改良前额旁正中皮瓣在鼻缺损修复和再造中的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量额肌的前额旁正中皮瓣行鼻缺损修复和鼻再造术的可行性和临床意义.方法 采用仅蒂部携带额肌的改良旁正中皮瓣法,完成2例鼻再造和7例鼻缺损修复术.除眶上区的蒂部携带少量额肌外,皮瓣获取均在皮下层次.皮瓣的轴线角度从垂直90°到倾斜50°不等,其中3例低发际线患者,采用倒L形设计.结果 一期皮瓣形成和二期皮瓣断蒂术中,观察到长距离行走皮下脂肪层的滑车上血管皮支的存在,以及良好的动脉灌注压.8例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地和色泽良好.采用皮下蒂法1例术后皮瓣周边血运障碍,经换药自愈.结论 滑车上血管皮支的存在是改良旁正中皮瓣应用的解剖学基础.仅蒂部携带少量额肌的旁正中皮瓣具有设计较灵活,成活良好,质地合适,皮肤颜色匹配,以及供区损伤更小等优点.采用改良旁正中皮瓣行鼻再造或鼻缺损修复,能满足血运和形态的双重要求.     

滑车上血管蒂额部皮瓣转移鼻再造术

目的探讨改进额部皮瓣的设计及转移方式行Ⅰ期鼻再造术。方法通过颈内、外动脉造影的影像学资料观察额部血供来源及分布情况,设计以一侧滑车上血管为蒂的额部不同部位皮瓣行鼻再造。额部存在多源性血供,滑车上动脉、眶上动脉于额骨眉突平面发出多条分支,颞浅动脉额支可见1条恒定、较粗大的水平分支,向额中部延伸,上述3条血管分支构成了额部丰富的肌层、皮下组织层血管网,呈立体分布。利用一侧滑车上血管为蒂分别切取同侧或对侧额部皮瓣,共行鼻再造术9例。结果9例受术者皮瓣完全成活,再造鼻形态、功能均满意。结论以滑车上血管为蒂设计的额部跨区供血的皮瓣血运丰富,瓣远端分离出的肌筋膜瓣可以较好地包裹软骨支架,同时分离后的皮瓣更利于塑形,可以满足鼻再造的需求。     

额部扩张皮瓣修复面部缺损的应用

应用额部扩张皮瓣形成以滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣进行鼻再造或以颞浅血管额支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部缺损共4例,皮瓣应用灵活,转移后不臃肿,弹性色泽好,鼻再造轮廓清楚,供区可直接缝合,不需植皮。是修复面部缺损、鼻再造的良好材料。     

额部扩张皮瓣修复面部缺损的应用

应用额部扩张皮瓣形成以滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣进行鼻再造或以颞浅血管支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部缺损共４例，皮瓣应用灵活；转移后不臃肿，弹性色泽好，鼻再造轮廓清楚，供区可直接缝合，不需植皮，是修复面部缺损，鼻再造的良好材料。     

扩张额部颞浅血管蒂皮瓣修复鼻部分缺损

目的在传统额部皮瓣的基础上,探索以减少传统的方法继发额部瘢痕的鼻部分缺损的修复方法。方法手术分两期进行。Ⅰ期将100～150ml的软组织扩张器置入鼻缺损同侧额部皮下的颞浅血管额支的深面。Ⅱ期将扩张后的皮肤,根据鼻缺损的形状和大小,切取以颞浅血管额支为蒂的额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损。供区创面直接缝合在额颞部的发际缘。结果自2003年7月至2006年11月,采用此皮瓣修复鼻一侧的全层缺损的患者7例,手术全部成功。术后随访患者3～6个月,鼻形态较好,供区无明显的继发瘢痕。结论扩张额部颞浅血管蒂额部皮瓣是修复鼻部分缺损的一种较理想的皮瓣,此手术方法可有效地改善传统的方法继发的额部瘢痕。     

应用改进的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术

目的 探讨应用改进设计的额部扩张皮瓣行全鼻再造术的效果。方法 将前额主要供血支部分结扎阻断，保留选用的轴型血管蒂，强化皮瓣扩张的延迟效应，除设计以额正中皮瓣做全鼻再造外，还选用额上区横向扩张皮瓣，其供区缺损施以同侧或对侧扩张皮瓣推进修复，直接缝合。共已应用11例。结果 11块额部扩张皮瓣转移后完全存活，随访6个月～8年4个月，再造鼻功能形态恢复满意，供区瘢痕不明显。结论 强化额部扩张皮瓣血供或选用额上区横向皮瓣都是鼻再造的有效方法。     

额部烧伤后瘢痕扩张鼻再造术

目的 探讨全面部烧伤鼻缺损选择修复的额部皮瓣鼻再造,修复后鼻外形、颜色和质地与烧伤面部匹配的状况.方法 选择全面部烧伤、额部遗留平整萎缩性瘢痕或接受过皮肤移植手术但额肌仍完整保留的患者,应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣再造全鼻.手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部瘢痕瓣扩张术;Ⅱ期行扩张额部组织瓣转移全鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣蒂修整术.结果 切取的扩张额部瘢痕皮瓣宽为7.0～7.8 cm,蒂长9.0～11.0 cm.其中2例患者再造鼻的单侧鼻翼和1例患者的鼻小柱皮肤部分坏死,经换药后痊愈.术后随访3～36个月,再造鼻颜色、质地、形态与烧伤面部相配,所有患者均对再造鼻外形效果满意.结论 应用扩张额部瘢痕或植皮区皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻缺损,其皮肤颜色、质地与烧伤面部外形匹配,并在无支架埋置的状况下.鼻外形维持效果良好.     

运用额部阶梯状皮瓣修复烧伤后鼻部畸形

目的探讨烧伤后鼻部畸形的修复方法。方法选择烧伤后鼻部有多个亚单位存在瘢痕挛缩或缺损的患者,其额部皮肤正常或留有浅表瘢痕。依照鼻部美学亚单位分布或整个鼻部单元,切除鼻部挛缩的瘢痕及部分正常皮肤,以使创面规则完整、移位的鼻翼及外翻的鼻黏膜复位。松解、切除鼻翼软骨与鼻侧软骨之间的瘢痕,以显现鼻翼沟。而鼻尖亚单位区的瘢痕则给予部分保留。若有衬里缺损,可翻转瘢痕瓣或周围正常皮肤制作衬里。以一侧滑车上动脉在眶上的皮支为蒂,形成额部正中或旁正中三叶状皮瓣。分离时,皮瓣大部在额肌表面掀起,近蒂部时达额肌下,呈阶梯状。皮瓣分离后,带蒂转移修复鼻部创面,供区移植皮片。3周后断蒂、修整。结果本组12例,术中均发现滑车上动脉在眶上1.5-2.0cm水平出现皮支走行于皮下。术后皮瓣均成活,随访3-12个月,鼻外形逼真,皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤相近,瘢痕不明显,通气良好。其中5例额部供区移植皮片后皮片色素沉着显著,3个月后行扩张皮瓣修复。结论以滑车上动脉眶上皮支为蒂的额部阶梯状皮瓣是修复烧伤后鼻畸形的一个良好选择。     

额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损

目的：探讨应用扩张额部皮瓣行半鼻再造术修复部分鼻缺损的效果。方法：2008年6月～2010年12月,收治部分鼻缺损患者5例,男1例,女4例,均采用额部扩张皮瓣法半鼻再造术修复。手术分3期进行：Ⅰ期行额部额肌下扩张器置入术皮肤扩张;Ⅱ期行额部扩张皮瓣转移半鼻再造术;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣断蒂修整术。结果：术后患者均愈合良好,无明显并发症发生。5例患者均获随访,随访时间6月～1年。再造鼻形态满意,颜色、质地与周围皮肤较为匹配,额部供区无明显瘢痕及畸形。结论：额部扩张皮瓣法行半鼻再造术修复鼻缺损,手术方法简单可靠,术后效果满意。     

滑车上动脉分支的解剖研究及在鼻再造中的应用

目的 通过对滑车上动脉分支的解剖研究,证实其存在恒定的皮支,经观察其供应皮肤的范围,设计以该皮支作为供血血管的额部超薄皮瓣和肌、皮双瓣,改良目前额部全厚皮瓣法的全鼻再造.方法 采用10具成人新鲜尸体进行解剖研究,分别记录滑车上动脉皮支发出的位置(以上眶缘和颜面中线为参考点)及其在皮下走行的深度、方向及与眶上动脉的交通情况.根据解剖结果在临床上设计超薄皮瓣5例,肌、皮双瓣11例.术后随访再造鼻的稳定性、皮瓣的存活率及患者对外形的满意度.结果 10具尸体解剖中均可见滑车上动脉在距上眶缘(1.18±0.36)cm,距颜面中线约(1.35±0.34)cm处发出固定皮支行于皮下且与对侧皮支、肌支、同侧肌支及双侧眶上动脉有广泛交通支,有3例只有皮支没有肌支.术后皮瓣全部成活,仅有1例鼻尖出现张力性水泡,未做处理自愈.其余病例术后塑形良好,患者对手术效果满意.结论 滑车上动脉存在有恒定的皮支,以皮支为血管蒂设计的额部超薄皮瓣,提高了鼻再造与鼻缺损修复的疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.