录。结果：观察组术后1d,低视力患者65例70眼（26．72％）;术后7d,低视力患者42例46眼（17．56％）;术后1月,低视力患者31例35眼（13．36％）;术后3月,低视力患者31例36眼（13．74％）。与对照组相比,观察组视力改善程度明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组术后1d,65例70眼低视力患者中因手术因素导致的低视力共34眼,因非手术因素导致的低视力共36眼。术后3月已无影响视力的手术因素,非手术因素成为导致低视力的主要原因。结论：白内障超声乳化及人工晶体植入是白内障患者复明的有效方法,手术并发症与眼部原发疾病是影响患者术后视力的重要因素。细致认真的术前眼部检查,术中娴熟规范的技术操作是防止术后低视力的有效手段。     

高度近视伴原发性开角型青光眼视乳头及视网膜神经纤维层改变的分析

目的分析伴有高度近视的开角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)的视乳头形态及视网膜神经纤维层改变,探讨其早期诊断方法。方法(1)收集20例(38只眼)高度近视合并POAG患者资料(A组),与随机抽取的20例(36只眼)中度近视合并POAG患者的资料(B组),以及20例(40只眼)低度近视合并POAG患者的资料(C组)进行对照,比较初次就诊时3组患者间视野缺损、视网膜神经纤维层缺损(retinal nerve fibre layer de-fect,RNFLD)、最高眼压值及矫正视力等指标的差异;(2)观察3组患者的眼底照片并分析各组的临床特点。结果(1)A组患者中、重度视野缺损和RNFLD的比例明显高于B、C组,矫正视力低于B、C组;(2)高度近视患者视乳头、视网膜的特异性变化及视乳头周围的特征性改变等,干扰了对青光眼的早期诊断;(3)高度近视患者常规进行散瞳检查或眼底照相是诊断早期青光眼的重要手段及方法。结论在合并高度近视的POAG临床检查及诊断时,应注意其视野的缺损、RNFLD,并避免与高度近视视乳头、视网膜的特异性变化及视乳头周围的特征性改变相混淆,正确认识高度近视本身及合并POAG时的临床特点,有助于POAG的早期诊断。     

58例高度近视眼的视功能检测

目的:检测并探讨双眼高度近视眼患者的视功能,比较不同年龄组的视功能。方法:常规检查患者的视力、眼前节、眼压和散瞳眼底;辅助眼底荧光血管造影(FFA)和光相干断层扫描(OCT)、眼部A/B型超声测量眼轴。视功能检查包括主觉验光获得最佳矫正视力;采用美国FACT对比敏感度测量卡分别检测两眼低、中、高各频区的对比度值;采用Amsler卡检查患者的中心视野;采用《色觉检查图》检查患眼的辨色情况;采用InamiL-2510型同视机检查患者的周边融合和中心融合功能;采用Titmus立体视觉检查图检查患者的近立体视功能。结果:58例患者116只眼的平均最佳矫正视力为0.63±0.34,其中60岁以上老年人平均视力较其他年龄组显著低下;本组患者的平均对比敏感度值低于正常范围,且老年组患者的对比度值较其他年龄组下降有显著性;Amsler卡检查发现24只眼(20.69%)有中心暗点和视物变形;18只眼(15.52%)色觉异常;双眼视功能检查本组患者分别有12例(20.69%)和10例(15.52%)患者中心融合功能和周边融合功能缺失,各年龄组间差异无显著性;19例患者立体视异常或缺失,其中老年组的比率显著高于其他年龄组。结论:高度近视眼不仅可以损害视力、色觉、对比敏感度等单眼视功能,还可损害双眼视功能。并且随年龄增长视功能损害的比率和程度均逐渐增加。     

屈光参差性弱视Brodmann17、18、19区的功能磁共振研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能性磁共振成像(blood oxygenlevel dependent-functional magnetic resonance imaging,bold-fMRI)技术,探索屈光参差性弱视对不同级别大脑视觉皮层功能的影响.方法以1.5 T磁共振成像系统采集10例屈光参差性弱视及8例正常志愿者枕叶视皮层兴趣区BOLD-fMRI数据,比较屈光参差性弱视组弱视眼与对侧眼,及弱视眼屈光矫正前后皮层神经元活动范围的不同,并与正常组对比,分析其改变特点及机制.结果弱视眼皮层神经元的活动范围在Brodmann17、18、19区均明显小于对侧眼.弱视眼矫正屈光不正后皮层活动水平明显增高,激活范围明显增大.结论屈光参差性弱视矫正屈光不正可部分提高弱视眼所属视觉皮层的活动能力,但其应高级别纹周皮层、纹旁皮层及低级别纹状皮层仍存在明显的功能损害.     

不同验光方法对中年患者屈光状态的检测及其临床意义

目的: 通过散瞳验光检测40～49岁门诊患者屈光状态并加以矫正,探讨改善患者视疲劳和干眼症状的方法。方法: 选择门诊主诉为眼痛、干涩、视物模糊等视疲劳患者30例(60只眼),年龄40～49岁,平均年龄44.43岁,其中男性11例,女性19例,经过眼科常规检查排除青光眼、白内障和眼底病等疾病。患者均无手术史和配戴近视、远视及散光镜史。常规验光后充分散瞳再次验光,同时检测泪液分泌情况、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)和角膜荧光染色情况。30例患者中视力0.8以上者43只眼,0.4～0.6者17只眼。 结果: 所有患者常规验光即散瞳前屈光度表现为－0.25DS～－1.25DS者 37只眼,散瞳后表现为+0.50DS～+1.50DS者36只眼,散瞳前为0.00DS～+1.25DS者22只眼,散瞳后屈光度表现为+0.50DS～+1.50DS者21只眼。其中27只眼诊断为中度干眼,33只眼诊断为轻度干眼。30例（60只眼）患者经过验光和配镜后,眼痛、干涩和视物模糊等视疲劳症状均有明显改善。结论:常规视力检查正常或接近正常的40～49岁患者仍存在较大调节力,出现视疲劳和干眼并伴有特殊面容（皱眉等）时可能存在远视或远视散光,小瞳下检查常存在误差易被忽视,在治疗干眼的同时应注意散瞳验光配镜是从根本上解决眼部不适症状的方法。     

傅立叶OCT在早期原发性开角型青光眼中的诊断能力

目的：评价傅立叶域相干光断层成像术[Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography,FD-OCT, using the RTVue -100 (Optovue Inc, Fremont, California,USA）]在鉴别正常眼及早期原发性开角型青光眼（POAG）中的能力。 方法：横断面研究。对符合入选标准的早期原发性开角型青光眼组及正常组的所有受试者行FD-OCT及Humphrey视野（Humphrey Field Analyzer model 740, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA）检查。比较早期POAG患者及正常人各视盘测量参数、神经纤维层厚度及后极部神经节细胞复合体(GCC)厚度;对早期POAG患者及正常人各测量参数绘制受试者操作特征曲线（ROC）,计算ROC曲线下面积（AROC）,敏感性、特异性及阳性和阴性似然比评估各参数的诊断性能。 结果：分析34例早期POAG患者及42例正常人结果。在特定特异度（95% and 85%）下垂直杯盘比（C/D vertical ratio）的灵敏度和阳性似然比最高,分别为79.4%和88.2%,33.4和7.4。在所有单一参数中,垂直杯盘比的AROC最大,为0.930。使用logistical诊断模型联合垂直杯盘比、RNFL AT on 3.45mm和盘沿面积,AROC为0.949。 结论：FD-OCT所测得的视盘、神经纤维层厚度及GCC厚度改变在早期POAG患者及正常人差异有显著性。以AROC、敏感性、特异性及阳性和阴性似然比为评价指标,位居前三位的指标为：垂直杯盘比、RNFL AT on 3.45mm和盘沿面积。     

硬性角膜接触镜对30例不同阶段圆锥角膜的矫正与治疗作用

目的:探讨硬性透气性角膜接触镜(RGPCL)对圆锥角膜不同阶段的矫正及治疗作用。方法:对RGPCL的圆锥角膜患者共30例54只眼,根据圆锥角膜病变区的角膜地形图的弧度范围(47D～62D之间),裂隙灯显微镜检查、人工检影验光等检查,将圆锥角膜分为轻、中、重度3个不同阶段,分别观察使用RGPCL后其矫正视力变化,并定期随访最好矫正视力、角膜地形图的变化、眼部健康情况。结果:28例(52只眼)不同阶段的圆锥角膜患者通过使用RGPCL获得相对良好的矫正视力在0.6～1.0之间及病情的发展得到一定的缓解;未发现眼部其他明显的并发症,1例(1眼)因配戴后无法适应放弃使用,1例(1眼)因病情变化矫正视力下降行穿透角膜移植术。结论:RGPCL在改善轻度、中度、部分重度圆锥角膜眼的矫正视力及缓解病情的发展上有一定作用,对于不同阶段的圆锥角膜患者,如能首先采用RGPCL来改善矫正视力及缓解病情的发展,延缓手术时机等,科学合理的长期配戴RGPCL,能获得持久的矫正视力。     

Diagnostic capability of Fourier-Domain optical coherence tomography in early primary open angle glaucoma

Background Optical coherence tomography （OCT） is a high resolution noncontact imaging modality which can quantitatively detect the optic disc and retinal structure.This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic capability of parameters of the optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and ganglion cell complex （GCC） using a new technology called Fourier-domain OCT （FD-OCT） for early primary open angle glaucoma （POAG） patients.Methods Two groups of patients, early perimetric damage POAG and normal subjects were included in this observational cross-sectional study.All patients underwent FD-OCT and visual field examination in addition to full ophthalmic examinations.Receiver operating characteristic curves （ROC） were studied for all parameters.The sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing between normal and early glaucomatous eyes, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves （AROC） and positive, negative likelihood ratios were evaluated for all the single parameters and selected combined parameters using arbitrary cutoffs.Results Thirty-four eyes of 34 early POAG patients and 42 eyes of 42 normal subjects were analyzed.Cup/disc （C/D）vertical ratio presented the best sensitivity and positive likelihood ratio for selected specificities （95% and 85%） which were 79.4% and 88.2%, 33.4 and 7.4, respectively.Among all single parameters, the C/D vertical ratio demonstrated the highest AROC which was at 0.930.The average thickness of circumpapillary RNFL on 3.45 mm showed the highest AROC among all of the peripapillary RNFL parameters.The sensitivity at selected specificity and AROC of GCC were not as high as C/D vertical ratio and RNFL AT on 3.45 mm.When the C/D vertical ratio, RNFL AT on 3.45 mm, and rim area were combined using a logistical diagnostic model, the AROC was raised to 0.949 but not significantly different from the top single parameter, C/D vertical ratio.Conclusions The key parameters obtained by FD-OCT were able to show the significant differences of optic discs,thickness of RNFL and GCC between POAG patients and normal subjects.According to sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio and AROC, the top three parameters from FD-OCT for early diagnosis of POAG were C/D vertical ratio, RNFL AT on 3.45 mm, and the rim area.     

38例脑性瘫痪儿童的屈光状态分析

目的 了解脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)儿童的屈光异常情况.方法 对38例脑瘫儿童进行眼部常规检查,对裸眼视力、矫正视力,屈光状态、眼位等情况进行临床分析.结果 在各年龄段中,轻度屈光不正49只眼(64.47%),远视屈光不正48只眼(63.16%).18例(36只眼)可配合视力检查,弱视33只眼(91.67%),斜视28例(73.68%).斜视和弱视是脑瘫儿童最常见的眼部疾病.结论 应重视脑瘫患儿斜视、弱视的早期治疗,及早配镜进行弱视训练.     

Long-term visual results in congenital cataract surgery associated with preoperative nystagmus

BACKGROUND: Congenital cataracts are the leading cause of preventable blindness in children. The prevalence of this disease is higher in developing countries. The incidence and visual outcome of patients who have undergone congenital cataract surgery in Mexico is not currently known. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term visual results in Mexican children with bilateral congenital cataracts associated with preoperative nystagmus. METHODS: In a tertiary-level hospital, the long-term visual results of 13 children (26 eyes) with bilateral congenital cataracts associated with preoperative nystagmus were evaluated. All patients had at least 5 years of follow-up after surgery, and all patients were subjected to an intentional ophthalmologic examination. Three types of visual function were evaluated: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity vision, and stereoscopic vision. Age at surgery was correlated with visual outcome. Optical rehabilitation and surgical complications were also analyzed. RESULTS: Our group found five patients (38%) with acceptable visual acuity levels. Eight patients (62%) were legally blind according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Contrast sensitivity vision and stereopsis were severely affected in all patients. We also found a high correlation between timing of surgery, optical rehabilitation, and visual outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and treatment, in addition to adequate optical rehabilitation, are mandatory for preventing blindness secondary to congenital cataracts in developing countries. The current state of congenital cataract management in Mexico is also examined.     

National epidemiological survey of blindness and low vision in China.

According to the National Sample Survey of Blindness and Low Vision, the prevalence of blindness in China was 0.43%, resulting chiefly from cataract (41.06%), corneal diseases (15.38%), trachoma (10.87%), and glaucoma (8.80%); and the prevalence of low vision in China was 0.58%, of which the main causes were cataract (49.83%), ametropia/amblyopia (14.98%), trachoma (9.55%), corneal diseases (8.48%), chorioretinal diseases (6.27%), etc. Among children under 14 years of age, the leading cause of blindness and low vision was heredity (48.46%). Among elderly of 60 years and over, the leading cause of blindness and low vision was cataract (73.13%).

     

青少年屈光不正患者中圆锥角膜的筛查

目的探讨应用计算机辅助Orbscan-Ⅱ角膜地形图检查系统对青少年屈光不正患者进行圆锥角膜筛选的可行性。方法应用计算机辅助Orbscan-Ⅱ角膜地形图检查系统对3213例青少年屈光不正患者进行圆锥角膜筛选检查。结果筛选出62例圆锥角膜患者,104只眼（亚临床期42眼、临床期42眼及角膜后圆锥20眼）。结论应用计算机辅助Orbscan-Ⅱ角膜地形图检查系统可对青少年屈光不正患者常规进行圆锥角膜的筛选,早期诊断圆锥角膜并鉴别筛选出后圆锥角膜,同时提供病变在角膜上的地形分布,避免对患者进行斜弱视治疗或行准分子激光角膜屈光手术。     

0～5岁不会认视力表儿童眼病调查的方法

采用简单声光玩具、手电筒、视网膜检影镜,对不会认视力表的0～5岁儿童8219人的视觉功能发育做出快速、客观的初步评估。显性斜视61人,除2名麻痹性斜视外均为共同性斜视;有404人（739眼）被评估为异常屈光状态,占受检人数的4．92％,屈光参差68人,占0．83％。在受检的16438眼中,中、高度远视621眼,占受检眼的3．78％;近视53眼,占0．32％;混合散光65眼,占0．40％。说明使用普通玩具、手电筒、视网膜检影镜可以客观、简便、快速的评估不会认视力表儿童的视觉发育状况,适于各种经济状况地区的保健机构。     

Preliminary studies on the application of retinal thickness analyzer in the diagnosis of glaucoma

The pathological basis of the glaucomatousdamage includes the injury of ganglion cells and theloss of the retinal nerve fibers[1] ,presenting thechange in retinal thickness. 50 % of the ganglioncells locate at the region of 4.5mm from the centralfovea of macula[2 ] . The measurement of the retinalthickness at the posterior pole across the macula willbe beneficial to the determination of the damage tothe ganglion cells and the nerve fibers,so as to diag-nose glaucoma early.Retinal thickness ana…