Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)--incidence, management, and prevention

OBJECTIVES: To update the complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), including management and prevention based on technological evolution. METHODS: Based on a MEDLINE search from 1989 to 2005, the 2003 results of quality management of Baden-Württemberg, and long-term personal experience at three German centers, the incidence of complications after TURP was analyzed for three subsequent periods: early (1979-1994); intermediate (1994-1999); and recent (2000-2005) with recommendations for management and prevention. RESULTS: Technological improvements such as microprocessor-controlled units, better armamentarium such as video TUR, and training helped to reduce perioperative complications (recent vs. early) such as transfusion rate (0.4% vs. 7.1%), TUR syndrome (0.0% vs. 1.1%), clot retention (2% vs. 5%), and urinary tract infection (1.7% vs. 8.2%). Urinary retention (3% vs. 9%) is generally attributed to primary detrusor failure rather than to incomplete resection. Early urge incontinence occurs in up to 30-40% of patients; however, late iatrogenic stress incontinence is rare (<0.5%). Despite an increasing age (55% of patients are older than 70), the associated morbidity of TURP maintained at a low level (<1%) with a mortality rate of 0-0.25%. The major late complications are urethral strictures (2.2-9.8%) and bladder neck contractures (0.3-9.2%). The retreatment rate range is 3-14.5% after five years. CONCLUSIONS: TURP still represents the gold standard for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia with decreasing complication rates. Technological alternatives such as bipolar and laser treatments may further minimize the risks of this technically difficult procedure.     

经尿道等离子双极电切术与传统电切术治疗重度前列腺增生症的比较

目的比较经尿道等离子双极电切术(PKRP)与传统经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP TUVP)对重度前列腺增生症的治疗效果。方法采用PKRP术与TURP TUVP术治疗重度前列腺增生症各32例进行比较。结果两种方法的手术时间、术后IPSS减分率及尿流率改善差异无显著性(P>0.05);但与TURP TUVP术相比,PKRP术术中出血量更少,术中术后无低钠血症及水中毒发生,被膜损伤少而轻。结论PKRP术具有止血好、安全度大、对机体生理功能影响小、并发症少、易掌握等优点,在治疗重度前列腺增生症时更为突出。     

1％乙醇标记法连续定量监测TURP术灌洗液吸收的初步研究

目的　用 1%乙醇标记经尿道前列腺切除 (TURP)术灌洗液 ,研究呼出气乙醇浓度与血管内吸收量的关系。方法　 2 5例TURP术患者 ,3%甘露醇膀胱灌洗液加乙醇 (终浓度 1% ) ,采用偶联酶法和Evan氏蓝染料稀释法测定呼出气乙醇浓度和血浆容量 ,以血浆容量变化值估计血管内吸收量 ,分析吸收量与呼出气乙醇浓度的相关性。结果　吸收量与呼出气乙醇浓度明显相关 (r =0 842 ,P <0 0 1) ,回归方程R2 =0 90 2 ,P <0 0 0 1;将冲洗时间加入多元分析 ,回归方程R2 =0 92 7,P <0 0 0 1。结论　乙醇标记监测法安全、简便、无创、无污染 ,与灌洗液吸收入血量相关性好 ,考虑时间因素的多元回归方程可用于临床定量监测TURP术灌洗液吸收。     

经尿道前列腺电切术的失血观察及血凝酶应用的效果分析

目的:观察经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)患者术中和围手术期失血情况及其影响因素,观察注射用血凝酶(立芷雪)对TURP术后失血的作用和安全性.方法:BPH患者60例随机分为研究组1、组2(不同治疗方案)和对照组各20例,行TURP术,对比观察两组术前、术后第1天和第3天血红蛋白、出凝血并发症、是否输血、切除的前列腺体积、手术时间、术后膀胱持续冲洗时间、拔管时间、术后住院时间.研究组术后使用血凝酶,治疗破方案1:研究组在术后用2000 U静脉小壶滴入,每天1次,共3天;治疗方案2:研究组术后仅用一次2000 U静脉小壶滴入.对照组术后不用任何止血药.结果:全部患者手术成功,无并发症发生.主要观察指标:研究组1第1天血红蛋白97～132 g/L,平均118 g/L;第3天血红蛋白98～130 g/L,平均116 g/L.研究组2第1天血红蛋白100～130 g/L,平均117 g/L;术后第3天血红蛋白99～127 g/L,平均112 g/L.对照组术后第1天血红蛋白92～130 g/L,平均113 g/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜O.05),术后第3天血红蛋白93～124 g/L,平均10.9 g/L,与组1比较P＜0.01,与组2比较P＜0.05.研究组2和对照组各有1例分别于手术当天和术后第2天输血.全部患者无心、脑血管意外和血液系统意外.次要观察指标三组比较差异无统计学意义.结论:TURP失血较多,尤其对前列腺较大和手术时间较长的患者.失血量主要与前列腺体积、手术时间、术者操作技术等因素相关.术后应用注射用血凝酶可以减少术后失血,不会增加凝血异常引起的心、脑血管疾患,特别是对并发心、脑血管疾病的患者更有益处.     

Continuous bladder irrigation following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

PURPOSE: We investigated whether continuous bladder irrigation after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) would prevent catheter obstruction by the clot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 761 patients registered in "a multi-institutional study of TURP clinical pathway" sponsored by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare between 2001 and 2003. The difference of clinical backgrounds of the cases, resected weight, operating time, risk of being feverish, risk of catheter obstruction and chance of postoperative Transurethral Fulguration (TUF) between each institution were investigated. The risk factor of catheter obstruction is characterized and the significance of continuous bladder irrigation is discussed. RESULTS: The incidence of catheter obstruction in the four institutions, in which 90% or more of patients underwent continuous bladder irrigation, was significantly lower than that in the three institutions, in which continuous bladder irrigation was performed in selected patients whose hematuria was severe (4.4% VS 12.9%, p<0.001). There was no difference in the frequency of either pyrexia or postoperative TUF. Logistic regression analysis showed that significant factors for catheter obstruction are continuous bladder irrigation, resected tissue weight and preoperative urinary infection. CONCLUSIONS: Routine continuous bladder irrigation achieved a lower incidence of catheter obstruction. However, we recommend that urologists should decide whether to perform routine continuous irrigation, considering the frequency of catheter obstruction, safety, labor and cost.     

经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术与普通电切术中失血量比较

目的比较经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术与普通电切术中失血量。方法自2007年10月至2008年3月,收治的30例BPH患者行经尿道等离子双极电切（PKRP）;自2008年4月至7月,收治的30例BPH患者行普通电切（TURP）。分析这60例患者的临床资料。PKRP组年龄（74．2±7．0）岁,前列腺体积（49．3±33．1）ml;TURP组年龄（73．2±7．2）岁,前列腺体积（51．1±23．2）ml。收集术中所有冲洗液,测冲洗液体积,混匀后精确测血红蛋白浓度。结果PKRP组手术时间（111．3±42．5）min,切除前列腺组织重量（20．1±14．3）g,失血量（86．3±79．9）ml,每克前列腺组织平均失血量（3．7±1．9）ml／g;TURP组手术时间（108．0±42．2）min,切除前列腺组织重量（23．6±13．1）g,失血量（201．8±178．7）ml,每克前列腺组织平均失血量（8．3±6．1）ml／g。PKRP组和TURP组手术时间及切除前列腺组织重量差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PKRP组术中失血量少于TURP组（P〈0．01）。PKRP组每克前列腺组织平均失血量少于TURP组（P〈0．01）。结论经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术中失血量少于普通电协。     

经尿道气化结合电切术治疗前列腺增生

目的探讨经尿道前列腺气化电切术（TUVP）联合经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）治疗前列腺增生的疗效。方法回顾性分析TuvP联合TURP治疗前列腺增生症602例的临床资料。结果手术时间30．150min,平均70min。术中输血5例（0．8％）,术中前列腺包膜穿孔7例（1．1％）,出现电切综合征（TURS）10例（1．7％）,因术中出血中转开放手术3例（0．4％）。无永久性尿失禁病例。术后随访378例,随访时间3-120个月,IPSS由术前21．1下降至7．6;最大尿流量由术前10．3ml／s增加至19．3ml／s。结论联合应用TUVP和TURP治疗前列腺增生症具有效果好、安全性高及并发症少等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

经尿道前列腺电切术止血方法的体会

为探讨经尿道前列腺电切术的止血方法，对采用经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生症５５０例进行总结。手术时间３０～８０分钟，平均４０分钟。术中输血１８５例，输血量２００～１２００ｍｌ，平均每例输血２５２ｍｌ。术后继发出血５例。手术初期有７例切穿前列腺包膜、切破静脉窦大出血。认为防止术中术后大出血的关键是沿前列腺外科包膜切除、避免切穿外科包膜。术中保留一小部分膀胱粘膜，有助于减少手术出血     

三种经尿道前列腺切除手术的疗效比较

目的：比较前列腺增生症（BPH）的三种经尿道手术的治疗效果。方法：分别采用尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）、经尿道前列腺电气化术（TUVP）和经尿道接触式激光前列腺切除术（TULP）治疗BPH共357例。结果：TULP及TUVP的手术时间比TURP缩短,出血明显减少,膀胱冲洗时间、置管时间及住院时间均短于TURP。结论：三种经尿道手术方法都是治疗BPH的有效手段,其疗效TURP与TUVP相似,TULP稍逊,但TULP跟TUVP与TURP比较操作更易掌握,出血量及并发症更少,联合应用TUVP和TURP或TULP相TURP可缩短手术时间、增加前列腺切除量和提高疗效。     

Intraoperative blood recovery in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)]

Blood collected from irrigating fluid in TURP was studied if it was appropriate blood as autologous transfusion or not. TURP was performed aided by continuous irrigation through suprapubic cystostomy. The cystostomy tube was connected to the Shiley STAT or Haemonetics Cell Saver in 15 patients. The average weight of resected adenoma was 36 g per patient. The product of washed blood gave an average yield of 440 ml per patient with an average RBC count of 469 x 10(3)/mm3, hemoglobin of 14.6 g/dl, hematocrit of 44.8%, platelets of 15400/mm3. The half-life of collected red blood cells tagged with 55Cr was 22 days. The urine in 10 patients (67%) were contaminated with bacteria before TURP, and 3 of collected blood were contaminated with bacteria (20%). As for carcinoma cells, cultured urinary bladder carcinoma cells (T24) and renal carcinoma cells (ACHN) were completely eliminated after filtration through leukocyte removal filter Sepacell or Pall RC. As results, the intraoperatively collected blood from irrigating fluid in TURP was useful and safe as autologous blood transfusion.     

经尿道前列腺电汽化术所致电切综合征的特点及防治

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术(TVP)所致电切综合征(TURS)的特点及防治方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1996～2004年施行的2100例TVP所致27例TURS患者的临床资料,分析术中发生TURS的特点、与手术操作的关系及防治措施。结果：本组27例中,21例均出现不同的TURS症状,出现症状前可伴有血糖升高及低钠血症、中心静脉压升高以及血压波动。术中有22例出现前列腺包膜穿孔(88．2%),经利尿和补充高渗氯化钠溶液等处理后,症状均获改善,未发生死亡。结论：TVP中发生TURS,与操作技术密切相关,严密观察先兆症状及监测血糖、电解质、中心静脉压等,可较早发现TURS。利尿及纠正低钠血症是防治TURS的有效手段。     

术中保温对预防经尿道前列腺电切术患者低温性寒战效果的观察

目的 观察术中保温对预防经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)患者低温性寒战的效果.方法 将80例TURP患者随机分为保温组和对照组,每组40例.对照组患者术中不采用任何升温装置,使用室温灌洗液进行膀胱冲洗;保温组患者术中输液使用加温器及充气升温毯加温,选用加温至37℃的灌洗液进行膀胱冲洗,测定术前及术后核心体温,比较2组术中...     

经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切和经尿道前列腺电切治疗良性前列腺增生的临床结果比较

目的比较经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(PKRP)与经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的临床疗效及安全性。方法PKRP组78例,TURP组78例,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量,术后国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、最大尿流率(Qmax)及并发症发生率。结果PKRP组手术时间、术中出血量、术后2个月内暂时性尿失禁发生率、术后4周内继发性出血及3个月内尿道狭窄发生率分别为(64±21)min,(247±84)ml,26．9％(21／78),1．3％(1／78)和2．6％(2／78),TURP组分别为(78±18)min,(432±132)ml,48．7％(38／78),10．3％(8／78)和12．8％(10／78),2组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0．05)。2组均未发生电切综合征(TURS)。PKRP组术后IPSS为4．6±1．2,QOL为1．1±0．8,Qmax为(26．1±4．6)ml／s; TURP组分别为4．8 4±1．1、1．3±0．8、(25．3．4±4．2)ml／s;均较术前明显改善(P<0．01),但组间差异无统计学意义。结论PKRP与TURP比较,治疗BPH疗效相近,但安全性更好,是治疗BPH的理想方法。     

Evolution of common clinical path for transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)

OBJECTIVES: Improvement of perioperative management for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) by revising the common clinical path was investigated in multiple hospitals. METHODS: We discussed perioperative outcomes using the common path in 2002 and revised it for 2003. Changes in perioperative outcomes between 2002 and 2003 and differences among hospitals were compared. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in age, proportion of patients with mildly impaired activity of daily living and/or impaired cognition, general anesthesia, operating duration, resected weight, incidence of intraoperative complications and blood transfusion between 2002 and 2003. Although there were no differences in preoperative hospital stay, re-hospitalization rate and charges for surgery and anesthesia, Foley catheter was removed significantly earlier from postoperative day 2.9 to 2.3 and total medical charge significantly decreased from 43,703 to 39,661 units (1 unit = 10 yen). The incidence of postoperative pyrexia increased from 2.4% to 11.2% in 2003, however, the incidences of epididymitis, postoperative bleeding and postoperative difficulty on micturition remained stable. The average and standard deviation of postoperative hospital stay and total medical charge at each hospital decreased, however, differences among hospitals found in 2002 remained in 2003. CONCLUSION: We found that standardization can be accomplished by discussing perioperative management using a common path in multiple hospitals and revising the path as needed. Common clinical path should be a valid method of advancing standardization in Japan.     

经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切与TURP治疗BPH的疗效比较

目的:比较经尿道前列腺等离子双极电切术(PKRP)与经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗BPH的临床疗效及安全性。方法:将164例BPH患者随机均分成PKRP组和TURP组,比较两组术后最大尿流率(Qmax)、剩余尿量(PVR)、国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)等指标。结果:PKRP组72例、TURP组76例获得随访,随访时间3个月。PKRP组尿道外口狭窄2例,膀胱颈挛缩1例,TURP组尿道外口狭窄6例,膀胱颈挛缩4例;PKRP组Qmax为(22.6±4.6)ml/s,PVR为(8.6±4.4)ml,IPSS为(4.6±1.2)分,QOL为(1.2±0.6)分;TURP组分别为(24.2±4.2)ml/s、(9.6±3.6)ml、(4.4±1.0)分、(1.4±0.8)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PKRP与TURP治疗BPH疗效相近,但PKRP平均手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期及术后并发症较TURP明显减少,手术安全性高,有良好的应用前景。     

前列腺动脉栓塞术与经尿道前列腺电切术治疗前列腺增生对比研究

目的对比分析前列腺动脉栓塞术(PAE)与经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗前列腺增生的优缺点,为合理选择手术方式提供依据。方法回顾分析2012年1月至2017年6月在本院收治200例前列腺增生患者临床资料,其中126例行TURP术(TURP组),74例行PAE术(PAE组),对比两组术后疼痛评分、住院时间、并发症发生率、IPSS评分、QOL评分、前列腺体积、最大尿流率及残余尿量。结果PAE组较TURP组术后疼痛症状轻,下床活动早,住院时间明显缩短,术中出血少,并发症发生率低,术后1个月TURP组国际前列腺症状评分、生活质量评分、前列腺体积、最大尿流率、残余尿量优于PAE组(P<0.05),术后6个月差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种手术方式均安全有效,但各有优缺点,术者应该根据患者病情及需求选择合适的手术方式。     

TURP治疗良性前列腺增生的临床分析(附912例报告)

目的总结经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗良性前列腺增生症的疗效、安全性及围手术期处理的经验。方法回顾性分析我院近11年来应用TURP治疗的912例良性前列腺增生症患者的临床资料。结果平均手术时间73min(30～115min);58例术后发生低钠血症,其中52例为初期手术病例,5例术后出血膀胱填塞行开放手术治疗,均为初期手术病例。术后输血19例,术后5～7d拔除尿管。无死亡病例,无真性尿失禁。结论TURP是治疗良性前列腺增生症的理想选择。     

Postoperative haemorrhage following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and photoselective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP)

INTRODUCTION

Intractable haemorrhage after endoscopic surgery, including transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and photoselective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP), is uncommon but a significant and life-threatening problem. The knowledge and technical experience to deal with this complication may not be wide-spread among urologists and trainees. We describe our series of TURPs and PVPs and the incidence of postoperative bleeding requiring intervention.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 437 TURPs and 590 PVPs over 3 years in our institution. We describe the conservative, endoscopic and open prostatic packing techniques used for patients who experienced postoperative bleeding.

RESULTS

Of 437 TURPs, 19 required endoscopic intervention for postoperative bleeding. Of 590 PVPs, two patients were successfully managed endoscopically for delayed haemorrhage at 7 and 13 days post-surgery, respectively. In one TURP and one PVP patient, endoscopic management was insufficient to control postoperative haemorrhage and open exploration and packing of the prostatic cavity was performed.

CONCLUSIONS

Significant bleeding after endoscopic prostatic surgery is still a potentially life-threatening complication. Prophylactic measures have been employed to reduce peri-operative bleeding but persistent bleeding post-endoscopic prostatic surgery should be treated promptly to prevent the risk of rapid deterioration. We demonstrated that the technique of open prostate packing may be life-saving.     

The type of current frequency used in transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) affects the androgen receptor

Blended Bovie current No. 2 destroys androgen receptor in both cytosol and nuclear extracts of prostate tissue. No significant difference was noted in either nuclear or cytosol receptor concentrations between openly resected and electroresected specimens when Bovie current No. 1 was used with cutting loops No. 26 or larger, although total androgen receptor (cytosol plus nuclear) was significantly reduced in the electroresected specimens. The androgen receptor method used is highly reliable for prostate obtained by either open resection or electroresection using pure cutting currents, although receptor concentrations in samples obtained by the two methods probably should not be combined or compared.